Targeting ferroptosis for treatment of Alzheimer' s disease / 中国药理学通报

Alzheimer' s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder histologically characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) found in and around pyramidal neurons in cortical tissue. Mounting evidence suggests regional increased iron load and dyshomeostasis have been associated with oxidative stress, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and cell death, and appears to be a risk factor for more rapid cognitive decline, thereby involved in multiple aspects of the pathophysiology of AD. Ferroptosis is a newly identified iron-dependent lipid peroxidation-driven cell death and emerging evidences have demonstrated the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathological process of AD. Notably, some novel compounds targeting ferroptosis can relieve AD-related pathological symptoms in AD cells and animal model and exhibit potential clinical benefits in AD patients. This review systematically summarizes the growing molecular and clinical evidence implicating ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of AD, and then reviews the application of ferroptosis inhibitors in mouse/cell models to provide valuable information for future treatment and prevention of AD.

Longitudinal study on the relationship between cumulative family risk and depression symptoms among children and adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the relationship between cumulative family risk and depression symptoms at 2 and 4 year follow up among children and adolescents, so as to provide reference basis for promoting the mental health of children and adolescents.@*Methods@#Data were acquired from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) project in 2016(T1), 2018 (T2), and 2020 (T3), which included 730 children and adolescents, their families and parents. The measurement tools included the Cumulative Family Risk Scales and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Chi square test and Logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between cumulative family risk and depression symptoms among children and adolescents.@*Results@#The detection rates of moderate and above depression symptoms among children and adolescents at T1, T2, and T3 were 14.4%, 15.9%, and 24.5%, respectively. The prevalence of depression symptoms of children and adolescents at T2 was higher in females (19.8%) than males (12.5%)( χ 2=7.28 ,P <0.01). Logistic regression analyses showed that the cumulative family risk at T1 positively predicted depression symptoms of children and adolescents at T1, T2, and T3( OR =1.73, 1.32, 1.38, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusions@#The cumulative family risk has a long lasting impact on depressive symptoms among children and adolescents after 2 and 4 years. Family and schools should pay attention to the changes in depression among children and adolescents,and provide timely intervention and assistance to promote their mental health development.

Nutritional status and its related factors among primary and secondary school students in Beijing City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To assess the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in Beijing City and to analyze the related factors, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in a targeted manner.@*Methods@#Based on the 2021 Beijing Student Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors Surveillance Project, a stratified random cluster sampling method was used to conduct a physical examination and questionnaire survey on 25 487 primary and secondary school students from September to November 2021. The Chi square test was used for comparison of nutritional status detection rates, and disordered multi classification Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors associated with students nutritional status.@*Results@#The detection rates of malnutrition, overweight and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Beijing City were 4.7%, 18.0% and 23.8% respectively. The detection rates of malnutrition, overweight and obesity were higher among male students (5.1%, 20.4%, 29.7%) than female students (4.2%, 15.5%, 17.4%) ( χ 2= 12.23, 101.71, 526.99, P <0.01). The detection rate of obesity was higher in the suburbs than urban areas(26.6%, 19.8%), and the detection rate of malnutrition was lower in the suburbs than urban areas (4.2%,5.5%)( χ 2=157.25, 23.61, P <0.01). The results of disordered multi classification Logistic regression showed that the related factors for malnutrition, overweight and obesity were gender, residence, moderate to vigorous exercise ≥60 min per day and lack of sleep( OR =1.70, 1.88,2.48; 1.14, 0.87, 0.67; 0.85, 0.92, 0.81 ; 0.83, 1.08, 1.07); frequency of fried food intake daily was a related factor for overweight ( OR =0.70); whether eating breakfast daily or not was a related factor for overweight and obesity ( OR =0.91, 0.84); academic level (middle and high school) was a related factor for malnutrition and obesity ( OR =1.38, 1.37; 0.77, 1.40)( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The problem of overweight and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Beijing City continues to be serious, especially among boys and suburban areas. It is recommended that society, schools, families and individuals should work together to improve the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students by adopting a graded and classified approach.

