Spiral thermo-expandable prostatic stent implantation for benign prostatic hyperplasia: Clinical analysis of 26 cases / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the surgical techniques and clinical effect of Memokath transurethral spiral thermo-expandable prostatic stent (STEPS) implantation in the treatment of BPH.@*METHODS@#From January 2017 to January 2018, 26 BPH patients underwent Memokath transurethral STEPS implantation, 9 under the flexible cystoscope and the other 17 under the rigid cystoscope. The patients were aged 62－91 years old, with a prostate volume of 32－78 ml, postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) of (67.3 ± 11.2) ml, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) of (6.3 ± 1.8) ml/s, and IPSS score of 26.7 ± 5.7. Eight of the patients had preoperative urinary retention, of whom, 6 received catheterization and 2 had undergone cystostomy for bladder fistula before STEPS implantation.@*RESULTS@#The operations lasted 15－30 minutes and were successfully completed in 24 cases while stent-shedding occurred in the other 2. Twenty-two of the patients achieved spontaneous urination immediately after surgery and 2 experienced bladder clot embolism. At 3 month after surgery, 24 of the patients showed significant improvement in PVR (［21.4 ± 7.7］ ml), Qmax (［18.3 ± 4.7］ ml/s) and IPSS (8.3 ± 2.1), and 13 exhibited no statistically significant difference from the baseline in the IIEF-5 score (14.1 ± 1.1 vs 14.3 ± 1.0, P > 0.05). At 12 months, all the patients were found with markedly improved urination but no adverse events except recurrent urinary tract infection in 2 cases.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Memokath STEPS implantation, with its advantages of simple operation, high safety, definite effectiveness, non-influence on sexual function, is a new effective surgical option for the treatment of BPH.

Clinical features and prognosis of renal mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma / 医学研究生学报

Objective There are few clinical cases of mucinous tubluar and spindle cell carcin oma (MTSCC).The article aimed to explore its clinical features and prognosis in order to raise awareness of the disease . Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 12 patients with renal MTSCC from June 2009 to June 2017.All the patients were treated with unilater-al radical nephrectomy or enucleation .After discharge, the patients were regularly reviewed or followed up by telephone . Results Of the 12 patients with renal MTSCC, 8 were female, 4 were male, 10 were atypical and 1 was atypical (oligominal tubule), all of them were treated with surgery, one of them lost contact, and the remaining 11 patients had good prognosis. Conclusion Renal MTSCC is a rare form of renal cancer, which is more common in females.The imaging data show that there is no blood supply for renal tumors . Renal MTSCC has a good prognosis , with no recurrence or metastasis, and surgical resection is still the preferred treatment .All the 12 patients with renal MTSCC are in early pathological stage with good prognosis , indicating that renal MTSCC may be a low -grade malig-nancy with good prognosis .

The progress in clinical management of difficult decannulation after ureteral stent retention / 医学研究生学报

The long-term retention of ureteral stent (double J tube) leads to the displacement and fracture of double J tube, and the formation of peritube stones, which are the main causes of the difficult decannulation through conventional cystoscopy. Its clinical treatment is more complex, involving different minimally invasive endoscopic techniques, and even by traditional open surgery. In recent years, more and more reports on the difficulty of removing double J tubes after retention. Among them, the multi-mirror combined operation method has been recommended, and the KUB scoring system based on imaging examination contributes to evaluate the difficulty of operation and prognosis of patients before operation. This article reviews the diagnosis of double J tube retention, the causes of difficult decannulation, preoperative preparation and progress of surgical management.

Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy versus laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for the management of prostate cancer / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) in the treatment of prostate cancer and investigate the clinical application value of RLRP.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively analyzed 70 cases of prostate cancer treated by RALRP and another 32 cases treated by LRP. We compared the operation time, intraoperative blood loss and transfusion, catheter-indwelling time, postoperative hospital stay, incisal margin positive rate, biochemical recurrence, and normal postoperative urinary continence and penile erectile function between the two groups of patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the operations were successfully accomplished. RALRP exhibited a significant superiority over LRP in intraoperative blood loss and transfusion, catheter-indwelling time, and postoperative hospital stay, urinary continence and erectile function (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, with its advantages of few postoperative complications and well-preserved urinary continence and penile erectile function, is an effective, safe and minimally invasive surgical option for prostate cancer.</p>

