Research progress on induced autophagy for the treatment of oral cancer / 口腔疾病防治

@#Oral cancer has a high degree of malignancy, easily recurs, readily metastasizes and poor progonsis. Autophagy is a catabolic process induced in cells under stressful conditions. In recent years, studies have found that the activation of autophagy in epithelial cells can inhibit carcinogenesis and activate pathways such as mTOR and MAPK to activate autophagy in oral cancer cells and inhibit their survival. Inducing autophagy can degrade eukaryotic initiation factor 4E protein and inhibit oral cancer metastasis. Inducing autophagy in oral cancer cells can inhibit their proliferation and promote their apoptosis. Adding autophagy inducers to the treatment can help improve its efficacy and patient survival compared with chemoradiotherapy alone. In addition, the induction of autophagy in oral cancer cells can improve the body's immune function and enhance the efficacy of oral cancer immunotherapy. This article summarizes the relationship between autophagy and oral cancer and the role of induced autophagy in the treatment of oral cancer with the combined application of chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy. The goal is to provide new ideas for inducing autophagy during the treatment of oral cancer, improving the therapeutic effect of oral cancer and the survival rate of patients. At present, the mechanism of action of induced autophagy in the treatment of oral cancer is not clear. Future research should study its mechanism of action, improve its therapeutic effect on oral cancer and develop autophagy inducers to accurately regulate and induce autophagy during the treatment of oral cancer.

Online learning related screen use and associated factors in school aged children in Shanghai during the COVID-19 epidemic / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the online learning related screen use duration and screen types in school aged children in Shanghai during the COVID-19 epidemic.@*Methods@#Random clustering sampling was used to select 5 591 parents of students from 8 primary and junior schools that are in the sampling pool of the national myopia survey in districts of Jiading, Pudong and Baoshan in Shanghai in April 2020. Electronic questionnaire was administered to parents regarding their child s online learning related screen use.@*Results@#On average, the median weekly duration of online learning related screen use was 13.33 hours, the curricular and extracurricular parts of which were 10(8.75，16.67) and 0(0，3.33) hours, respectively. About 29.44% of investigated school aged children only used small size screen for online learning. Children in higher grades, being myopic and parents neither being myopic were associated with reporting higher weekly duration( P <0.05); children in higher grades of primary school and parents neither being myopic were associated with a higher likelihood of using small size screen for online learning( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#At the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, the burden associated with online learning related screen use was high in school aged children in Shanghai. Health education regarding online learning related screen use should be addressed in parents to guide their children to use screen appropriately.

Effects of sunlike spectrum LED illumination on retinal blood perfusion in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the effect of sunlike spectrum LED illumination on retinal blood flow perfusion, and to explore the the correlation between sunlike spectrum LED illumination and eye health indicators in children and adolescents.@*Methods@#A randomized control double blind trial was conducted. The ordinary LED table lamp in the control group(11) and the sunlike spectrum LED table lamp in the experimental group(12) had a fitting degree of 87% and 95% with the daylighting spectrum, respectively. Two sample independent t test and multivariable linear regression model were applied to compare the changes of retinal blood perfusion before and after the trial.@*Results@#After near reading for 1 hour, the retinal capillary density in the superficial and deep layers of the subjects in the ordinary LED illumination group decreased (superficial layer: -3.05±2.04 , P <0.01; deep layer: -4.03± 4.94, P =0.02), no significant decrease was found in the sunlike spectrum LED illumination group (superficial layer: -0.59± 1.44, P =0.18; deep layer: -0.49±4.27, P =0.70). Multivariable regression analysis found that compared with ordinary LED illumination, sunlike spectrum LED illumination could significantly alleviate the decrease in capillary density in the superficial and deep retinal layers, respectively ( β =2.83, 95% CI =1.54-4.12, P <0.01; β =4.21,95% CI =0.58-7.84, P =0.02).@*Conclusion@#Sunlike spectrum LED illumination can alleviate the decrease in retinal blood perfusion caused by near work among children and adolescents, suggesting that it may delay the onset and development of myopia. Prevention and control of myopia needs to pay attention to the spectral power distribution of artificial illumination.

