Estrategia formativa para perfeccionar el autocuidado en pacientes con fractura de cadera / Training strategy to improve self-care in patients with hip fracture

Introducción: Los medios de enseñanzas son los ejes vertebrales de gran parte de las acciones de enseñanzas y aprendizaje desarrolladas en cualquiera de los niveles o modalidades de la educación. Objetivos: Sistematizar y resaltar los fundamentos y ventajas de la guía de autoayuda sobre la fractura de cadera en el adulto mayor, como medio de enseñanza en la superación profesional del médico de la atención primaria. Métodos: Analítico ­ sintético, hipotético ­ deductivo, análisis documental y la entrevista. Resultados: Se elaboró una guía de autoayuda sobre fractura de cadera en el adulto mayor, a partir de falencias detectadas en la atención primaria de salud, que limitan el desempeño de los médicos de este nivel en actividades de promoción de salud en este grupo social. La guía de autoayuda fue diseñada y estructurada, como medio de enseñanza de estrategias de superación profesional, determinando las particularidades del contenido que se desea enseñar y las que se necesitan aprender por estos profesionales, para mejorar su desempeño en la promoción de salud en relación con el adulto mayor con fractura de cadera. Su creación fue concebida como elemento dinamizador del contenido unido a los demás componentes del proceso en busca de lograr los objetivos propuestos. Conclusiones: Se presenta una guía de la colección de autoayuda sobre fractura de cadera en el adulto mayor, diseñado, pensado y elaborado como medio de enseñanza a utilizar en la superación profesional del médico de la atención primaria de salud donde se resaltan los fundamentos teóricos que lo sustentan.

Introduction: Teaching media are the backbone of a large part of the teaching and learning actions developed at every educational level or modality. Objectives: To systematize and highlight the rationale and advantages of the self-help guide for hip fracture in the elderly, considered as a teaching tool in the professional improvement of primary health care ( PHC). Methods: Analytical - synthetic, hypothetical - deductive, documentary analysis and interview. Results: A self-help guide for hip fracture in the elderly was developed, based on deficiencies detected on PHC, which limit the performance of doctors at this level in health promotion activities for the mentioned social group. The self-help guide was designed and structured as a means of teaching professional improvement strategies by determining the content particularities to be taught and those to be learned by these professionals, in order to improve their performance in health promotion for the elderly with hip fracture. This self- help guide was conceived as a dynamic element of the content, that relates to the other components of the process in search of achieving the proposed objectives. Conclusions: We present a self-help collection guide for hip fracture in the elderly, designed, conceived, and elaborated as a teaching tool to be used in the professional improvement of the PHC, and we highlight theoretical foundations

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic agent and a possible aflatoxin B1 adsorbent in simulated fish intestinal tract conditions / Saccharomyces cerevisiae como agente probiótico e possível adsorvente de aflatoxina B1 em condições simuladas do trato intestinal de peixes

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the probiotic potential and absorption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the aflatoxin B1 in simulated fish intestinal tract conditions. Three yeast strains were used, two from brewery: S. cerevisiae RC1 and S. cerevisiae RC3 and one from a fish farming environment: S. cerevisiae A8L2. The selected yeasts were subjected to the following in vitro tests: homologous inhibition, self-aggregation, co-aggregation, antibacterial activity, gastrointestinal conditions tolerance and adsorption of AFB1. All S. cerevisiae strains showed good capability of self-aggregation and co-aggregation with pathogenic bacteria. All yeast strains were able to survive the gastrointestinal conditions. In acidic conditions, the factors (strain vs. time) had interaction (P=0.0317), resulting in significant variation among the strains tested in the time periods analyzed. It was observed that there was also interaction (P=0.0062) in intestinal conditions, with an increased number of cells in the 12-hour period for all strains tested. In the adsorption test, the A8L2 strain was statistically more effective (P<0.005) for both AFB1 concentrations evaluated in this study (10 and 25ng/mL). Thus, it was observed that the strains of S. cerevisiae have potential probiotic and adsorbent of AFB1.(AU)

Objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, avaliar in vitro o potencial probiótico e adsorvente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae para aflatoxina B1 em condições simuladas do trato intestinal de peixes. Foram utilizadas três cepas de leveduras, sendo duas provenientes de cervejaria: S. cerevisiae RC1 e S. cerevisiae RC3, e uma de ambiente de piscicultura: S. cerevisiae A8L2. As leveduras selecionadas foram submetidas aos seguintes testes in vitro: inibição homóloga, autoagregação, coagregação, atividade antibacteriana, viabilidade às condições gastrointestinais e adsorção de AFB1. Todas as estirpes de S. cerevisiae mostraram boa capacidade de autoagregação e coagregação com bactérias patogênicas. Todas as estirpes de levedura foram capazes de sobreviver às condições gastrointestinais. Em condições ácidas, os fatores (cepa x tempo) tiveram interação (P=0,0317), resultando em variações significativas entre as cepas testadas nos períodos de tempo analisados. Observou-se que também houve interação (P=0,0062) em condições intestinais, havendo um aumento do número de células no período de 12h para todas as cepas avaliadas. No ensaio de adsorção, a estirpe A8L2 foi a mais eficaz estatisticamente (P<0,005), para as duas concentrações de AFB1 avaliadas neste estudo (10 e 25ng. mL-1). Dessa forma, conclui-se que as cepas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae possuem potencial probiótico e adsorvente de AFB1.(AU)

Influência da adiposidade durante a gestação de éguas da raça Crioula sobre o acúmulo de gordura em seus potros / Influence of adiposity during pregnancy of Crioulo mares on the fat accumulation in their foals

