Glia Connect Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis / 神经科学通报·英文版

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and eventually to neurodegeneration. Activation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cells in the brain and spinal cord of people with MS has been well described. However, with the innovation of technology in glial cell research, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of glial cells connecting inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of MS. We mainly focus on the connection between glial cells and immune cells in the process of axonal damage and demyelinating neuron loss.

Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease / 中华神经科杂志

Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a recently-established autoimmune central nervous system demyelinating disease, characterized by the detection of serum anti-myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody of IgG1 type. Sharing similar clinical manifestations with multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, it has yet demonstrated a unique disease course, pathological and radiological features. Therefore, MOGAD should be regarded as a disease entity to carry out further investigation. This review intends to summarize its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment progresses, so as to provide guidance for clinical practice.

Clinical research progress of exoskeleton robot in patients with lower limb dyskinesia / 中华神经科杂志

In recent years, the number of patients who have lost their mobility due to neurological diseases such as stroke and spinal cord injury has been increasing. Guidelines state that early and scientific rehabilitation training is essential to improve prognosis and quality of life. However, existing rehabilitation methods rely on therapists to train one-on-one or many-to-one, which is not sufficient to meet clinical needs. As a new technology, the exoskeleton robot provides a unique rehabilitation program for patients with lower limb movement disorders, which has become a hot research topic at home and abroad, and related clinical research is also being carried out rapidly. This review summarizes the clinical research progress of exoskeleton robots in patients with lower limb movement disorders caused by nervous system damage in the past ten years, and the prospect of research, development, and clinical promotion about exoskeleton robots.

Metabolic patterns of 11C-CFT and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in tremor and non-tremor Parkinson's / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To investigate the metabolic patterns of 11C-2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFF) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT imaging in patients with tremor and non-tremor Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods From March 2018 to March 2019,28 PD patients (19 tremor patients:14 males and 5 females,age:(59.9±11.4) years;9 non-tremor patients:3 males and 6 females,age:(62.6±9.0) years) were enrolled.For the two groups,the 11C-CFT uptake values in caudate nucleus,anterior putamen and posterior putamen as well as 18F-FDG uptake values in all brain regions were calculated by regions of interest (ROI) method.Two-sample t test or Mann-Whitney u test were used to analyze the data.Results Caudate nucleus 11C-CFT uptake in PD patients with tremor was higher than that without tremor (3.03±0.51 vs 2.60±0.62;t =2.687,P＜0.05).Yet thalamus glucose uptake of non-tremor PD patients showed more active than tremor patients (1.14±0.05 vs 1.10±0.03;t =3.449,P＜0.01).Sorted by modified Hoehn-Yahr stage,tremor patients in advanced stage (stage≥2.5) were characterized by glucose uptake increase in the putamen and cerebellum compared with non-tremor advanced group (1.27±0.04 vs 1.21±0.05,0.94±0.04 vs 0.86±0.08;t values:2.695 and 2.492,both P＜0.05).Metabolic decrease in the premotor areas was observed in tremor patients in advanced stage compared with early stage (1.07±0.02vs 1.10±0.03;t=2.053,P＜0.05).Conclusion 11C-CFT and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging can indicate different metabolic patterns between tremor and non-tremor PD,thus providing information for clinical practice and differential diagnosis.

Metabolic patterns of 11C-CFT and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in tremor and non-tremor Parkinson′s disease / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective@#To investigate the metabolic patterns of 11C-2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFT) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT imaging in patients with tremor and non-tremor Parkinson′s disease (PD).@*Methods@#From March 2018 to March 2019, 28 PD patients (19 tremor patients: 14 males and 5 females, age: (59.9±11.4) years; 9 non-tremor patients: 3 males and 6 females, age: (62.6±9.0) years) were enrolled. For the two groups, the 11C-CFT uptake values in caudate nucleus, anterior putamen and posterior putamen as well as 18F-FDG uptake values in all brain regions were calculated by regions of interest (ROI) method. Two-sample t test or Mann-Whitney u test were used to analyze the data.@*Results@#Caudate nucleus 11C-CFT uptake in PD patients with tremor was higher than that without tremor (3.03±0.51 vs 2.60±0.62; t=2.687, P<0.05). Yet thalamus glucose uptake of non-tremor PD patients showed more active than tremor patients (1.14±0.05 vs 1.10±0.03; t=3.449, P<0.01). Sorted by modified Hoehn-Yahr stage, tremor patients in advanced stage (stage≥2.5) were characterized by glucose uptake increase in the putamen and cerebellum compared with non-tremor advanced group (1.27±0.04 vs 1.21±0.05, 0.94±0.04 vs 0.86±0.08; t values: 2.695 and 2.492, both P<0.05). Metabolic decrease in the premotor areas was observed in tremor patients in advanced stage compared with early stage (1.07±0.02 vs 1.10±0.03; t=2.053, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#11C-CFT and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging can indicate different metabolic patterns between tremor and non-tremor PD, thus providing information for clinical practice and differential diagnosis.