Impact of different myopia degree on sleep quality among adolescents in Baoshan District / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of myopia and sleep quality among adolescents in Baoshan District of Shanghai, and to further analyze the association between different degree of myopia on sleep quality.@*Methods@#A total of 777 adolescents aged 9-16 years were selected by stratified cluster random method, and ophthalmology examination and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Chinese version scale and related factors questionnaire were conducted.@*Results@#The prevalence rates of myopia and sleep disorders were 68.08% and 13.77% respectively in Baoshan District of Shanghai. With the increase of age and grade, the prevalence of myopia and sleep disorder increased(χ 2=139.58, 114.17；58.00, 56.41, P＜0.01).There were significant differences in sleep disorders among different degree of myopia groups (χ 2=24.57,P<0.01), including sleep time, progressive function and PSQI total score were statistically significant (F=9.65, 7.22, 4.38, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that moderate to high and high myopia were risk factors for sleep quality of adolescents (β=0.87, 0.95, OR=2.38, 2.59, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of myopia and sleep disorder among adolescents in Baoshan District of Shanghai is high, myopia shows impacts on sleep quality of adolescents at a certain level. Adolescents with high myopia have a higher risk of sleep disorders.

Myopia-related health belief and screen time of primary and secondary school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the correlation between myopia related health belief and screen time of primary and secondary school students in Jing-an District of Shanghai, and to provide suggestions for reducing screen time and preventing myopia.@*Methods@#Using the method of cluster sampling,1 585 students from grade one to grade eight of a primary school and a junior high school in Jing-an District were selected for a questionnaire survey regarding myopia related health belief, screen time and the correlation between them.@*Results@#About 18.8%-44.4% of the students perceived themselves as myopia susceptible,which increased with grade (χ 2=33.25,P<0.01), 51.5%-78.0% of the students were aware of the adverse health impart of myopia, 39.3%-55.6% of the students were aware of unhealthy behaviors associated with myopia and 48.7%-77.5% of the students. More than 47.6% of the students daily screen time was more than 2 h/day, and daily screen time increased with grade (χ 2=12.18, P<0.01). Perceived susceptibility for myopia, awareness on adverse health impact of myopia and unhealthy behaviors associated with myopia, as well as self-efficacy associated with myopia prevention were associated with screen time of students.@*Conclusion@#The primary and middle school students in Jing an District show low lever of knowledge on myopia susceptibility and threat, but higher lever of knowledge on myopia severity and self-efficacy of preventing myopia. nearly half of the students use electronic screens too long or too close to their eyes. Awareness on myopia susceptibility, myopia-related behaviors and health impacts of myopia and self-efficacy, combined with screen time reduction might help myopia prevention.

Study on the growth curve of uncorrected visual acuity of children and adolescents with relative safe refractive range / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the distribution of uncorrected visual acuity in children and adolescents aged 3-18 years with relative safe refractive range, and to develop the growth curve and reference range of uncorrected visual acuity in children and adolescents of different ages, so as to provide reference for formulating the referral threshold for myopia screening practice.@*Methods@#Using cluster sampling method, 9 146 children and adolescents aged 3-18 years old in Shanghai were selected for uncorrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, slit lamp and other ophthalmic examinations, and the percentiles and growth curve of uncorrected visual acuity of children and adolescents in the relative safe refractive range were fitted by LMS method. Besides, the area under the ROC curve and the sensitivity and specificity of different cut-off values were analyzed.@*Results@#The uncorrected visual acuity was skewed, with a median of 4.8. There were 4 675 individuals with safe refraction, the median of uncorrected visual acuity in which was 4.9. The LMS curve showed that the uncorrected visual acuity increased with age in the lower age group, and gradually stabilized to the best level at the age of 6-10. P 50 was 4.8 in 3-4 years old, 4.9 in 5-8 years old, 5.0 in 9 years old and above. The area under ROC curve of uncorrected visual acuity predicting refractive abnormality increased with age, with the lowest value of 0.55(95%CI=0.50-0.61) at 3 years old and the highest value of 0.95 (95%CI=0.94-0.96) at 12-18 years old. The Youden index was the highest for P25 at 3-6 years old, and the highest for P 10 at 7 years old and above. With the increase of the cut off value, the sensitivity increased and the specificity decreased.@*Conclusion@#The uncorrected visual acuity increases gradually with age, and reaches the best level after 6-10 years old. The screening effect of uncorrected visual acuity predicting refractive abnormality increased with age. It is suggested that the referral threshold of children and adolescents with abnormal uncorrected visual acuity should be set according to their ages, and P 25-P 75 can be selected according to the screening purposes.