Inhibitory effect of ONO-AE3-208 on the formation of bone metastasis of prostate cancer in mice / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the effect of ONO-AE3-208, an EP4 antagonist, on the formation of bone metastasis from prostate cancer in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-four 6-week old nude mice were divided into an experimental and a control group of equal number to be treated by intraperitoneal injection of ONO-AE3-208 and double distilled water, respectively. Then PC3/LUC cells were constructed by stably transfecting luciferin to prostate cancer PC3 cells and inoculated into the left ventricle of the mice to establish an animal model of systemic bone metastasis. The time of metastasis formation, photon tumor burdens, and changes of the survival curves after modeling were compared between the two groups of mice.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 30 days after modeling, bioluminescence imaging analysis showed that the photon tumor burdens were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner in the control group in comparison with those in the experimental group (P < 0.01). The rate of metastasis formation was significantly higher in the former than in the latter (93.3% vs 33.3%, P < 0.001). The median time of metastasis formation was 29 d (95% CI 26.547 - 35.262) in the experimental animals as compared with 21 d (95% CI 17.213 -24.787) in the controls (P < 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EP4 antagonist ONO-AE3-208 can inhibit the formation of bone metastasis from prostate cancer in mice.</p>

Calculus formation in the prostatic cavity after transurethral resection of the prostate: causes, treatment and prevention / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the causes, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention of calculus that develops in the prostatic cavity after transurethral resection of the prostate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We reported 11 cases of calculus that developed in the prostatic cavity after transurethral resection or transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate. The patients complained of repeated symptoms of frequent micturition, urgent micturition and urodynia after operation, accompanied with urinary tract infection and some with urinary obstruction, which failed to respond to anti-infective therapies. Cystoscopy revealed calculi in the prostatic cavity, with eschar, sphacelus, uneven wound surface and small diverticula in some cases. After diagnosis, 1 case was treated by holmium laser lithotripsy and a second transurethral resection of the prostate, while the other 10 had the calculi removed under the cystoscope, followed by 1 -2 weeks of anti-infective therapy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment, all the 11 cases showed normal results of routine urinalysis, and no more symptoms of frequent micturition, urgent micturition and urodynia. Three- to six-month follow-up found no bladder irritation symptoms and urinary tract infection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Repeated symptoms of frequent micturition, urgent micturition, urodynia and urinary tract infection after transurethral resection of the prostate should be considered as the indicators of calculus in the prostatic cavity, which can be confirmed by cystoscopy. It can be treated by lithotripsy or removal of the calculus under the cystoscope, or even a second transurethral resection of the prostate. For its prevention, excessive electric coagulation and uneven wound surface should be avoided and anti-infection treatment is needed.</p>

Downregulation of PAR expression induces the apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC3 cells and increases the Bcl-2/Bax ratio / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of the downregulated expression of the prostate androgen regulated (PAR) gene on the cell cycle and apoptosis of PC3 cells as well as on the expression level of Bcl-2/Bax.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>After transfecting PC3 cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PAR, we detected the inhibitory effect of PAR depletion on the proliferation of the PC3 cells by MTT assay, determined their apoptosis by flow cytometry, and measured the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax by Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of PAR was suppressed by siRNA, the G2-M phase PC3 cells were increased to (29.95 +/- 3.25)%, and the apoptosis of the cells was enhanced to (20.61 +/- 2.73)%, with statistically significant difference from the control group (P < 0.01). Western blot showed a decreased expression of Bcl-2, an increased expression of Bax, and an elevated ratio of Bax to Bcl-2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Downregulation of the PAR expression increases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Bax expression, and thus induces the G2-M phase arrest and apoptosis of PC3 cells.</p>

Inhibitory effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine combined with docetaxel on prostate cancer PC3 cells in vitro / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effects of methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine (5-aza-2dc) and docetaxel (DT), alone or in combination, on the proliferation, migration, apoptosis and cell cycles of the human prostate cancer cell line PC3, and to investigate the possible mechanisms of these two drugs acting on prostate cancer in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four groups were designed in this experiment: control, 5-aza-2dc, DT, and 5-aza-2dc + DT. The inhibitory effect of 5-aza-2dc and/or DT on the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of PC3 cells was detected by MTT, wound healing assay and cell migration assay, respectively. The apoptosis of the PC3 cells and its relationship with cell cycles were determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay and flow cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>5-aza-2dc and/or DT significantly increased the inhibition rate of the PC3 cells, decreased their migration distance and reduced the number of the cells that invaded the lower chamber, most significantly in the 5-aza-2dc + DT group (P < 0.05). The cell apoptosis rates of the control, 5-aza-2dc, DT and 5-aza-2dc + DT groups were (10.65 +/- 0.39)%, (16.60 +/- 0.67)%, (17.95 +/- 1.08)% and (22.98 +/- 1.18)%, respectively, with the most significant increase in the combination group (P < 0.05). Combined medication of 5-aza-2dc and DT remarkably reduced the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase, and increased that in the G2/M phase (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>5-aza-2dc and DT, either alone or in combination, can significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of PC3 cells in vitro, as well as induce their apoptosis and arrest their cell cycles in the G2/M phase, with even more significant effect when used in combination than applied alone.</p>