Pathological damage of optic nerve in mice by the application of TACI-Ig / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To eliminate the effects of intraperitoneal injection of transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor-Ig (TACI-Ig) on the opitc neuritis and the integrity of myelin sheath in mice.Methods·Twenty-four C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups,which were blank control group,saline control group,low-dose (0.4 mg/kg) TACI-Ig group and high-dose (4 mg/kg) TACI-Ig group,with 6 mice in each group.All groups were received intraperitoneal injection every other day.The saline control group received 0.2 mL saline injection in the same way,and the blank control group was not given any intervention.After 20 d of treatment,the eyeballs and optic nerve tissues were collected from each mouse under anaesthesia,embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and Luxol fast blue (LFB),respectively.Results·H-E staining indicated that optic nerve fibers arranged closely both in blank and saline control groups and the staining of tissues was uniform.The optic nerve structure of low-dose TACI-Ig group was similar to blank and saline control groups,while in high-dose of TACI-Ig group,the infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed.The inflammatory cell infiltration scores were not significantly different in all groups (P=0.610 3).The retinal structures of all groups were clear and distinct to observe,and single ganglion cells arranged tightly with complete cell shape,visible nucleus and uniform distribution.There was no difference in the retina structure among 4 groups.LFB staining indicated that there was no significant loss of the optic nerve myelin in 4 groups by microscope observation (P=0.473 6).Conclusion·Low-dose (0.4 mg/kg) TACI-Ig injection wouldn't damage the normal structure of optic nerves and retinal ganglion cells,meanwhile high-dose (4 mg/kg) of TACI-Ig injection might cause minor infiltration of inflammatory cells into retina.

Correlation study on elevated cholesterol level and the risk of relapse in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To explore the association between the cholesterol level and disease relapse in patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD). Methods Clinical and biochemical data of 96 patients with NMOSD were retrospectively analyzed. According to disease relapses, NMOSD patients were divided into primary and relapse groups.Their clinical characteristics and cholesterol level were compared between the two groups.The correlation between cholesterol level and disease recurrence was analyzed by partial correlation adjusted for sex. Results Between the primary group and relapse group,there were statistically significant differences in gender(48.8% vs. 80%, P<0.05), cholesterol (CHO)(4.27±0.85 vs. 5.18±1.26)and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)level[2.37(0.90)vs. 3.00 (1.21)](P<0.001). There were no significant difference in age, upper respiratory infection, gastrointestinal tract, rate of higher cerebrospinal fluid protein, triglyceride (TG)and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)(P>0.05). The percentage of recurrent patients in CHO normal and higher groups were 43.55% and 82.35% respectively, which was statistically significant difference between the two groups ( x2=13.51, P<0.01); The rate of relapse of LDL-C normal and higher groups were 47.69% and 75% respectively, which was statistically significant difference between the two groups ( x2=7.58,P<0.01).After adjusting for sex,CHO level was positively correlated with disease relapse(r=0.346,P<0.01),and LDL-C level also was positively correlated with disease relapse(r=0.380,P<0.01). Conclusion High CHO and LDL-C level may be associated with disease relapse, which has some clinical guiding significance for controlling CHO level in NMOSD patients.

