Research progress in immunoregulatory effects of adipose mesenchymal stem cells / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Adipose derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSC) are pluripotent stem cells isolated from adipose tissue and have great application potential in regenerative medicine for their rich sources of derivation, relatively less trauma when sampling and few ethical problems. ADSC have preferable immunomodulatory capacity, and can regulate the immunologic functions of dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells, NKT cells, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. In order to better understand the role of ADSC in immunoregulation, this paper systematically reviewed the immunomodulatory effects of ADSC on several representative immune cells.

Research progress in immunoregulatory effects of adipose mesenchymal stem cells / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Adipose derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSC) are pluripotent stem cells isolated from adipose tissue and have great application potential in regenerative medicine for their rich sources of derivation, relatively less trauma when sampling and few ethical problems. ADSC have preferable immunomodulatory capacity, and can regulate the immunologic functions of dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells, NKT cells, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. In order to better understand the role of ADSC in immunoregulation, this paper systematically reviewed the immunomodulatory effects of ADSC on several representative immune cells.

Research advances in functional regulation of islet α cells / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Dysfuntion ofα cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Its own transcription factors, posttranscriptional modification, transporters related to secretion and paracrine signals fromβ and δ cells, inflammatory factors, and carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, all influenceαcell function. We summaried the various factors involved in the regulation ofαcell function as well as recent related advances on their molecular mechanisms.

Clinical characteristics of metabolically healthy obese individuals and risk analysis of progression into abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of metabolically healthy obese ( MHO) individuals, and to explore the risk of progression into metabolic disorders after 3 years. Methods A total of 3943 residents in Jining City were evaluated twice from February 2012 to August 2015, and 3766 individuals were enrolled excluding those with missing data. Of the subjects, 875 subjects were screened as metabolic normal population, which were divided into MHO(n = 127), metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW, n = 386), and metabolically healthy normal weight ( MHNW, n = 362) groups. T test, x2 test, and logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results The incidence of MHO was 11. 63％ (127 / 1092) in obesity, and the proportion of MHO in females was higher than that in males(13. 91％ vs 7. 82％ , P<0. 05). Compared with MHNW group, the levels of HbA1C , fasting insulin, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C), triglyceride ( TG), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), and waist circumference(WC) were higher in MHO while glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were lower(all P<0. 05); and fasting insulin, LDL-C, TG, GGT, SBP, WC were higher in MHOW while HDL-C was lower (all P<0. 05). The levels of fasting insulin, TG, SBP, WC were higher in MHO while GFR and HDL-C were lower compared with MHOW(all P<0. 05). Following up for 3 years, the incidences of dyslipidemia in MHNW, MHOW, and MHO were 17. 96％ (65 / 362), 32. 90％ (127 / 386), 42. 52％ (54 / 127), respectively, with significant difference among three groups(P<0. 05). The incidences of hyperglycemia in the three groups were 20. 17％ (73 / 362), 22. 80％(88 / 386), 26. 77％ (34 / 127), respectively, without significant difference among groups ( all P > 0. 05). After adjustment for some factors including sex, age, fasting insulin, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GGT, and creatinine, the risks of dyslipidemia in MHO ( OR = 2. 193, 95％ CI 1. 359-3. 539, P<0. 05) and MHOW(OR= 1. 705, 95％ CI 1. 190-2. 443, P<0. 05) were significantly increased as compared with MHNW. Conclusion Compared with MHNW individuals, MHOW/ MHO individuals show an obviously different clinical feature as well as with higher risks of dyslipidemia after 3 years.