Is non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging cost-effective for screening of hepatocellular carcinoma?

INTRODUCTION@#Ultrasonography (US) is the current standard of care for imaging surveillance in patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been explored as an alternative, given the higher sensitivity of MRI, although this comes at a higher cost. We performed a cost-effective analysis comparing US and dual-sequence non-contrast-enhanced MRI (NCEMRI) for HCC surveillance in the local setting.@*METHODS@#Cost-effectiveness analysis of no surveillance, US surveillance and NCEMRI surveillance was performed using Markov modelling and microsimulation. At-risk patient cohort was simulated and followed up for 40 years to estimate the patients' disease status, direct medical costs and effectiveness. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were calculated.@*RESULTS@#Exactly 482,000 patients with an average age of 40 years were simulated and followed up for 40 years. The average total costs and QALYs for the three scenarios - no surveillance, US surveillance and NCEMRI surveillance - were SGD 1,193/7.460 QALYs, SGD 8,099/11.195 QALYs and SGD 9,720/11.366 QALYs, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Despite NCEMRI having a superior diagnostic accuracy, it is a less cost-effective strategy than US for HCC surveillance in the general at-risk population. Future local cost-effectiveness analyses should include stratifying surveillance methods with a variety of imaging techniques (US, NCEMRI, contrast-enhanced MRI) based on patients' risk profiles.

Influence of sports elective courses on college students' physical health / Influência dos cursos eletivos esportivos sobre a saúde física dos estudantes universitários / Influencia de las asignaturas deportivas optativas en la salud física de los estudiantes universitarios

ABSTRACT Introduction The college sports environment is characterized by breadth, diversity, and personality. This is an important period to develop students' physical ability and improve their personality. Objective Compare the effects of different exercise methods on students' health status. Methods 2991 college students participated in different sports activities. These sports were conducted based on the selection course (PE), all during one semester. The students' physical health status was observed through experiments performed before and after the intervention. Results Activities such as basketball and soccer showed high effectiveness in improving students' vital capacity index, volleyball expressively improved students' performance in the long jump, tennis and table tennis were effective in improving students' strength and adherence index, being lower in other indices. Martial arts also stood out in improving the students' vital capacity index. Conclusion Improving physical health should be an overall process of students' fitness development, and universities should actively encourage college students to participate in long-term sports to improve their health. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O ambiente do esporte universitário é caracterizado pela abrangência, diversidade e personalidade. Este é um período importante para desenvolver a capacidade física dos estudantes e melhorar a sua personalidade. Objetivo Comparar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de exercício sobre o estado de saúde dos estudantes. Métodos 2991 estudantes universitários participaram de diferentes atividades esportivas. Estes esportes foram conduzidos com base no curso de seleção (PE), todos durante um semestre. O estado de saúde física dos estudantes foi observado através de experimentos executados previa e posteriormente à intervenção. Resultados Atividades como basquetebol e futebol demonstraram alta efetividade para melhorar o índice de capacidade vital dos estudantes, voleibol melhorou expressivamente o desempenho dos alunos no salto em distância, o tênis e o tênis de mesa foram efetivos para aprimorar o índice de força e de adesão dos alunos, sendo inferior noutros índices. Também as artes marciais se destacaram ao melhorar o índice de capacidade vital dos alunos. Conclusão O aprimoramento da saúde física deve ser um processo global de desenvolvimento da aptidão física dos estudantes e as universidades devem encorajar ativamente os estudantes universitários a participar de esportes de longo prazo para melhorar sua saúde. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El entorno del deporte universitario se caracteriza por su alcance, diversidad y personalidad. Es un periodo importante para desarrollar la capacidad física de los alumnos y mejorar su personalidad. Objetivo Comparar los efectos de diferentes métodos de ejercicio sobre el estado de salud de los estudiantes. Métodos 2991 estudiantes universitarios participaron en diferentes actividades deportivas. Estos deportes se llevaron a cabo basándose en el curso de selección (PE), todo ello durante un semestre. El estado de salud física de los alumnos se observó mediante experimentos realizados antes y después de la intervención. Resultados Actividades como el baloncesto y el fútbol mostraron una alta eficacia para mejorar el índice de capacidad vital de los alumnos, el voleibol mejoró expresivamente el rendimiento de los alumnos en salto de longitud, el tenis y el tenis de mesa fueron eficaces para mejorar el índice de fuerza y adherencia de los alumnos, siendo inferiores en otros índices. También las artes marciales se destacaron en la mejora del índice de capacidad vital de los alumnos. Conclusión La mejora de la salud física debería ser un proceso global del desarrollo de la forma física de los estudiantes y las universidades deberían animar activamente a los universitarios a participar en deportes de larga duración para mejorar su salud. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Association of epidemiological characteristics and dietary patterns with risk of type 2 diabetic nephropathy / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To study the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the relationship between dietary pattern and risk. Methods From August 2018 to May 2021, 655 T2DM patients in Wuhan Puren Hospital, including 338 males and 317 females, were divided into T2DM group (n=368 cases) and DN group (n=287 cases) according to whether patients had DN. The uniformly trained staff of our hospital used the simplified version of food intake frequency questionnaire designed for diabetes to investigate the reasonable dietary intake of patients in nearly one year. Clinical data of patients in the two groups were collected and the intake of protein, fat, carbohydrate and dietary fiber in the two groups was statistically analyzed. Logistics regression was used to analyze the formula independent risk factors of DN in T2DM, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed on the incidence of diabetic nephropathy and dietary pattern. Results Among of 655 T2DM patients, there were 287 (43.82%) patients with DN, including 149 males and 138 females. The average age, duration of diabetes, smoking in DN group were significantly higher than those in T2DM group (P0.05). Energy, protein intake, carbohydrate and fat intake in DN group were significantly higher than those in T2DM group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that protein, carbohydrate and fat intake were independent risk factors for DEVELOPING DN in T2DM patients (P<0.05). According to Pearson correlation analysis, the risk of developing DN in T2DM patients was positively correlated with protein and fat intake (r=0.449 , 0.517, P<0.05). Conclusion PATIENTS with T2DM have a higher risk of DEVELOPING DN, which is closely related to dietary intake. Reasonable allocation of dietary intake can reduce the risk of developing DN.