Clinical curative effect of Shenxiong Bushen Capsule and its effect on the quality of life of patients with Vascular dementia / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe clinical curative effect of Shenxiong Bushen Capsule for the treatment of mild vascular dementia (VaD), and probe the partial mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With a block random, double-blinded and controled clinical research method adopted, seventy patients with VaD were randomly assigned to two groups in a ratio of 5:2, including 50 cases in the trial group and 20 cases in the control group. The patients in the trial group were given the Shenxiong Bushen Capsule (5 tablets, thrice a day), while those in the control group were given Piracetam (5 tablets, twice a day). All patients of the two groups were treated for 2 months, and one third cases were follow-up surveyed for 1 month. The cognitive ability, the activities of daily living, Chinese medicine syndrome of VaD, and the quality of life were measured respectively before and after the treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to the Mini-Mental State Examination, the clinical effects of patients showed that there was insignificant difference between the trial group (total effective rate was 74.46% and 80.85%, respectively) and the control group (total effective rate was 68.42% and 78.95%, respectively) on the cognitive ability and the activities of daily living (P > 0.05), while the curative effect of the trial group (total effective rate was 85.11%) was superior to that of the control group (total effective rate was 63.16%) on Chinese medicine syndrome of VaD, and had significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The results measured by WHOQOL-SF36 indicated that the total scores and the scores of each field in both the trial group and the control group after treatment increased more than those of before treatment (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), except physical function (PF) field and role physical (RP) field of the control group (P > 0.05). The scores of the trial group about total body, PF field, RP field and vitality (VT) field increased more than those of the control group (P < 0.05); while no difference was shown between the trial group and control group in the scores of bodily pain field, role emotional field, general health field, social function field and mental health field (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Shenxiong Bushen Capsule has a definite curative effect on mild VaD, and it can improve the quality of life of patients. Adopting the SF36 Scale to evalute the quality of life of patients with VaD has significance and avaibility to some extent.</p>

Epigenetics of prostate cancer / 中华男科学杂志

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in males, and its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Epigenesis is involved in prostate cancer at all stages of the process, and closely related with its growth and metastasis. DNA methylation and histone modification are the most important manifestations of epigenetics in prostate cancer. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis of DNA methylation include whole-genome hypomethylation, aberrant local hypermethylation of promoters and genomic instability. DNA methylation is closely related to the process of prostate cancer, as in DNA damage repair, hormone response, tumor cell invasion/metastasis, cell cycle regulation, and so on. Histone modification causes corresponding changes in chromosome structure and the level of gene transcription, and it may affect the cycle, differentiation and apoptosis of cells, resulting in prostate cancer. Some therapies have been developed targeting the epigenetic changes in prostate cancer, including DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylase inhibitors, and have achieved certain desirable results.

Penile and scrotal skin flaps: first choice for urethroplasty in the treatment of hypospadias / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the feasibility of the treatment of hypospadias with penile and scrotal skin flaps.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-three hypospadias patients aged 3.5-19 (mean 6. 8) years underwent urethroplasty with penile and scrotal skin flaps. All were followed up for 6 years and analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the total number of patients, 21 (91.3%) succeeded in one operation and the other 2 developed complications, including urethral fistula and urethral structure.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Penile and scrotal skin, advantageous for its adequacy, rich blood supply and contribution to high success rate of surgery, is believed to be the first choice for urethroplasty in the treatment of hypospadias.</p>