Triglycerides and ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are better than liver enzymes to identify insulin resistance in urban middle-aged and older non-obese Chinese without diabetes / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Insulin resistance (IR) plays an important pathophysiological role in the development of diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, IR can occur even in non-obese people without diabetes. However, direct detection of IR is complicated. In order to find a simple surrogate marker of IR early in non-obese people, we investigate the association of commonly-used biochemical markers (liver enzymes and lipid profiles) with IR in urban middle-aged and older non-obese Chinese without diabetes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This cross-sectional study included 1 987 subjects (1 473 women). Fasting blood samples were collected for measurement of glucose, insulin, liver enzymes, lipid profiles and creatinine. Subjects whose homeostasis model of assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) index values exceeded the 75th percentile (2.67 for women and 2.48 for men) of the population were considered to have IR. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to compare the power of potential markers in identifying IR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Triglycerides (TG) and ratio of TG to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) discriminated IR better than other indexes for both sexes; areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC) values were 0.770 (95% confidence interval 0.733-0.807) and 0.772 (0.736-0.809), respectively, for women and 0.754 (0.664-0.844) and 0.756 (0.672-0.840), respectively, for men. To identify IR, the optimal cut-offs for TG and TG/HDL-C ratio were 1.315 mmol/L (sensitivity 74.3%, specificity 71.0%) and 0.873 (sensitivity 70.1%, specificity 73.4%), respectively, for women, and 1.275 mmol/L (sensitivity 66.7%, specificity 74.4%) and 0.812 (sensitivity 75.8%, specificity 69.2%), respectively, for men.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TG and TG/HDL-C ratio could be used to identify IR in urban middle-aged and older non-obese Chinese without diabetes.</p>

Clinical features of adefovir dipivoxil-induced Fanconi syndrome and hypophosphatemic osteomalacia / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is commonly used as an anti-viral agent in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B,with a dose-and time-dependent nephrotoxicity.Clinical analysis was made in 4 patients with chronic hepatitis B who developed Fanconi syndrome and hypophosphatemic osteomalacia after long-term use of ADV (10 mg/d).

Association between serum chemerin and type 2 diabetic nephropathy / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between plasma Chemerin and diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods Totally 195 T2DM patients and 65 healthy controls were enrolled in this study.The T2DM patients were further divivded into three subgroups:normal albuminuria group (n =65),microalbuminuria group (n =65),and clinical albuminuria group (n =65).The plasma Chemerin level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The serum Chemerin level was (150.20 ±21.99) μg/L in diabetic patients,which was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (62.13 ± 18.90) μg/L) (P ＜0.01).Inside the T2DM group,the plasma Chemerin level was [(143.63 ± 22.33) μg/L] in the microalbuminuria group and [(173.21 ± 23.91) μg/L] in the clinical albuminuria group (P ＜ 0.001),and both were significantly higher than that in the normal albuminuria group [(100.35 ±20.11) μg/L] (both P ＜0.01).Multivariate regression analysis showed that the plasma Chemerin level was independently associated with glycosylated hemoglobin (β =0.216,P =0.038),total cholesterol (β =1.867,P =0.048),high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (β =12.330,P ＜ 0.001),and urine albumin (β =37.184,P ＜0.001) in T2DM patients.Conclusion Plasema Chemerin level increases in T2DM patients and therefore can be a reliable indicator for detecting early type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

Study on the role of oxidative stress in the kidneys of diabetic rats / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To investigate the changes of oxidative stress in the kidneys and their roles in nephropathy in diabetic rats. METHODS: Diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin (STZ). 36 rats were divided into three groups randomly: (1) NC group, normal control rats; (2) DM group, diabetic rats received protamine zinc insulin (PZI) 2U-4U/2 d; (3) DT group, diabetic rats received PZI 9-12 U/kg body weigh/day. 12 weeks later, rats were killed, blood glucose, blood cholesterol, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, HbA1c, urinary creatinine, and urinary protein for 24 h were measured. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in renal cortex, including total superoxide dismutase (TSOD), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) were measured by chromatometry. RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of different antioxidant enzymes mRNA. RESULTS: For all the targets we measured, there was no significant difference between NC and DT groups. Compared with the other two groups, the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, trigalloyl glycerol, HbA1c in DM group increased significantly. The activities of TSOD, Cu-Zn SOD and CAT decreased significantly. The activity of GSH-Px increased significantly. There was no significant difference among the activities of Mn SOD in all three groups. The level of MDA in DM group was much higher than that in NC or DT group. The relative expression levels of GSH-Px and Cu-Zn SOD mRNA in DM group were higher than those in other two groups, while the relative expression level of CAT decreased. Mn SOD mRNA was expressed without significant difference in all groups. Compared with NC or DT group, urinary protein in DM group increased significantly, while creatinine clearance rate decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia affected the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Oxidative stress was caused by hyperglycemia in diabetic rats and may be an important factor in the etiology of diabetic nephropathy.