Effect of different distribution types of bone cement after percutaneous kyphoplasty on osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures at different sites / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) has become an effective method for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, but the distribution of bone cement in the vertebral body can cause certain differences in postoperative clinical symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of bone cement distribution on the treatment of vertebral compression fractures in different sites after percutaneous kyphoplasty. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of eligible 339 patients with vertebral compression fractures at different sites who received treatment at the Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University from January 2017 to January 2019 were included in this study. These patients were aged 60-85 years. They were divided into a thoracic fracture group (n=144) and a lumbar fracture group (n=195). All patients received bone cement injection after percutaneous kyphoplasty. After surgery, the diffusion distribution of bone cement in the vertebral body was divided into I-V types in each group. Visual Analogue Scale score and Oswestry Disability Index were evaluated before surgery, and 3 days and 6 months after surgery. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, China. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At 3 days and 6 months after surgery, Visual Analogue Scale score and Oswestry Disability Index were significantly decreased compared with before surgery (P 0.05). (3) At 6 months after surgery, there was no significant difference in Oswestry Disability Index between different distribution types of bone cement in the thoracic fracture group (P > 0.05). At 6 months after surgery, Visual Analogue Scale score in patients with types I, II and III bone cement distribution was significantly lower than in those with types IV and V bone cement distribution (P 0.05). At 6 months after surgery, Visual Analogue Scale score in patients with types I, II and III bone cement distribution was significantly lower than in that in patients undergoing types IV and V bone cement distribution (P < 0.05). (5) These results suggest that after percutaneous kyphoplasty, bone cement distributed in types I-III can lead to better pain relief than that distributed in other types.

MicroRNA-663 facilitates the growth, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cell by inhibiting TUSC2

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as the critical modulators of the tumorigenesis and tumor progression. METHODS: The levels of miR-663 in ovarian cancer cell lines and clinical tissues were detected using qRT-PCR assays. The Transwell invasion and wound healing assay were conducted to assess the roles of miR-663 in the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cell in vitro. Rescue assays were carried out to confirm the contribution of tumor suppressor candidate 2 (TUSC2) in the aggressiveness of cancer cell which was regulated by miR-663. RESULTS: The levels of miR-663 were up-regulated in ovarian cancer tissues in comparison with the corresponding normal tissues. Up-regulation of miR-663 increased the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cell. Additional, over-expression of miR-663 increased the tumor growth of SKOV3 in xenograft model. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay identified that miR-663 decreased the level of TUSC2 via binding to the 3'-UTR of TUSC2 gene. Finally, the expression of TUSC2 was inversely associated with the level of miR-663 in ovarian carcinoma tissue and over-expression of TUSC2 inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of SKOV3 that was promoted by miR-663. CONCLUSION: Altogether, these results indicate that miR-663 acts as a potential tumor-promoting miRNA through targeting TUSC2 in ovarian cancer.

The Response of Antioxidant Enzymes and Photosynthesis Dynamics of Sunflower Exposed to Aniline Wastewater

Aims: In order to investigate the tolerance of sunflower to aniline, we measured the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities of sunflower in aniline wastewater.Study Design: The experiment was conducted with oil sunflower No. 4 (Helianthus annuus Linn) as the experimental material. After five weeks of culture in half strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution, seedlings with uniform growth status were selected for aniline stress treatment. The concentrations of aniline stress treatment were 0, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 mg/L, respectively. Each treatment has five replicates. Leaf photosynthetic parameters were measured at fifth and tenth day after treatment under natural environmental conditions.Place and Duration of Study: Place for the study was located at Shandong Agricultural University, Taian city, Shandong, China. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks.Results: Five days after stress treatment, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of sunflower showed an upward trend at the lower concentration of aniline (?100 mg/L) and turned to a downward trend at higher concentration of aniline (?120 mg/L). However, ten days after stress treatment, Pn, Gs and Tr of sunflower of all concentrations decreased significantly (P=.05) as compared to the control. The photochemical quenching coefficient and effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry decreased. At the end of the ten days experiment, with the increase of aniline concentration, the photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of sunflower showed a downward trend except for intercellular CO2 concentration. The data indicated that nonstomatal limitation was responsible for the reduction of Pn. When the aniline concentration reached 180 mg/L, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) reached the highest point, which was 3.49 times and 1.78 times higher than those of the control.Conclusion: The low concentration of aniline (<120 mg/L) could promote the normal growth of sunflower in a short time. However, when the stress duration reaches a certain level, aniline will have a significant toxic effect on sunflower, thereby severely affecting the normal growth of sunflower