Este trabalho investigou a influência da adiposidade em éguas Crioulas gestantes sobre o peso e o acúmulo de gordura de seus potros do nascimento aos quatro meses de vida. Foram avaliadas 28 éguas Crioulas no terço final de gestação, divididas em dois grupos (normais e obesas) quanto ao peso, à circunferência de pescoço, à altura da crista do pescoço e à gordura subcutânea na base da cauda, bem como quanto à relação dessas medidas com as de seus potros, do parto aos 120 dias de idade. Os filhos de éguas obesas apresentaram maior deposição de gordura na base da cauda, no segundo mês (P<0,05), e na crista do pescoço (P=0,0022), no quarto mês de idade. Houve correlação positiva da altura da crista do pescoço da égua com o peso dos potros ao nascer (P=0,01; r= 0,54) e do peso corporal das éguas com gordura na base da cauda dos potros ao nascimento (P=0,03; r=0,49), além de forte associação entre gordura na base da cauda das éguas obesas com essa medida nos seus potros aos quatro meses (P=0,01; r=0,71). Essa diferença entre os grupos de potros quanto à adiposidade sugere que filhos de éguas obesas são mais propensos a acumular mais gordura já nos primeiros meses de vida.(AU)

This work investigated the influence of adiposity on pregnant Crioulo mares on the weight and fat deposition of their foals from birth to four months of life. Twenty-eight Crioulo mares were evaluated during the final third of gestation, divided into two groups (normal and obese) regarding weight, neck circumference, neck crest height and fat at the tail base, and the relation of these measurements with those of their foals from birth to 120 days old. The obese mares presented higher fat deposition at the tail base in the 2nd month (P< 0.05) and crest of the neck (P= 0.0022) in the 4th month of age. There was positive correlation between height of mare's neck crest and foal weight at birth (P= 0.01, r= 0.54) and body weight of mares between the fat at tail base of foals at birth (P= 0.03, r= 0.49), as well as strong association between fat at the tail base in obese mares with this measurement in their foals at 4 months (P= 0.01, r= 0.71). This difference of adiposity between groups suggests that obese mare's offspring are more likely to accumulate more fat in the first months of life.(AU)

Bioguided isolation of antimicrobial polyphenols from Cuspidaria convoluta leaves and their synergistic effect with antibiotics

Objective: To identify and isolate phenolic compounds from Cuspidaria convoluta, and to evaluate their antibacterial activity and synergistic effect with antibiotics. Methods: The crude extract was prepared by maceration with methanol (5％). The dry extract was suspended in water and fractionated successively. The most active extract was selected by its antibacterial activity and its total phenol content was determined by spectrophotometry and by HPLC-MS/MS. Bioactive fractions of the most active extract were separated by column chromatography and evaluated by bioautography. Isolated compounds were identified. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these compounds was determined by microdilution broth method, and synergism with antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin and oxacillin) was tested by checkerboard and time-kill assays. Results: Coumaric acid, catechin/epicatechin, and luteolin were purified and identified from the extract. There was an increase in the antibacterial activity of antibiotics when they were combined with these compounds. The combination of luteolin and ampicillin had the most potent antibacterial activities. The MICs of oxacillin for each of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were reduced between 4 and 8-fold when these strains were coincubated with sub-MIC (≤ 1/2 MIC) levels of these compounds, demonstrating that the combination had synergistic effect for all cases. Conclusions: Cuspidaria convoluta contains important pharmacologically active substances that can be used to improve antibiotic efficacy.

Atenuación de la temperatura y radiación UV de la vegetación en entornos urbanos de ciudades ribereñas y su demanda hídrica / Attenuation of temperature and UV radiation of vegetation in urban environments of riverside cities and their water demand

Introducción. Este trabajo de investigación se realizó en la Ciudad de Honda, Colombia. Identificó el efecto de la sombra de los árboles en la atenuación de la temperatura, humedad relativa, temperatura de superficie del suelo, radiación solar y ultravioleta (UV) y determinó requerimientos de agua para la vegetación arbórea. Metodología. Se tomaron datos de temperatura del aire y de superficie de suelo, humedad relativa del aire, radiaciones solares y UV bajo la sombra de árboles y a plena exposición. Resultados. Se encontró que la temperatura del aire osciló entre 50ºC a plena exposición solar y 41ºC bajo sombra. La temperatura de superficie presentó a plena exposición solar valores de 66.8ºC y 42.6ºC bajo sombra. La variación de la radiación solar registrada ofreció un valor de 17.13 mW/cm2 a plena exposición solar y 1.69 mW/cm2 bajo sombra. La radiación UV presentó valores de 8 a plena exposición solar y 5 bajo sombra. La demanda hídrica por planta/día varió entre 5 y más de 500 litros, siendo la demanda diaria cercana a 2500 m3 . Conclusiones. En la ciudad no se realiza riego a los árboles, lo que conduce a que se produzca un déficit hídrico evidenciado por la pérdida de follaje ocasionando mínimas atenuaciones a la radiación UV. Las especies más relevantes respecto a la sombra son almendro (Terminalia cattapa), Pallandé (Pitecellobium dulce), naranjuelo (Capparis odoratissima), guayacán carrapo (Bulnesia carrapo), chirlobirlo (Tecoma stands), cumulá (Aspidosperma polyneuron) y mango (Manguifera indica). Los árboles pueden generar un buen servicio ecosistémico por la sombra, este servicio está mediado por la selección de la especie y el manejo de que son objeto los árboles.

Introduction: This research work was carried out in the city of Honda, Colombia. It identified the effect of tree shade on temperature attenuation, relative humidity, soil surface temperature, solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and determined water requirements for arboreal vegetation. Methodology: Data on air and soil surface temperature, relative air humidity, solar and UV radiation were taken under the shade of trees and at full exposure. Results: It was found that the air temperature ranged from 50ºC at full sun exposure to 41ºC under shade. The surface temperature was 66.8ºC and 42.6ºC under shade. The variation of the registered solar radiation offered a value of 17.13 mW/cm2 at full solar exposure and 1.69 mW/cm2 under shade. The UV radiation presented values of 8 at full solar exposure and 5 under shade. The water demand per plant/day varied between 5 and more than 500 liters, being the daily demand close to 2500 m3. Conclusions: There is no irrigation of trees in the city which leads to a water deficit evidenced by the loss of foliage causing minimal attenuations to UV radiation. The most relevant species regarding shade are almond (Terminalia cattapa), Pallandé (Pitecellobium dulce), orange (Capparis odoratissima), guayacán carrapo (Bulnesia carrapo), chirlobirlo (Tecoma stands), cumula (Aspidosperma polyneuron) and mango (Manguifera indica). Trees can generate a good ecosystem service by shade which is mediated by the selection of the species and the management of the trees.