Effect of modified huanglian wendan decoction in treating senile patients with mild cognitive impairment of turbid-phlegm blocking orifice syndrome / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical efficacy of modified Huanglian Wendan Decoction (HWD) in treating senile mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of turbid-phlegm blocking orifice syndrome.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With a block randomized, double-blinded and controlled design adopted, the 64 patients of MCI selected from December 2007 to February 2009 were randomly and equally assigned to two groups. The treatment group was treated with HWD in dose of 200 mL, twice a day; the control group was given Aniracetam 0.2 g (for patients over 70-years-old, 0.1 g) three times a day. And the illusive medicine in dosage-form of capsule/decoction simulated to that used in the opposite group was applied. The medication and observation lasted for three months. Chinese medicine syndrome, cognition capacity (by MMSE), laboratory indexes [acetylcholine (Ach), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA)] and safety related indexes in patients were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment, MMSE score increased in both groups, but the increment in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01); Chinese medicine syndrome estimated by scoring showed that after treatment, all scores of syndromes, excepting the expectoration, were improved in the treatment group with the post-treatment scores significantly lower than those in the control group respectively (P<0.05 or P<0.01); while in the control group, lowering of scores only showed in some symptoms such as poor memory, heavy head or dizziness, and heavy sensation in limbs and body. Serum levels of Ach and SOD decreased and MDA increased in both groups after treatment, but the change of Ach was more significant in the treatment group (P<0.01). No obvious adverse reactions were found during the treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>For treatment of MCI, HWD shows effects in improving patients' symptoms, cognition capacity and elevating serum Ach content better than that of Aniracetam; and with effects for raising SOD activity and reducing MDA level similar to those of Aniracetam.</p>

Effects of endothelin A receptor antagonist BQ123 on the proliferation and apoptosis of prostate cancer cell line PC-3M / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the anti-tumor effect of the endothelin A receptor antagonist BQ123 on human prostate cancer cell line PC-3M in vitro by observing its impact on the proliferation and apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The inhibiting effect of BQ123 on the proliferation of PC-3M cells was observed by MTT assay, erosion trace test and Transwell chamber chemotaxis assay, and its induction of their apoptosis determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>BQ123 exhibited increased inhibition of PC-3M cells in a time-dependent manner, with inhibition rates of 22.32%, 44.88% and 64.47% at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively (P < 0.05). The migration distances of the PC-3M cells in the BQ123 group were (103.42 +/- 75.63) microm, (243.75 +/- 121.53) microm and (422.07 +/- 36.01) microm at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, obviously lower than (162.93 +/- 19.87) microm, (317.19 +/- 43.19) microm and (692.74 +/- 40.84) microm in the control group (P < 0.05). The number of the PC-3M cells that invaded the inferior chamber in the BQ123 group was (79.2 +/- 9.58), significantly decreased as compared with (92.6 +/- 5.94) in the control (P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of PC-3M exposed to BQ123 was (15.03 +/- 0.93)%, significantly higher than (9.38 +/- 1.37)% in the control (P < 0.05). The ratio of PC-3M cells in different cycles showed no significant differences.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BQ123 inhibits the proliferation of PC-3M cells and induces their apoptosis in vitro, which may give a new idea on the studies of prostate cancer therapies.</p>

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on tumor growth in the mouse model of LNCaP prostate cancer cell line / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the safety of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in patients with prostate cancer, and to investigate its effect on the growth of indolent prostate cancer in vivo.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty severe combined-immunodeficient mice received subcutaneous injection of human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Then they were randomized to an experimental and a control group and exposed to 20 sessions of hyperbaric oxygen and normobaric air, respectively, followed by a 4-week observation on the growth of the transplanted tumors and analyses of their histopathological features at 28 days, including the volume, microvessel density (CD34), apoptosis markers (p53 and p27 proteins) and the proliferation index (Ki-67) of the LNCaP tumors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>On the 28th day after tumor vaccination, the tumor volume was (120 +/- 7.9) mm3 in the HBO and (122 +/- 8.2) mm3 in the control group; the microvessel density and the expressions of Ki-67, p53 and p27 were 39.3 +/- 5.2, (78.1 +/- 7.6)%, (40.4 +/- 6.2)% and (63.7 +/- 5.1)% in the former, and 36.2 +/- 4.9, (75.3 +/- 8.4)%, (44.2 +/- 5.7)% and (61.5 +/- 5.5)% in the latter. There were no significant differences in all the indexes above between the two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hyperbaric oxygen did not promote the growth of indolent prostate cancer in the murine model, nor did it have any significant effect on the new vessels.</p>

Clinicopathological characterization of prostatic small cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and prognostic features of prostatic small cell carcinoma (SCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One case of SCC was reported, and the relevant literature was reviewed and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was increased (39.26 ng/ml); computed tomography revealed multiple nodules in the retroperitoneum and cavita pelvis; ECT showed multiple osseous metastasis; and needle biopsy of the prostate confirmed SCC. Negative expressions of PSA, Bcl-2 and P504S were found by immunohistochemical staining. The cancer was clinically staged at T4N1M1. Because the patient was beyond surgery and refused chemotherapy, Zadaxin (thymosin alpha 1) was given to relieve the clinical symptoms. The patient died five months after the diagnosis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SCC is a rare subset of prostate cancer, with high malignancy, rapid growth, fast metastasis and very poor prognosis. Its diagnosis relies on pathological examinations. PSA cannot be a specific tumor marker of SCC, but some immunophenotypes may help its differential diagnosis. As for its treatment, surgery should be considered in the early stage; neither hormonal therapy nor chemotherapy can afford a favorable prognosis, although the latter may effect a short-term relief of the clinical symptoms.</p>