Influence of CaR-CaMCSE-H2S pathway on ischemia reperfusion related oxidative stress / 心血管康复医学杂志

Objective :To analyze influence of calcium sensitive receptor/cystathionine-γ-lyase hydrogen sulfide (CaR-CaM/CSE-H2S) pathway on ischemia reperfusion (I/R ) related oxidative stress .Methods :A total of 50 CSE gene knockout rats were selected as CSE gene knockout group ,another 50 normal rats were simultaneously enrolled as normal control group .Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI ) model was established in only CSE gene knockout group .Plasma total antioxidant capacity ,levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ,superoxide dismutase (SOD ) and malonyl diadehyde (MDA ) , expressions of cell apoptosis indexes (Bax , Bcl-2 , Caspase-3 mRNA , Caspase-8 mRNA ,Caspase-9 mRNA) ,calcium sensitive receptor (CaR) expression ,CSE activity and H2S content were measured and compared between two groups .Results : Compared with normal control group ,there were sig-nificant reductions in plasma total antioxidant capacity [(11.78 ± 1.14) U/ml vs.(10.20 ± 1.25) U/ml] ,SOD level [ (772.79 ± 5.21) nmol/L vs.(558.94 ± 5.36) nmol/L] ,CaR expression [ (2.85 ± 1.01)% vs.(1.04 ± 0.33)% ] , CSE activity [ (18.30 ± 1.70) nmol·L-1·min-1·g prot vs.(11.50 ± 1.50) nmol·L-1·min-1·g prot] and H2 S content [ (48.55 ± 1.35) μmol/g prot vs .(30.59 ± 1.41) μmol/g prot] ,and significant rise in levels of ROS [ (90.48 ± 1.42) U/ml vs.(99.74 ± 1.45) U/ml] and MDA [ (4.33 ± 1.15) U/ml vs.(4.98 ± 1.12) U/ml] ,ex-pressions of Bax [ (0.25 ± 0.05) vs.(0.47 ± 0.23)] ,Bcl-2 [ (0.18 ± 0.02) vs.(0.35 ± 0.05)] ,Caspse-3 mRNA [ (0.16 ± 0.04) vs.(0.25 ± 0.05)] ,Caspse-8 mRNA [ (0.20 ± 0.10) vs.(0.44 ± 0.15)] and Caspse-9 mRNA [(0.05 ± 0.01) vs.(0.15 ± 0.05)] in CSE gene knockout group ,P＜0.01 all.Conclusion :During I/R ,coronary en-docardial CaR expression down regulates ,CSE activity reduces and endogenous H2S generation decreases ,which ag-gravate oxidative stress injury caused by I/R .

Interferon-γ Alters the Immune-related miRNA Expression of Microvesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Increasing studies have demonstrated that interferon gamma (IFN-γ),which serves as a critical inflammatory cytokine,is essential to induce the immunosuppressive effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).However,the mechanisms underlying the enhanced immunosuppressive effects of IFN-γ-stimulated MSCs (γMSCs) are not fully understood.MSC-derived rnicrovesicles (MSC-MVs) have been viewed as potential pivotal mediators of the immunosuppressive effects of MSCs.Moreover,microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of immunological processes and can be shuttled from cell to cell by MVs.The aim of our study was to analyze the the miRNA expression signature of MVs derived from γMSCs (γMSC-MVs),which may provide better understanding of the immunosuppressive property of their parent cells.Through miRNA microarray and bioinformatics analysis,we found 62 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in γMSC-MVs compared with MSC-MVs.And the potential target genes and signaling pathways regulated by DEMs were predicted and analyzed.Interestingly,many DEMs and predicted signaling pathways had been.demonstrated to be involved in immunoregulation.Furthermore,the network between immunoregulation-related pathways and relevant DEMs was constructed.Collectively,our research on the miRNA repertoires of γMSC-MVs not only provides new perspectives into the mechanisms underlying the enhanced immunosuppressive property of γMSCs,but also paves the way to clinical application of these potent organelles in the future.

The abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge under autotrophic domestication.