Analysis of radiation effects on some properties of GaAs:Cr and Si sensors exposed to a 22 MeV electron beam / Análisis de los efectos de la radiación en algunas propiedades de sensores de GaAs:Cr y Si expuestos a un haz de electrones de 22 MeV

Abstract Nowadays, the experiments related to High Energy Physics and others fields demand the use of detectors with greater radiation resistance, and the novel material GaAs:Cr has demonstrated excellent radiation hardness compared with other semiconductors. On the basis of evidence obtained in the JINR experiment with the use of 22 MeV electrons beam generated by the LINAC-800 accelerator, an analysis of electron radiation effects on GaAs:Cr and Si detectors is presented. The measured I-V characteristics showed a dark current increase with dose, and an asymmetry between the two branches of behaviors for all detectors. Analyzing the MIP spectra and CCE dose dependence measurements a deterioration process of detectors collection capacity with dose increase was found, although behaviors are somewhat different according to the detector type. The detailed explanation of these effects from the microscopic point of view appears in the text, and are generally linked to the generation of atomic displacement, vacancies and other radiation defects, modifying the energy levels structure of the target material. These changes affect the lifetime and concentration of the charge carriers, and other characteristics of the target material.

Resumen Actualmente, los experimentos relacionados con la física de altas energías y otros campos, demandan el uso de detectores con mayor resistencia a las radiaciones y el novedoso material GaAs:Cr ha demostrado poseer una excelente fortaleza comparado con otros semiconductores. En base a las evidencias obtenidas en el experimento del IUIN con el uso de un haz de electrones de 22 MeV generado por el acelerador LINAC-800, se presenta un análisis de los efectos de la radiación en detectores de Si y GaAs:Cr. Las características I-V medidas mostraron un incremento de la corriente de fuga con la dosis y una asimetría entre las dos ramas de estos comportamientos para todos los detectores. Analizando las mediciones de los espectros MIP y la dependencia de la CCE con la dosis, fue encontrado un proceso de deterioro de la capacidad de detección de los detectores con el aumento de la dosis, sin embargo, los comportamientos son diferentes de acuerdo al tipo de detector. La explicación detallada de estos efectos desde el punto de vista microscópico aparece en el texto, los cuales están relacionados generalmente con la generación de desplazamientos atómicos, vacancias y otros defectos producto de la radiación, modificando la estructura de los niveles energéticos en el material sensor. Estos cambios afectan el tiempo de vida y la concentración de los portadores de carga, así como otras características del material.

Placa infrapectínea para reparación con mínima invasión de fracturas de lámina cuadrilátera acetabular: descripción de un nuevo implante y acceso paramedial / Infrapectineal Plate for repair with minimal invasion of quadrilateral blade acetabular fractures: description new implant and paramedial access

Resumen: Introducción: Las fracturas de la lámina cuadrilátera del acetábulo son las más difíciles de reducir y fijar. Se han desarrollado diferentes técnicas para la osteosíntesis de la lámina cuadrilátera. El objetivo de este trabajo fue crear implantes y un nuevo acceso quirúrgico para simplificar y mejorar la osteosíntesis de fracturas del acetábulo. Material y métodos: Un total de 83 pacientes fueron estudiados mediante la tomografía axial computarizada de ambos acetábulos, siendo medidos a nivel de columna posterior alta y baja con el fin de determinar longitud y diámetro de los implantes, a través del análisis de normalidad de variables, dónde p es > 0.05, usando la prueba Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Lilliefors). Las características anatómicas del nuevo acceso quirúrgico también se describen. La incisión se practicó en espécimen cadavérico para determinar la seguridad de todo el acceso. Resultados: El par de tornillos macho-hembra midió 20 x 6 x 8 mm (longitud, diámetro interno y de la cabeza), mientras que las placas fueron de 10 mm de ancho y 3 mm de espesor, con longitud correspondiente al número de orificios. Se desarrollaron instrumentos apropiados para su aplicación. Discusión: Este método puede facilitar la osteosíntesis del acetábulo. Se requieren estudios cadavéricos y clínicos para corroborarlo. Puede ser que se mejoren los resultados de osteosíntesis del acetábulo, con menor riesgo.

Abstract: Introduction: Quadrilateral plate fractures are the most difficult to reduce and fix. Different techniques have been developed for quadrilateral plate osteosynthesis. The objective of this work was to create an implant and a novel approach to simplify and improve acetabular fracture osteosynthesis. Material and methods: A total of 83 patients were studied. Pelvic CT scan images of both acetabula were measured at the proximal and distal posterior column. Implant length, diameters and morphological characteristics were determined. The anatomical features of a novel surgical approach are described. The paramedian approach was performed on a cadaveric specimen to determine its anatomical safety. Results: The screws measured 20 × 6 × 8 mm (length × core diameter x head diameter), with internal threads of 4.5 mm. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Lilliefors) test was used, where p had to be > 0.05. Plates were previously determined to be 10 mm wide and 3 mm thick, of variable length. Instruments were developed to surmount difficulties. Discussion: This new procedure and implant could make the repair of acetabular fractures easier and offers several advantages. Clinical trials are needed to assess the benefits of this proposal. The newly described method can allow acetabular fracture osteosynthesis to be performed safely, avoid iatrogenic injury to anatomical structures and achieve better results.

Portograma aéreo y neumatosis intestinal como hallazgos incidentales en postoperatorio de cirugía abdominal / Hepatic portal venous gas and pneumatosis intestinalis as incidental findings in post-surgical abdominal surgery

Portograma aéreo o portograma de aire (PA), se define como la presencia de aire en el sistema venoso portomesentérico. Neumatosis intestinal (NI) se define como la presencia de aire en la pared intestinal, independiente de su causa o localización. La principal etiología de estas alteraciones es la isquemia intestinal aguda y en general, se consideran predictores de perforación intestinal y de mal pronóstico. Un pequeño grupo de pacientes con PA y/o NI pueden evolucionar sin complicaciones e incluso cursan sin manifestaciones clínicas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con antecedente quirúrgico inmediato de gastrectomía total y reconstrucción en Y de Roux, que evidenció en tomografía computarizada (TC) de abdomen de control PA y NI, sin alteraciones clínicas significativas asociadas.

Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is defined as the presence of air in the portal venous system. Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is defined as the presence of air within the bowel wall, regardless of its cause or location. Its main etiology is the intestinal ischemia and are generally considered predictors of intestinal perforation and wrong prognosis. A small group of patients with HPVG and PI may have a different clinical course, without complications and clinical manifestations. We report the case of a patient with immediate surgical history of total gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y reconstruction, which showed in computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen HPVG and PI, without associated clinically significant changes.

Riesgo cardiovascular en una población adolescente de Timbío, Colombia / Cardiovascular risk in a teenage population in Timbío, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares se encuentran entre las primeras causas de muerte a nivel mundial y la evidencia científica sugiere que tienen un origen en edades tempranas, por lo que disminuir desde la adolescencia los riesgos que contribuyen a su aparición es indispensable. Objetivo: Determinar riesgo cardiovascular en la población adolescente de una institución educativa de Timbío, Cauca, 2015 - 2016. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional y de corte transversal. Muestra: 100 estudiantes (47 mujeres, 53 hombres), de 10 a 19 años de edad. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas (glicemia), antecedentes personales, familiares, estilos de vida y uso de anticonceptivos orales. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor prevalencia de riesgo cardiovascular en el grupo etario adolescente (15-18 años) con 84.6%; el género femenino presentó más posibilidad de tener riesgo cardiovascular (OR: 2.8, IC 95% 1.17 - 6.87); el 7% afirmó consumir tabaco regularmente y el 12% son fumadores pasivos. Se obtuvo que el 26% ingiere bebidas alcohólicas, con una mayor prevalencia entre las edades de 15 a 18 años (OR: 19.4, IC 95% 2.45 - 48.11); en cuanto a la actividad física el 79% la practicaba de forma extracurricular. Presentar hábitos alimenticios no saludables genera mayor riesgo cardiovascular (OR: 5.57, IC 95% 1.95 - 15.90). El 67% (n= 67) tiene riesgo cardiovascular. Conclusiones: El género femenino, el grupo adolescente (15-18 años), el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y hábitos alimenticios no saludables, se asocian con una mayor posibilidad de tener riesgo cardiovascular. Se encontró en un gran porcentaje de la población de estudio riesgo cardiovascular.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide and scientific evidence suggests that they have an origin at early ages, so that diminishing from adolescence the risks that contribute to its emergence is essential. Objective: To determine cardiovascular risk in the adolescent population of a high school of Timbío, Cauca, 2015 - 2016. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study. Sample: 100 students (47 women, 53 men), from 10 to 19 years old. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, physiological, biochemical variables (glycemia), personal history, family history, lifestyles and use of oral contraceptives were evaluated. Results: A higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk was found in the adolescent age group (15-18 years) with 84.6%; female gender was more likely to have cardiovascular risk (OR: 2.8, 95% CI 1.17 - 6.87); 7% said they use tobacco regularly and 12% are passive smokers. It was obtained that 26% ingested alcoholic beverages, with a higher prevalence between the ages of 15 to 18 years (OR: 19.4, 95% CI 2.45-48.11); In terms of physical activity, 79% practiced it extracurricularly. Presenting unhealthy eating habits generates greater cardiovascular risk (OR: 5.57, 95% CI 1.95 - 15.90). 67% (n = 67) have cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: The female gender, the adolescent group (15-18 years), drink alcoholic beverages and unhealthy eating habits, are associated with a greater possibility of having cardiovascular risk. It was found in a large percentage of the study population cardiovascular risk.

La consulta médica, su tiempo y duración / Medical consultation, time and duration

Resumen: Este es un ensayo en el cual se hace la reflexión sobre el tiempo y la duración de la consulta médica, vistos como procesos sociales que están determinados por macro estructuras, siguiendo la lógica productiva y las demandas del tiempo moderno. La duración de la consulta médica es heterogénea a nivel mundial. Por el contrario, si hay algo en común es la percepción tanto de los profesionales como de los pacientes que el tiempo de interacción es breve, lo cual permea en la relación médico-paciente, perpetuando un ciclo de insatisfacción-tensión-ansiedad en ambos actores. Bajo la premisa de una sociología del tiempo y apelando a los principios éticos de la medicina, proponemos que la estimación en la duración de una consulta considere este recurso como indispensable para una adecuada interacción, teniendo presente las opiniones tanto de los pacientes como de los profesionales en cuanto a sus necesidades de dignidad para la atención y para la prestación de un servicio profesional, ya que ambos tienen derechos y obligaciones a respetarse. Además, las instituciones deberán garantizarlas a fin de preservar una adecuada relación médico-paciente-institución. La organización en los horarios de las jornadas laborales no basta. Es necesario realizar las asignaciones de consulta y tareas correlativas con los tiempos de dedicación necesarios con el objeto de humanizar los procesos, considerando las lógicas sociales y económicas sin ignorar la otredad y la alteridad de los sujetos involucrados.

Abstract: This essay is a reflection of the time and duration of the medical consultation, seen as a social process that is determined by macro structures following the productive logic and the demands of modern time. The length of the medical discussion is heterogeneous worldwide; in contrast, what is standard is the perception of the professionals and the patients that the time for interaction is short. Such a perception pervades the doctor-patient relationship, perpetuating a cycle of dissatisfaction-tension-anxiety in these actors. Under the premise of the sociology of time and appealing to the ethical principles of medicine, we propose that the estimation in the length of a medical consultation must be considered. Time is indispensable for an adequate interaction to account for the needs of patients and professionals in a dignified manner since both have rights and obligations to be respected.