Treatment advice of small molecule antiviral drugs for elderly COVID-19 / 中国药理学通报

COVID-19 has been prevalent for three years. The virulence of SARS-CoV-2 is weaken as it mutates continuously. However, elderly patients, especially those with underlying diseases, are still at high risk of developing severe infections. With the continuous study of the molecular structure and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, antiviral drugs for COVID-19 have been successively marketed, and these anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs can effectively reduce the severe rate and mortality of elderly patients. This article reviews the mechanism, clinical medication regimens, drug interactions and adverse reactions of five small molecule antiviral drugs currently approved for marketing in China, so as to provide advice for the clinical rational use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in the elderly.

Recent progress of epigallocatechin 3-gallate for treatment of Parkinson's disease / 中国药理学通报

Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) is an abundant polyphenolie component originating from green tea extract that has exhibited versatile bioactivities in combating several diseases. During the last decade, EGCG are effective in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several experimental studies suggest the pleiotropic neuroprotective effects, aiding to EGCG as an appealing therapeutic strategy in PD. Therefore, in this review we focus on the effects of EGCG on anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, modulation of dopamine production, and the aggregation of a-synuclein. We aim to compile the recent updates and cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection of EGCG in PD. This review highlights the pharmacological features of EGCG and its therapeutic implications in PD.

Therapeutic potential of targeting SIRT1 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease / 生理学报

Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is one of the seven mammalian proteins of the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases. SIRT1 plays a pivotal role in neuroprotection and ongoing research has uncovered a mechanism by which SIRT1 may exert a neuroprotective effect on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing evidence demonstrates that SIRT1 regulates many pathological processes including amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) processing, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and mitochondrial dysfunction. SIRT1 has recently received enormous attention, and pharmacological or transgenic approaches to activate the sirtuin pathway have shown promising results in the experimental models of AD. In the present review, we delineate the role of SIRT1 in AD from a disease-centered perspective and provides an up-to-date overview of the SIRT1 modulators and their potential as effective therapeutics in AD.