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play a key role in nitrogen-removal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as they can transform ammonia into nitrite. AOB can be enriched in activated sludge through autotrophic domestication although they are difficult to be isolated. In this study, autotrophic domestication was carried out in a lab-scale sequencing-batch-reactor (SBR) system with two activated sludge samples. The ammonia removal capacity of the sludge samples increased during the domestication, and pH exhibited a negative correlation with the ammonia removal amount, which indicated that it was one important factor of microbial ammonia oxidation. The count of AOB, measured by the most probable number (MPN) method, increased significantly during autotrophic domestication as ammonia oxidation efficiency was enhanced. We investigated the changes in the community structure of AOB before and after domestication by amoA clone library and T-RFLP profile. It showed that AOB had been successfully enriched and the community structure significantly shifted during the domestication. Two groups of AOB were found in sludge samples: Nitrosomonas-like group remained predominant all the time and Nitrosospira-like group changed obviously. Simultaneously, the total heterotrophic bacteria were investigated by MPN and Biolog assay. The metabolic diversity of heterotrophs had changed minutely, although the count of them decreased significantly and lost superiority of microbial communities in the sludge.

Prognostic factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome of children / 中国医师进修杂志

ObjectiveTo analyse the prognostic factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of children by comparing mortality in ARDS. MethodARDS type ,treatment process if there were multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and whether family members actively cooperated with the treatment factors in 38 children with ARDS were analyzed. ResultsARDS of the original mortality of sepsis was the highest[ 66.67％ ( 14/21 )]; treatment process combined with MODS in 8 cases, 6 died, the mortality up to 75.00％ (6/8), significantly higher than combined without MODS [40.00％ (12/30)],there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05); family members actively cooperated with the treatment could reduce mortality of children (P ＜0.05); PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 value:pulmonary-exterior type was lower than pulmonary-interior type, combined with MODS was lower than combined without MODS, family members actively cooperated with the treatment was lower than family members inactively cooperated with the treatment (P ＜ 0.05 );PaCO2 value:pulmonary- exterior type was lower than pulmonary-interior type, family members actively cooperated with the treatment was lower than family members inactively cooperated with the treatment (P ＜ 0.05 ) ; pH: pulmonary-exterior type was higher than pulmonary-interior type, combined with MODS was higher than combined without MODS, family members actively cooperated with the treatment was higher than family members inactively cooperated with the treatment (P ＜0.05);the critical illness score in family members with a positive attitude was higher than that in family members with a negative attitude (P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionThe primary disease of sepsis, associated with MODS, the family members with a negative attitude toward the treatment affect the prognosis of children with ARDS.

The Anatomic Study on Replacement of Artificial Atlanto-odontoid Joint through Transoral Approach / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In order to provide anatomical basis for transoral approach (TOA) in dealing with the ventro lesions of craniocervical junction, and the design and application of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint, microsurgical dissecting was performed on 8 fresh craniocervical specimens layer by layer through transoropharyngeal approach. The stratification of posterior pharyngeal wall, course of vertebral artery, adjacent relationship of atlas and axis and correlative anatomical parameters of replacement of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint were observed. Besides, 32 sets of atlanto-axial joint in adults' fresh bony specimens were measured with a digital caliper and a goniometer, including the width of bony window of anterior arch of atlas, the width of bony window of axis vertebra, the distance between superior and inferior two atlas screw inserting points, the distance between two axis screw inserting points etc. It was found that the width of atlas and axis which could be exposed were 40.2±3.5mm and 39.3±3.7mm respectively. The width and height of posterior pharyngeal wall which could be exposed were 40.1±5.2mm and 50.2±4.6mm respectively. The distance between superior and inferior two atlas screw inserting points was 28.0±2.9mm and 24.0±3.5mm respectively, and the distance of bilateral axis screw inserting points was 18.0±1.2mm. The operative exposure position through TOA ranged from inferior part of the clivus to the superior part of the C3 vertebral body. Posterior pharyngeal wall consisted of 5 layers and two interspaces: mucosa, submucosa, superficial muscular layer, anterior fascia of vertebrae, anterior muscular layer of vertebrae and posterior interspace of pharynx, anterior interspace of vertebrae. This study revealed that it had the advantages of short operative distance, good exposure and sufficient decompression in dealing with the ventro lesions from the upper cervical to the lower clivus through the TOA. The replacement of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint is suitable and feasible. The design of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint should be based on the above data.

Medical product designing model for the "BOP" in China / 中国医疗器械杂志

China has a large population under the average economy. This group of people is often referred to those at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP). In order to meet their special medical needs, this paper is to discuss a topic on how to create medical products for the "BOP" in China, especially under sustainable developments based on the investigation and analysis in Shanghai. Also, a new possible development model including the government's support, knowledge exchange and communication is introduced.