Encefalopatía traumática crónica, definición, diagnóstico y prevención: revisión de la literatura / Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, definition, diagnosis and prevention: review of literature

La encefalopatía traumática crónica (ETC) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que se produce como consecuencia traumatismos cerebrales repetitivos; concusiones, que son un síndrome clínico que se caracteriza por una alteración de la función cerebral. Una concusión, bajo su estricta definición, no debiese causar cambios estructurales en el cerebro por lo que no sería visible a través de imágenes, sí existen cambios a nivel microscópicos, bioquímicos y biomecánicos. La mayoría de los pacientes tienen completa resolución de sus síntomas dentro de 10 días (90 por ciento), pero existe un pequeño porcentaje que persiste con estos, pudiendo presentarse como un síndrome postconcusional, síndrome de segundo impacto o una encefalopatía traumática crónica. La ETC se caracteriza por la acumulación de prot-tau hiperfosforilada en neuronas y astrocitos. Estas se van a presentar en forma de ovillos o hilos neurofibrilares. En etapas iniciales las encontraremos de forma focalizada en la corteza frontal y en las formas más severas su distribución será más generalizada, distribuyéndose en la mayoría de las regiones del cerebro. Su diagnóstico se realiza a través de histopatología, por lo que hasta el momento sólo se ha logrado post-mortem. Se está trabajando en nuevas tecnologías asociadas a biomarcadores y PET para lograr una diagnostico premortem. El mayor énfasis en el manejo de esta taupatía es la prevención y adecuado manejo de las concusiones.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease which is produced as a consequence of repeated brain trauma: concussions, which are a clinical syndrome characterized by an alteration in brain functions. A concussion, understrict definition, should not cause structural changes to the brain. Therefore, it would not be possible to see through images if there were changes at a microscopic, biochemical level. Most patients see their symptoms completely resolved within 10 days (90 percent), but there is a small percentage which persists, and these might cause a post-concussional syndrome, second impact syndrome of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. CTE is characterized by the accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated Tau protein in neurons and astrocytes. These appear in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. During the initial stages they are focalized in the frontal cortex and, in more severe cases, their distribution is more generalized, spreading through the majority of the regions in the brain. It is diagnosis is done through histopathology. Thus, it has only been possible to do post mortem. New technologies associated with bio-markers and PET are being worked on to achieve a pre-mortem diagnosis. The greatest emphasis in the handling of this tauopathy lies in the prevention and the adequate handling of concussions.

Composición lipídica y evaluación de las actividades antioxidante y leishmanicida del basidiomiceto Ganoderma sp / Lipid composition and evaluation of the antioxidant and leishmanicidal activities of the basidiomycete Ganoderma sp

Introducción: los hongos del género Ganoderma han sido utilizados para el cuidado de la salud en la medicina tradicional asiática por más de 2000 años. Desde 1980 los estudios químicos han reportado un sin número de metabolitos secundarios con propiedades bioactivas. Objetivo: identificar compuestos lipídicos en el extracto etanólico del hongo Ganoderma sp., además de evaluar sus actividades antioxidante y leishmanicida. Métodos: la extracción de las fracciones lipídicas presentes en el cuerpo fructífero de Ganoderma sp. Se realizó por Cromatografía en Columna. La elucidación estructural se determinó por Espectrometría de Masas y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear. La actividad antioxidante del extracto etanólico fue evaluada con las metodologías del radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) y el radical catiónico 2,2'-azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfónico) (ABTS); la actividad leishmanicida por citometría de flujo y la actividad citotóxica usando el ensayo colorimétrico de bromuro de 3-(4,5-dimetil-tiazol-2-il)-2,5-difenil tetrazolio (MTT) sobre la línea celular U937. Resultados: diecinueve esteres metílicos y ergosterol fueron identificados por espectrometría de masas en el extracto etanólico. Un compuesto triterpenoidal se elucidó usando Espectroscopia de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear. Los valores de concentración media inhibitoria (IC 50) de la actividad antioxidante del extracto etanólico para las metodologías de los radicales DPPH y ABTS fueron de 85,63 µg/mL y 62,82 µg/mL, respectivamente. Los valores de las actividades citotóxica y leishmanicida fueron > 200,0 µg/mL y 21,5 µg/mL ± 4,4 respectivamente. Conclusiones: las estructuras de los derivados de ácidos grasos elucidados corresponden a compuestos con diferentes grados de insaturación. En este estudio se realizó el reporte de la Ganoderona A, como compuesto triterpenoidal. La elevada actividad antioxidante en relación a otros trabajos sugiere que este organismo es una fuente importante de metabolitos secundarios con propiedades captadoras de radicales libres, aunque los valores de actividad leishmanicida no fueron significativos se recomienda continuar con el estudio de otras particiones del extracto etanólico(AU)

Introduction: Fungi from the genus Ganoderma have been used in Asian traditional medicine for more than 2 000 years. Since the year 1980 chemical studies have reported a large number of secondary metabolites with bioactive properties. Objective: Identify lipid compounds in ethanolic extract from the fungus Ganoderma sp. and evaluate their antioxidant and leishmanicidal activities. Methods: Extraction of lipid fractions from the fruiting body of Ganoderma sp. was conducted by column chromatography. Structural features were determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated with the methodologies for radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cationic radical 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS); leishmanicidal activity by flow cytometry, and cytotoxic activity with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay (MTT) on cell line U937. Results: Nineteen methyl esters and ergosterol were identified by mass spectrometry in the ethanolic extract. A triterpenoid compound was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mean inhibitory concentration values (IC50) for antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract using the methodologies for radicals DPPH and ABTS were 85.63 µg/ml and 62.82 µg/ml, respectively. Values for cytotoxic and leishmanicidal activities were > 200.0 µg/ml and 21.5 µg/ml ± 4.4, respectively. Conclusions: The structure of the fatty acid derivatives identified corresponds to compounds with varying degrees of unsaturation. The study included the report of Ganoderma A as a triterpenoid compound. Antioxidant activity was found to be higher than in previous studies, suggesting that this organism is an important source of secondary metabolites with free radical scavenging properties. Although leishmanicidal activity values were not found to be significant, it is recommended to study other partitions of the ethanolic extract(AU)

Relación entre prácticas pedagógicas y estrategias de aprendizaje en docentes de carreras de la salud / Teaching practices and learning strategies in health careers

Background: Medical Education, according to the constructivist education paradigm, puts students as the protagonists of the teaching and learning process. It demands changes in the practice of teaching. However, it is unclear whether this new model is coherent with the teachers’ ways to cope with learning. Aim: To analyze the relationship between teaching practices and learning strategies among teachers of health careers in Chilean universities. Material and Methods: The Teaching Practices Questionnaire and Learning Strategies Inventory of Schmeck were applied to 200 teachers aged 24 to 72 years (64% females). Results: Teachers use different types of teaching practices. They commonly use deep and elaborative learning strategies. A multiple regression analysis showed that learning strategies had a 13% predictive value to identify student-centered teaching, but they failed to predict teacher-centered teaching. Conclusions: Teaching practices and learning strategies of teachers are related. Teachers frequently select constructivist model strategies, using different teaching practices in their work.