Clinical characteristics and CT findings of Pneumocystis Jirovecii pneumonia in 46 cases with hematological diseases / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To summarize the original CT features of Pneumocystis Jirovecii pneumonia in patients with hematological diseases. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out in 46 patients with proven pneumocystis pneumonia (PJP) in the Hospital of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between January 2014 and December 2021. All patients had multiple chests CT and related laboratory examinations, imaging typing were conducted based on the initial CT presentation, and the distinct imaging types were analyzed against the clinical data. Results: In the analysis, there were 46 patients with proven pathogenesis, 33 males, and 13 females, with a median age of 37.5 (2-65) years. The diagnosis was validated by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) hexamine silver staining in 11 patients and clinically diagnosed in 35 cases. Of the 35 clinically diagnosed patients, 16 were diagnosed by alveolar lavage fluid macrogenomic sequencing (BALF-mNGS) and 19 by peripheral blood macrogenomic sequencing (PB-mNGS) . The initial chest CT presentation was categorized into 4 types, including ground glass (GGO) type in 25 cases (56.5%) , nodular type in 10 cases (21.7%) , fibrosis type in 4 cases (8.7%) , and mixed type in 5 cases (13.0%) . There was no substantial discrepancy in CT types among confirmed patients, BALF-mNGS diagnosed patients and PB-mNGS diagnosed patients (χ(2)=11.039, P=0.087) . The CT manifestations of confirmed patients and PB-mNGS diagnosed patients were primarily GGO type (67.6%, 73.7%) , while that of BALF-mNGS diagnosed patients were nodular type (37.5%) . Of the 46 patients, 63.0% (29/46) had lymphocytopenia in the peripheral blood, 25.6% (10/39) with positive serum G test, and 77.1% (27/35) with elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) . There were no great discrepancies in the rates of lymphopenia in peripheral blood, positive G-test, and increased LDH among different CT types (all P>0.05) . Conclusion: The initial chest CT findings of PJP in patients with hematological diseases were relatively prevalent with multiple GGO in both lungs. Nodular and fibrosis types were also the initial imaging findings for PJP.

Mechanisms and implications in gene polymorphism mediated diverse reponses to sedatives, analgesics and muscle relaxants / 대한마취과학회지

Responses to sedatives, analgesics and muscle relaxants vary among patients under general anesthesia, which could be ascribed to the disparities of clinical characteristics and genetic factors of individuals. Accumulating researches have indicated that gene polymorphisms of the receptors, transporters and metabolizing enzymes associated with anesthetics play a considerable role in their efficacy. However, a systematically summarized study on the mechanisms of gene polymorphisms on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of anesthetics is still lacking. In this paper, the recent researches on pharmacogenomics of sedatives, analgesics and muscle relaxants are comprehensively reviewed, and the contributions and mechanisms of polymorphisms to the differences of individual efficacy of these drugs are discussed, so as to provide guidance for the formulation of a rational anesthesia regimen for patients with various genotypes.