Effects of a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor celecoxib on the proliferation and apoptosis of human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the anti-tumor effect of celecoxib on human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 in vitroby observing its effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of PC-3 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The effects of Celecoxib on the proliferation of PC-3 cells were observed by MTT assay, erosion trace test and Transwell-chamber chemotaxis assay, and their apoptosis detected by Annexin V/FITC fluorescent staining and flow cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With the increasing concentration and exposure time, Celecoxib exhibited an increased rate of inhibition on PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Compared with the controls, the migration distance of the PC-3 cells and the number of the PC-3 cells that invaded the inferior chamber were significantly decreased in the 100 gm/L Celecoxib group (P < 0.05). Celecoxib induced the apoptosis of PC-3 cells and, at 100 microm/L, significantly increased the percentage of PC-3 cells in the G0/G1 phase but decreased it in the S phase as compared with the control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Celecoxib inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of PC-3 cells in vitro, which, as a new therapeutic for prostate cancer, well deserves further investigation.</p>

Expression of VEGF in prostate cancer and its correlation with ET-1 / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expressions of VEGF in prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), their clinical significance and their relationship with that of ET-1.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 44 specimens of PCa and 36 of BPH tissues were examined by the immunohistochemical Elivision plus method for the expressions of VEGF and ET-1. The intensity of staining for VEGF and ET-1 was assessed by light microscopy on a scale from "-" to "+ + +".</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rates of positive expression of VEGF were 69.4% in BPH and 80.9% in PCa, positive staining mostly in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelia and cancer cells, and strongly positive in all the stroma vascular endothelial cells. The staining intensity of VEGF was significantly higher in the PCa than in the BPH group (P < 0.05) , in the bone metastasis (BM) than in the non-BM group (P < 0.01), and in the lowly than in the highly and moderately differentiated PCa tissues (P < 0.01). The expression of VEGF was positively correlated with that of ET-1 ( r(s) = 0.780, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>VEGF is involved in the development, progression and metastasis of PCa. VEGF and ET-1 may play a joint role in its development and progression.</p>

Cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in prostate cancer / 中华男科学杂志

Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is over-expressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and involved in its development and progression by facilitating inflammatory response, reducing cell apoptosis, increasing angiogenesis and damaging DNA oxidation. Selective Cox-2 inhibitors suppress PCa growth through various channels and therefore have a promising application value in the management of prostate cancer.

Expressions of endothelin-1 in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer and their significance / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the different expressions of endothelin-1 ET-1) in prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues and their clinical significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 36 BPH and 44 PCa specimens were examined for the expression of ET-1 by immunohistochemical technique (Elivision plus method). The staining intensity for ET-1 was assessed by light microscopy on a scale from "-" to "+ + +".</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Positive immunoreactivity was found in BPH and PCa, with a positive rate of 100%. Positive staining was located mostly in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelia and smooth muscle cells of both BPH and PCa and was noted in all stroma vascular endothelial cells. These were no significant differences in the intensity of positive staining for ET-1 between the groups of BPH and PCa (P > 0.05), bone metastasis (BM) and non-BM (P > 0.05), and highly and moderately differentiated PCa (P > 0.05), but the staining intensity for ET-1 was significantly higher in the poorly than in the highly and moderately differentiated PCa (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ET-1 has a high expression and the localization is the same in both BPH and PCa. It is involved in the development and progression of BPH and PCa.</p>

Plasma endothelin-1 in patients with prostate cancer and its clinical significance / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) level in patients with prostate cancers and its clinical significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Plasma ET-1 level was measured by radioimmunoassay in 31 patients of prostate cancer (23 with non-HRPC, 8 with HRPC) and 26 patients of BPH.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with each other of the ET-1 level, there were no significant difference among the BPH group,non-HRPC group and HRPC group. No significant difference was found either between bone metastasis (BM) and non- BM, between high and middling differentiation prostate cancer group, as well as in different PSA level groups (P >0.05). But the ET-1 level in low differentiation prostate cancer was notably lower than those of the high and middle respectively (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>To detect plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) level is not a useful method to evaluate the development and the prognosis of prostate cancer.</p>