Modo de Vida de un grupo de trabajadores informales, Bogotá D.C., 2014 / Mode of Life of an informal group of workers, Bogotá D.C., 2014 / Sustento de um grupo de trabalhadores informais, Bogotá D.C., 2014

Objetivo: Comprender el Modo de vida de un grupo de trabajadores informales vendedores de productos agrícolas en carreta, en el territorio de Corabastos, Bogotá D.C., como aproximación al Perfil Epidemiológico del grupo. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, participaron 29 trabajadores informales, la recolección de la información se realizó por medio de cuatro técnicas cualitativas y fue analizada por medio del método de análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: El MV se describió a partir del reconocimiento del territorio, las condiciones grupales de trabajo, la calidad y disfrute de bienes de consumo del grupo, capacidad para crear y reproducir valores culturales e identidad, capacidad para empoderamiento, organización y soporte en beneficios del grupo y calidad de las relacionesecológicas de estos trabajadores informales Discusión y conclusiones: El concepto de MV que se describió es amplio y recoge categorías que no han sido evaluadas en otras investigaciones, específicamente en relación a los trabajadores informales y la inserción en un espacio social, un espacio ambiental, en la relación con instituciones estatales, valores culturales y su capacidad organizativa.

Objective: To understand the mode of life of a group of informal work sellers of agricultural products, who use, as a working tool, a wooden cart. The place for this economical activity is a place named Corabastos, a gathering place of agricultural products. It is located in Bogotá D.C. This is an approximation to the epidemiological profile of the group. Methodology: Qualitative, 29 informal workers participated, Data collection was conducted through four qualitative techniques and it was analyzed using the method of analysis of thematic content. Results:The mode of life of this group, was described taking a as a starting point some specific aspects: The recognition of the territory (Corabastos), the group working conditions, the quality and enjoyment of consumer goods in the group, the ability to create and reproduce cultural values and identity, the ability to empowerment, organization and support in order to benefit the group Finally, the ecological relationships of the group were also taken into account. Discussion and conclusions: The concept was described MV is broad and includes categories that have not been evaluated in other investigations, specifically in relation to informal workers and insertion in a social space, environmental space, in the relationship with state institutions, cultural values and its organizational capacity.

Objetivo: compreender o modo de vida de um grupo de trabalhadores vendedores informais de produtos agrícolas no carro no território de Corabastos, Bogotá DC, como um perfil epidemiológico aproximação do grupo. Metodologia: estudo qualitativo envolvendo 29 trabalhadores informais. A recolha de dados foi realizada por quatro métodos qualitativos e foi analisada pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: A MV é descrito com base no reconhecimento do território, o grupo de condições de trabalho, qualidade e satisfação do grupo de bens de consumo, a capacidade de criar e reproduzir valores culturais e de identidade, capacidade de capacitação, organização e benefícios de suporte grupo ea qualidade das relações ecológicas desses trabalhadores informais. Discussão econclusões: o conceito foi descrito MV é amplo e inclui categorias que ainda não foram avaliados em outros estudos, especificamente em relação aos trabalhadores informais e inserção em um espaço social , um espaço ambiental, em relação às instituições do estado, valores culturais e capacidade organizacional.

Desempenho, sanidade animal e qualidade de filés de tilápias alimentadas com ração suplementada com biomassa bacteriana / Performance, animal health and fillets quality of tilapia fed diets supplemented with bacterial biomass

A aquicultura moderna é um dos setores de produção de alimentos que mais cresce no mundo. A tilápia, além de possuir grandes vantagens produtivas, origina produtos com grande aceitação pelo mercado. Em sua nutrição, podem ser utilizados aditivos com finalidades zootécnicas, pigmentantes ou antioxidantes. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da suplementação da dieta de tilápias com biomassa de Rubrivivax gelatinosus sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a saúde dos animais (histologia e hematologia) e sobre as características de qualidade dos filés (pH, composição químico-bromatológica, cor e rancidez). O experimento contou com seis tratamentos, compostos de um grupo controle, sem aditivos, um grupo contendo pigmentante comercial e quatro grupos com a biomassa nas concentrações de 175, 350, 700 e 1400mg/kg. Peixes pesando 21,42±5,65g foram criados por 74 dias em sistema com recirculação de água e, posteriormente, foram abatidos para a realização das análises. Não foram encontradas diferenças para os resultados das análises de desempenho, histológicas e hematológicas. Os filés dos grupos alimentados com os aditivos apresentaram menor umidade que o grupo controle, e os filés dos grupos alimentados com biomassa apresentaram as maiores teores proteicos. Não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos para os valores de pH, lipídeos e cinzas. Quanto à cor dos filés, todos os tratamentos com aditivos aumentaram a intensidade de vermelho. Em todos os tratamentos, a rancidez dos filés foi crescente durante o armazenamento, embora em menores valores nos filés dos grupos tratados com as maiores concentrações de biomassa. A biomassa de R. gelatinosus não promoveu alterações no desempenho nem na saúde animal e mostrou-se capaz de melhorar os aspectos de qualidade e conservação dos filés.