Study on the current situation and influencing factors of job involvement for employed nurses in military hospital / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the current situation of job involvement of nurses in military hospitals in Henan Province and analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide reference for improving the level of job involvement of military nurses. Methods: In February 2022, the employed nurses of 4 military hospitals in Henan Province were investigated by convenient sampling method. A total of 663 questionnaires were collected, including 632 valid questionnaires, with an effective recovery rate of 95.32%. The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the basic information of nurses, the Job Involvement Scale was used to investigate the job involvement of nurses, the Emotional Labor Scale for Nurses was used to investigate nurses' emotions, and the Work-Family Conflict Scale was used to investigate the work-family conflict of nurses. Independent sample t-test and univariate analysis of variance were used to compare the job involvement of military employed nurses with different demographic characteristics, Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between emotional labor, work-family conflict and job involvement, and hierarchical regression analysis was used to explore the impact of relevant variables on the job involvement of military employed nurses. Results: The total average score of job involvement of military employed nurses was (3.68±1.13), and the scores of vitality, dedication and focus were (3.64±1.15), (3.74±1.25) and (3.67±1.21) respectively. The total score of emotional labor of nurses was 33-80 (62.95±8.12), with an average score of (3.93±0.51). The total score of work-family conflict was 18-94 (55.16±13.53), with an average score of (3.06±0.75). Professional emotional regulation, patient-centered emotional inhibition and standardized emotional play were positively related to the job involvement (r=0.46, 0.41, 0.22, P<0.01). Time-based conflict, stress-based conflict and behavior-based conflict had negative correlation with the job involvement (r=-0.12, -0.23, -0.20, P<0.01). In hierarchical regression analysis, after controlling demographic variables, emotional labor and work-family conflict accounted for 17.2% and 4.2% of the variation of job involvement. Conclusion: The job involvement of military employed nurses tends to be at a moderate level. Emotional labor and work-family conflict can significantly affect their job involvement.

Advances on pentraxin 3 in osteoporosis and fracture healing / 中国骨伤

Pentaxin 3 (PTX3), as a multifunctional glycoprotein, plays an important role in regulating inflammatory response, promoting tissue repair, inducing ectopic calcification and maintaining bone homeostasis. The effect of PTX3 on bone mineral density (BMD) may be affected by many factors. In PTX3 knockout mice and osteoporosis (OP) patients, the deletion of PTX3 will lead to decrease of BMD. In Korean community "Dong-gu study", it was found that plasma PTX3 was negatively correlated with BMD of femoral neck in male elderly patients. In terms of bone related cells, PTX3 plays an important role in maintaining the phenotype and function of osteoblasts (OB) in OP state;for osteoclast (OC), PTX3 in inflammatory state could stimulate nuclear factor κ receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) production and its combination with TNF-stimulated gene 6(TSG-6) could improve activity of osteoclasts and promote bone resorption;for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), PTX3 could promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In recent years, the role of PTX3 as a new bone metabolism regulator in OP and fracture healing has been gradually concerned by scholars. In OP patients, PTX3 regulates bone mass mainly by promoting bone regeneration. In the process of fracture healing, PTX3 promotes fracture healing by coordinating bone regeneration and bone resorption to maintain bone homeostasis. In view of the above biological characteristics, PTX3 is expected to become a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of OP and other age-related bone diseases and fracture healing.

Clinical Evaluation of a Vancomycin Dosage Strategy Based on a Serum Trough Concentration Model in Elderly Patients with Severe Pneumonia / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to evaluate the clinical benefits of a vancomycin dosage strategy based on a serum trough concentration model in elderly patients.@*METHODS@#This prospective single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial categorized 66 elderly patients with severe pneumonia into study and control groups. The control group received vancomycin using a regimen decided by the attending physician. Meanwhile, the study group received individualized vancomycin therapy with a dosing strategy based on a serum trough concentration model. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with serum trough concentrations reaching the target values. The secondary endpoints were clinical response, vancomycin treatment duration, and vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury (VA-AKI) occurrence.@*RESULTS@#All patients were at least 60 years old (median age = 81 years). The proportion of patients with target trough concentration achievement (≥ 15 mg/L) with the initial vancomycin regimen was significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group (75.8% vs. 42.4%, P = 0.006). Forty-five patients (68.2%) achieved clinical success, the median duration of vancomycin therapy was 10.0 days, and VA-AKI occurred in eight patients (12.1%). However, there were no significant differences in these parameters between the two groups. The model for predicting vancomycin trough concentrations was upgraded to: serum trough concentration (mg/L) = 17.194 - 0.104 × creatinine clearance rate (mL/min) + 0.313 × vancomycin daily dose [(mg/(kg∙d)].@*CONCLUSION@#A vancomycin dosage strategy based on a serum trough concentration model can improve the proportion of patients achieving target trough concentrations in elderly patients with severe pneumonia.

Evaluation of optic nerve in patients with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To evaluate the damage to optic nerve by detecting the morphological and functional changes of optic nerve in patients with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma.METHODS: The correlation among the positive rates of fundus photography, visual field examination, optical coherence tomography(OCT)scan of the optic nerve, and pattern visual evoked potentials(P-VEP)were analyzed in 28 patients with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma affecting.RESULTS: Among 28 eyes of 28 patients, optic nerve images were obtained in 25 eyes(89%), optic disc color in 25 eyes: there were 9 normal eyes and 16 eyes with congestion and edema, without pallor; C/D: &#x003C; 0.6 in 5 eyes, &#x003E; 0.6 in 1 eye, and indistinguishable in 19 eyes; disk edge: 6 eyes were normal, and 19 eyes could not be distinguished.Optic nerve images could not be obtained in 3 eyes(11%). Visual field examination: 9 eyes(32%)were normal, 2 eyes(7%)had visual field damage, 8 eyes(29%)had no reference value due to cataract visual field examination, 2 eyes(7%)had false positive rate ≥15%, and 7 eyes(25%)could not cooperate with the examination. The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness around optic disc was measured by OCT in 26 eyes(93%), of which the thickness of nerve fiber layer was normal in 24 eyes and local thinning in 2 eyes. Severe opacification of refractive stroma could not be measured in 2 eyes(7%). PVEP showed that the peak of P100 was normal in 18 eyes(64%)and prolonged in 10 eyes(36%). The amplitude of P100 wave was normal in 11 eyes(39%)and decreased in 17 eyes(61%).CONCLUSION: After a major acute attack of primary angle-closure glaucoma, the optic nerve does not exhibit typical glaucomatous damage but may present with optic disc congestion and edema. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation combining subjective and objective examination methods is necessary for optic nerve assessment, and currently, no more precise assessment method is available.

Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme on reproduction of Culex pipiens pallens / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the reproduction of Culex pipiens pallens, so as to provide insights into selection of targets for controlling mosquito vector populations. Methods Cx. pipiens pallens was collected from Tangkou County, Shandong Province in 2009. Female and male mosquitoes were selected at 72 hours post-eclosion, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) assay was used to detect the expression of ACE gene in the whole body and reproductive tissues of male mosquitoes and fertilized female mosquitoes before (0 h) and after blood meals (24, 48, 72 h), respectively. Then, 150 female and 150 male mosquitoes at 0 to 4 hours post-eclosion were selected and divided into the wild-type group (WT group), small interfering RNA-negative control group (siNC group) and small interfering RNA-ACE group (siACE group), of 50 mosquitoes in each group. Mosquitoes in the WT group were given no treatment, and mosquitoes in the siNC and siACE groups were given microinjection of siNC and siACE into the hemolymph at a dose of 0.3 μg per mosquito. The knockdown efficiency was checked using qPCR assay, and the reproductive phenotype of mosquitoes was observed. Results The relative ACE gene expression was higher in the whole body of male mosquitoes (5.467 ± 1.006) relative to females (1.199 ± 0.241) (t = 5.835, P = 0.004) at 72 h post-eclosion, and the highest ACE expression was seen in reproductive tissues of male mosquitoes (199.100 ± 24.429), which was 188.3 times higher than in remaining tissues (1.057 ± 0.340) (t = 6.602, P = 0.002). Blood meal induced high ACE expression in all body tissues of fertilized female mosquitoes, with peak expression at 24 h after blood meals (14.957 ± 2.815), which was 14.8 times higher than that before blood meals (1.009 ± 0.139) (P = 0.002). The transcriptional level of ACEs continued to increase in the ovaries of female mosquitoes after blood meals during the vitellogenesis phase, peaking at 48 h after blood meals (5.500 ± 0.734), which was 5.1 times higher than that before blood meals (1.072 ± 0.178) (P = 0.002). Small RNA interference targeting ACE resulted in a 57.2% reduction in ACE expression in female mosquitoes in the siACE group (0.430 ± 0.070) relative to the siNC group (1.002 ± 0.070) (P = 0.001), and a 41.1% reduction in male mosquitoes in the siACE group (0.588 ± 0.067) relative to the siNC group (1.008 ± 0.131) (P = 0.016). Knockdown of ACE expression resulted in a 48.0% decrease in the number of eggs laid by female mosquitoes in the siACE group [(94.000 ± 27.386) eggs] relative to the siNC group [(180.800 ± 27.386)] (P < 0.001), and a 45.0% decrease in the number of eggs laid by wild female mosquitoes mated with males in the siACE group [(104.500 ± 20.965) eggs] relative to the siNC group [(190.050 ± 10.698) eggs] (P < 0.001). Conclusions Reduced ACE expression may inhibit the fecundity of male and female mosquitoes, and ACE may be as a potential target for mosquito vector population suppression.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced olfactory neuroblastoma in 25 cases / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in the treatment of locally advanced olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), and to explore the factors related to the efficacy of NACT. Methods: A total of 25 patients with ONB who underwent NACT in Beijing TongRen Hospital from April 2017 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 16 males and 9 females, with an average age of 44.9 years (ranged 26-72 years). There were 22 cases of Kadish stage C and 3 cases of stage D. After multiple disciplinary team(MDT) discussion, all patients were treated sequentially with NACT-surgery-radiotherapy. Among them, 17 cases were treated with taxol, cis-platinum and etoposide (TEP), 4 cases with taxol, nedaplatin and ifosfamide (TPI), 3 cases with TP, while 1 case with EP. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and survival analyses were calculated based on the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The overall response rate of NACT was 32% (8/25). Subsequently, 21 patients underwent extended endoscopic surgery and 4 patients underwent combined cranial-nasal approach. Three patients with stage D disease underwent cervical lymph node dissection. All patients received postoperative radiotherapy. The mean follow-up time was 44.2 months (ranged 6-67 months). The 5-year overall survival rate was 100.0%, and the 5-year disease-free survival rates was 94.4%. Before NACT, Ki-67 index was 60% (50%, 90%), while Ki-67 index was 20% (3%, 30%) after chemotherapy [M (Q1, Q3)]. The change of Ki-67 before and after NACT was statistically significant (Z=-24.24, P<0.05). The effects of age, gender, history of surgery, Hyams grade, Ki-67 index and chemotherapy regimen to NACT were analyzed. Ki-67 index≥25% and high Hyams grade were related to the efficacy of NACT (all P<0.05). Conclusions: NACT could reduce Ki-67 index in ONBs. High Ki-67 index and Hyams grade are clinical indicators sensitive to the efficacy of NACT. NACT-surgery-radiotherapy is effective for patients with locally advanced ONB.

Disease burden and prediction of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the disease burden and trend of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in China from 1990 to 2019, so as to provide the basic theoretical basis for the health administrative departments to formulate policies.@*Methods@#Using the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Database, the incidence, prevalence and disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates of ADHD were analyzed for both sex and different age groups, and the trends of ADHD were predicted.@*Results@#In 2019, the incidence, prevalence and DALY rate of ADHD in China were 70.41/100 000, 1 546.15/100 000 and 18.87/100 000 respectively. Compared with 1990, the rates decreased by 27.30%, 25.35% and 55.80% respectively, and these rates of females were lower than those of males. In 2019, the incidence rate of ADHD was the highest in the age group 5-9 years old (837.76/100 000), while the highest prevalence and DALY rates were found in ages groups of 10-14 years old (5 740.47/100 000 and 70.49/100 000). The results of the Joinpoint regression model showed that the incidence, prevalence and DALY rate had a downward trend from 1990 to 2019. The AAPC was -1.35%, -1.16% and -1.16%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference ( P <0.05). The prediction results of grey prediction model GM (1,1) indicated that the incidence and prevalence rate of ADHD in China would decline from 2020 to 2030.@*Conclusion@#The burden of ADHD in China showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2019, indicating that the prevention and treatment effect of ADHD in children and adolescents of China was effective. China should take active preventive measures to reduce the burden of ADHD in children and adolescents.