Modern aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food sectors in the world. Beyond having productivity advantages, tilapia fish yields products with great market acceptance. For its nutrition, additives aiming at increasing zootechnical, pigmenting or antioxidant features may be used. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of tilapia diets with Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass on the performance and the health of animals (histology and hematology), and on the quality of fillets (pH, proximate composition, color and rancidity). The experiment comprised six treatments, made of a control group with no additives, a group containing commercial pigments and four groups with biomass at 175, 350, 700 and 1400 mg/kg. Fish weighing 21.42±5.65g were reared for 74 days in a system with water recirculation and slaughtered for analyzes. No differences were detected for performance, histological and hematological analyzes. Fillets of the groups fed additives had lower moisture content than the control group while the fillets of the groups fed the biomass had the highest protein percentages. No differences were detected among treatments for pH​, lipids and ash values. Regarding to the color of the fillets, all treatments with additives increased redness. For all treatments, rancidity in the fillets increased during storage, although the groups treated with the highest biomass concentrations had the lowest values. R. gelatinosus biomass did not change performance and animal health, and proved to be capable of improving fillets quality features and conservation.

Relación entre el bienestar y el rendimiento académico en alumnos de primer año de medicina / Academic achievement, engagement and burnout among first year medical students

Background: Stress may affect the sense of wellbeing and academic achievement of university students. Aim: To assess the relationship of academic engagement and burnout with academic achievement among first year medical students. Material and Methods: The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student and Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS) were applied to 277 first year medical students of four universities. Their results were correlated with the grades obtained in the different courses. Results: Moderately high engagement and low burnout levels were detected. There was a high level of satisfaction with studies and a moderate exhaustion level. Academic achievement was associated with the degree of engagement with studies but not with burnout. Conglomerate analysis detected a group of students with high levels of wellbeing, characterized by high levels of academic engagement and low burnout. Other group had moderate levels of engagement and lack of personal fulfilment. Other group, identified as extenuated, had high levels of personal exhaustion and depersonalization. Finally the disassociated group had a low academic engagement, low emotional exhaustion, high levels of depersonalization and lack of personal fulfillment. Conclusions: Academic achievement is associated with the level of engagement with studies but not with burnout.

Estructura factorial de la escala DREEM en estudiantes de medicina chilenos

Background: The entry to a University requires an adaptation process that not all students solve with the same kind of success. Even though students social adaptation and emotional skills are essential, the educational environmental that they perceive has a significant influence in their academic life. Aim: To describe the changes in the perception about academic environment that medical students experience during the first three years of undergraduate career. Material and Methods: The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) scale was applied to 525 first to third year medical students and an exploratory factorial analysis was made. Results: Four factors were identified: Academic Perception: academic quality that students attribute to the process in which they take part, as well as to the assessment that they do of their learning outcomes (coefficient ± = 0.85); Academic Experience: refers to positive emotions that students experience during the career such as confidence, pleasure and energy (coefficient ± = 0.76); Atmosphere Perception, comfort and calm that students experiment during their academic activities (coefficient ± = 0.79); Teachers Perception: the perception that students have of teachers about their interest and disposition towards students (coefficient ± = 0.50). Conclusions: The assessment of academic environment quality is inversely associated with the lapse that the students have spent in their undergraduate careers.

Justicia, igualdad, discapacidad: una reflexión desde el "enfoque de las capacidades" y la teoría de la justicia de John Rawls / Justice, equality, disability: a reflection from the capabilities approach and the theory of justice of John Rawls

En este paper se buscó investigar el problema de la ciudadanía en relación a las personas con discapacidad. Para lograr este objetivo se hizo un análisis conceptual a partir de la teoría política y específicamente de La teoría de la justicia (Rawls, 1979), y desde el enfoque de las capacidades, más específicamente, de los textos Un nuevo examen de desigualdad (Sen,1999) y "Las fronteras de la justicia” (Nussbaum,.2007), utilizando como piso y solo para partir el análisis el concepto de “Igualdad de Oportunidades”. Este concepto por sí solo no es suficiente para otorgarles ciudadanía a las personas con discapacidad. Es por esto que fue necesario unir el enfoque de igualdad de oportunidades de Rawls (1979) con el de las capacidades de Sen (1999), basado en el funcionamiento de los individuos y en la estimulación de cada talento de ellos. A través de una reflexión teórico conceptual se pudo concluir que la cooperación es necesaria para que el enfoque de las capacidades sea aplicable en términos sociales; y que las personas son desiguales por naturaleza, no obstante, en sociedad es injusto que esas desigualdades de talentos impliquen desigualdades sociales. El principio de la diferencia puede avanzar en rectificar dichas desigualdades estableciendo que la redistribución no es únicamente una cuestión material, sino que también puede expresarse en cupos, oportunidades, accesos y posiciones.

In this paper we sought to investigate the problem of citizenship in relation to people with disabilities. To achieve this objective, a theoretical analysis was based on political theory and specifically of Rawls (1979), of the capabilities approach of Sen (1999) and Nussbaum (2007) using as floor and only from the analysis the concept of “Equal Opportunities”. This concept alone is not sufficient to grant citizenship to people with disabilities. This is why it was necessary to unite the approach of equal opportunities by Rawls (1979) with capabilities approach by Sen (1999), based on the performance of individuals and in the stimulation of talent each of them. Through a qualitative and inductive methodology it was concluded that cooperation is necessary for the capability approach is applicable in social terms; and that people are inherently unequal, however, society is unfair that these inequalities imply inequalities talent. The difference principle can progress in rectifying these inequalities establishing that redistribution is not only a physical matter, but may also be expressed in quotas, opportunities, access and positions.