Effects of Acupuncture on Functional Connectivity Changes of What Visual Pathway in the Brain in Children with Monocular Refractive Amblyopia / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy of acupuncture intervention for children with monocular refractive-parallax amblyopia and the possible mechanisms of brain function based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance （rs-fMRI）. MethodsSeventy-six children with anisometropic amblyopia were randomly divided into routine treatment group （38 cases） and acupuncture treatment group （38 cases）. In the conventional group， the children were given three regular treatments of red flash， grating and visual stimulation for 5 mins each time； in the acupuncture group， on the basis of the conventional treatment， the children were given acupuncture for 20 mins each time on bilateral Jingming （BL 1）， Cuanzhu （BL 2）， Guangming （GB 37） and Fengchi （GB 20）； the children in both groups were treated once every other day and three times a week for 4 weeks. The corrected visual acuity was compared between groups before and after treatment. Fifteen children with left-sided refractive amblyopia were randomly selected from each of the above two groups and underwent brain rs-fMRI scans before and after treatment， and 10 healthy children with normal visual acuity of the matched gender and age were included in the normal group and underwent brain rs-fMRI scans. Based on the activation likelihood estimation （ALE） method， we constructed the what visual pathway network， and compared and analyzed the spherical regions of interest （ROIs） of the children with normal children， and both groups of children with differences in functional connectivity （FC values） within the what pathway in the brain before and after treatment. ResultsTwo cases dropout in the acupuncture group， and finally 36 cases in the acupuncture group and 38 cases in the conventional group were included in the analysis. Compared with before treatment， the best corrected visual acuity of amblyopia in both groups was significantly improved after treatment （P＜0.05）， and the improvement of vision in the acupuncture group was significantly better than that in the conventional group （P＜0.05）. The results of rs-fMRI showed that the FC values of the primary optic cortex and the right fusiform gyrus， the left lingual gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus， and the right infraoccipital gyrus and the right middle temporal gyrus were significantly elevated in the brain of the refractive amblyopia children with the whitepathic amblyopia， compared with that of the normal children （P＜0.05）. The FC values of the left lingual gyrus， the right suboccipital gyrus with the right fusiform gyrus， the left lingual gyrus with the right middle temporal gyrus， the right and left lateral middle occipital gyrus， and the right and left lateral middle occipital gyrus with the right suboccipital gyrus were significantly （P＜0.05） lower in the conventional group compared with those in the conventional group before treatment. Compared with that before acupuncture treatment， the FC values of the right lingual gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus， the primary visual cortex and the right middle temporal gyrus increased significantly after acupuncture treatment （P＜0.05）， and the FC values of the left inferior occipital gyrus and the right middle temporal gyrus， the FC values of the left lingual gyrus and the right middle occipital gyrus decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared between groups after treatment， the FC between the left suboccipital gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus in the acupuncture group was significantly higher than that in the conventional group （P＜0.05）， and the FC between the left middle occipital gyrus and the right and left suboccipital gyrus was significantly lower than that in the conventional group （P＜0.05）. ConclusionAcupuncture can significantly improve the corrected vision of anisometropic amblyopic children， and its effect mechanism may focus on regulating the occipito-temporal interlobular functional connectivity within the what pathway， thus improving the children's visual function of shape and color vision and visual learning and memory ability.

Research progress of opaque bubble layer created in corneal stroma during femtosecond laser surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)and small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)are the mainstream corneal refractive surgeries at present. Despite efficacy, safety and predictability they have showed in refractive error correction, there are still complications relating to femtosecond laser, such as suction loss and opaque bubble layer(OBL), due to that the production of corneal flap or lenticule is dependent on the femtosecond laser. OBL is a complication that is unique to femtosecond laser surgery and the bubbles are generated from photo-disruptive effect towards corneal tissues which consisted of water vapor and carbon dioxide, and OBL gradually formed when the bubbles are trapped in the stroma. The bubbles can influence the intraoperative manipulation and postoperative visual quality. This review discusses the mechanism, grading, classification, and influencing factors of OBL and its effects on intraoperative manipulations and postoperative recovery, in the hope of providing reference and basis for further clinical studies.