Obeso metabólicamente normal / Metabolically healthy obese patients

Introducción: La obesidad es un problema de Salud Pública que tiende a incrementarse y que compromete la salud de las personas. Objetivos: Conocer la prevalencia de obesos metabólicamente normales (OMN) en función de la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población adulta que presenta obesidad y obesidad mórbida. Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Lugar: Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Dos de Mayo, Lima. Perú. Participantes: Personas adultas sin enfermedades metabólicas. Intervenciones: En el período abril de 2009 a mayo de 2010, se estudió a todas aquellas personas adultas que consultaron por obesidad y que dijeron no tener diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemias. Se les pesó, talló y se midió su circunferencia de cintura (CC). Con las dos primeras se calculó el índice de masa corporal y quienes tenían 30 kg/m2 o más ingresaron al estudio. Se les midió insulina, glucosa y perfil lipídico. Con la glucosa, c-HDL, triglicéridos y la CC se determinó el síndrome metabólico y con la insulina y la glucosa, el modelo homeostático de evaluación de la resistencia en insulina (HOMA-IR), con la finalidad de identificar resistencia a la insulina (RI). Se dividió el grupo en dos: obesos de 30 a 39,9 kg/m2 y 40 kg/m2 y más. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con las pruebas de t-student y de chi-cuadrado, con un intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento y nivel de significancia <0,05. Principales medidas de resultados: Promedio y desviación estándar de las variables estudiadas y prevalencia de OMN y OMnoN. Resultados: La población estudiada alcanzó a 158 personas, de las cuales 91,2 por ciento correspondió al género femenino. Entre las diferencias entre los dos grupos OMN y OMnoN, referente a las variables antropométricas y bioquímicas tuvieron significación estadística el peso, talla, CC, insulina y el HOMA-IR. La prevalencia de OMN, de acuerdo a Wildman, fue 7 por ciento en el total de obesos y...

Introduction: Obesity is a public health problem that tends to increase and compromises the health of the people. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of metabolically normal obese (OMN) subjects depending on the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in an adult population showing obesity and morbid obesity. Design: Observational, descriptive and cross-section study. Setting: Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru. Participants: Obese adults without metabolic diseases. Interventions: The study was conducted during the period between April 2009 and May 2010 in all adults consulting for obesity and who declared not having type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension or dyslipidemia. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were obtained, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Those who had 30 kg/m2 or more were included in the study. Insulin, glucose and lipid profile were determined. Metabolic syndrome was determined through measurement of glucose, HDL-C, triglycerides and WC. Insulin resistance (IR) was diagnosed by glucose and insulin resistance homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Two groups were distinguished: obese with BMI of 30 to 39.9 kg/m2, and obese with BMI of 40 kg/m2 and more. Statistical analysis was performed using student t test and chi-square with a 95 per cent confidence interval and a significance level of <0.05. Main outcome measures: Average and standard deviation variables; prevalence of OMN and OMnotN. Results: From the 158 subjects, 91.2 per cent were female. The OMN and OMnotN groups showed statistically significant difference in weight, height, WC, insulin and HOMA-IR. OMN prevalence bt Wildman criteria was 7 per cent in all obese and 7.3 and 6.4 per cent in the OMN and OMnotN groups, while by Meiggs criteria it was 13 per cent, 15.5 and 2.1 per cent respectively. Conclusions: By the criteria used the study showed the presence of a reduced number of obese subjects considered OMN...

Riesgo cardiovascular en población infantil con sobrepeso y obesidad / Cardiovascular risk in infants overweight and obese

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad conducen a la aparición de comorbilidades como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemias. Objetivos: Determinar la presencia de riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad, por género y grupos de edad. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Participantes: Niños y adolescentes, de ambos géneros, comprendidos entre los 5 a 18 años. Intervención: El diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad se hizo de acuerdo a la clasificación de Must y col. con los siguientes criterios: de 85 a 95 para el sobrepeso y más de 95 percentil obesidad. En sangre se determinó el perfil lipídico, glucosa e insulina; con estas dos últimas se determinó el índice HOMA, para identificar resistencia a la insulina (RI), mediante la ecuación de Matthew, el síndrome metabólico (SM) con la referencia de Cook y las dislipidemias (D) con las sugerencias de Friedman y de Daniels. Principales medidas de resultados: Riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: Los obesos presentan mayores riesgos cardiovasculares que los que tienen sobrepeso: RI 77,8%, SM 22,2%; D: colesterol total (CT) 64,4%, C-HDL 33,3%, C-LDL 19,5% y triglicéridos (Tg) 40%. El género masculino, independientemente de su estado nutricional, tuvo mayor riesgo que el femenino: RI 74,1%, SM 22,2%, D: CT 63%, C-HDL 37%, C-LDL 36% y Tg 40,7%. En cuanto a la edad, en los mayores de 10 años se ha encontrado RI en 78% y C-HDL 31,7%; los demás factores de riesgo fueron mayores en los menores de 10 años. Conclusiones: Los riesgos afectaron más a los obesos que a los que tenían sobrepeso, más al género masculino y, en cuanto a la edad, los mayores de 10 años presentaron mayor prevalencia de RI y de C-HDL bajo. A mayor IMC más riesgo cardiovascular, lo que compromete muy seriamente la salud y que se hace más preocupante porque su aparición es a temprana edad.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity lead the occurrence of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. Objectives: To determine the presence of cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents overweight and obese, by gender and age groups. Design: Cross sectional study. Participants: Children and adolescents of both genders, 5-18 year-old. Interventions: Diagnosis of overweight and obesity was done according to Must et al. classification with the following criteria: 85 to 95 for overweight and more than 95 percentile for obesity. Serum lipid profile, glucose and insulin were analyzed, and with the latter two HOMA index was determined to identify insulin resistance (IR), using Matthew´s equation, the metabolic syndrome (MS) with reference to Cook and dyslipidemias (D) with Friedman and Daniels’ suggestions. Main outcome measures: Cardiovascular risk. Results: Obese children had higher cardiovascular risks than overweight: IR 77.8%, SM 22.2%, D: total cholesterol (TC) 64.4%, HDL-C 33.3%, LDL-C 19.5% and triglycerides (Tg) 40%. Males had higher risk than females regardless of nutritional status: IR 74.1%, SM 22.2%, D: TC 63%, HDL-C 37%, LDL-C 36%, Tg 40.7%. Children over 10 had IR 78% and HDL-C 31.7%; other risk factors were higher in those under 10 years. Conclusions: Risks affected obese more than overweight children, more to males, and those over 10 years had higher prevalence of IR and low HDL-C. With higher BMI more cardiovascular risk and serious health compromise, worrisome because of early age onset.