Correlation between Aquaporin-4 Antibody and Optic Neuropathy in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To determine the correlation between aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) and optic neuropathy in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).Methods The clinical and biochemical data of 53 patients with NMOSD diagnosis based on AQP4-Ab level in Changhai Hospital between January 2010 and October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.According to optic neuropathy occurrence,the NMOSD patients were divided into optic neuropathy and non-optic neuropathy groups.Clinical and biochemical characteristics were compared between the two groups.According to the serum AQP4-Ab levels,the NMOSD patients were divided into AQP4-Ab seropositive and seronegative groups.The incidence of optic neuropathy was compared between the two groups.The correlation between optic neuropathy and AQP4-Ab levels was analyzed.Results Between the optic neuropathy and non-optic neuropathy groups,no significant differences in sex,age at onset,disease course,serum alanine aminotransferase levels,protein levels in cerebral spinal fluid,IgG index,and oligoclonal band were observed (P ＞ 0.05).However,statistically significant differences were found in frequency,superficial sensory impairment,serum creatinine level,and serum AQP4-Ab level (P ＜ 0.05).Between the AQP4-Ab sempositive and semnegative groups,a statistically significant difference in the incidence of optic neuropathy was observed (F =4.93,P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of optic neuropathy positively correlated with AQP4-Ab levels (r =0.297,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion NMOSD patients with AQP4-Ab seropositivity could be prone to optic neuropathy,and the correlation may be beneficial to early diagnosis,therapy,and monitoring of NMOSD.

Olanzapine May Inhibit Colonic Motility Associated with the 5-HT Receptor and Myosin Light Chain Kinase

OBJECTIVE: To study whether the effects of olanzapine on gastrointestinal motility is related to the serotonin antagonism and myosin light chain kinase. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Olanzapine gavage was performed for each treatment group during the course of 30 continuous days, while the same volume of saline was given to the rats in the control group. Defecation of the rats was observed on days 7 and 30 after olanzapine gavage. The effects of olanzapine on contraction of colonic smooth muscles were observed in ex vivo experiments. A Western blot was used to evaluate expression levels of the serotonin transporter (SERT) and MLCK in colon segments of the rats. RESULTS: ResultsaaCompared to the control group, 5-160 µM of olanzapine could inhibit dose-dependently the contraction of colonic smooth muscle ex vivo experiments. The maximum smooth muscle contraction effects of 5-HT and acetylcholine significantly decreased after treatment with 40-160 µM of olanzapine. Constipation was found in the olanzapine-treated rats on day 7 and have sustained day 30 after gavage. Expression of MLCK in olanzapine-treated rats was significantly decreased, whereas the expression of SERT significantly increased on the day 7, then significantly decreased on the day 30 after olanzapine gavage. CONCLUSION: SERT and MLCK may involve in the inhibition of colonic contraction induced by olanzapine.

The correlation between cerebrospinal fluid protein and facial paralysis in patients with Guillain-Barre ;syndrome / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objectives To explore the correlation between the cerebrospinal fluid protein and facial paralysis in pa?tients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Methods Clinical and biochemical data of 111 patients with GBS in depart?ment of neurology from January 2005 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. According to facial paralysis, GBS patients were divided into the facial normal and paralysis groups. Their clinical and biochemical characteristics were compared between the two groups. According to level of cerebrospinal fluid protein, GBS patients were divided into cerebrospinal fluid protein normal, mild high and severe high groups. Incidences of facial paralysis were compared among these three groups. The correlation between the cerebrospinal fluid protein and facial paralysis was analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in gender, age, respiratory infection and other clinical symptoms (P>0.05), whereas there were statistically significant differences in cerebrospinal fluid protein, immunoglobulin G, and cerebrospinal fluid albumin/serum albumin ratio between the facial normal and paralysis groups (P<0.05). Among the three groups by differ?ent levels of cerebrospinal fluid protein, there were statistically significant differences in the incidence of facial paralysis (F=3.48,P=0.03). Cerebrospinal fluid protein was positively correlated with facial paralysis (r=0.288,P<0.01). Conclu? sions The incidence of facial paralysis is associated with the levels of cerebrospinal fluid protein. Thus, cerebrospinal flu?id protein may be helpful in monitoring of GBS patients with facial paralysis.

Analysis of the clinical features of 6 patients with sensory neuronopathies / 中国基层医药

Objective To evaluate the clinical,biological,electrophysiological characteristics with sensory neuronopathies(SNN).Methods The clinical,biological,electrophysiological data of all patients who were diagnosed by specialists in Chang Hai Hospital from 2008 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Results The age of onset were between 50 and 70 years old;the average was 61 yesars old;the male-to-female ratio was 51,on admission,the common manifest were the loss of superficial sense and deep sense with limbs,sensory ataxia,areflexia,nerve electro-physiology showed the reduce or disappear of sensory nerve action potential(SNAP),cerebrospinal showed moderately elevated protein.Conclusion SNN should be considered in those whose symptoms accompanying with superficial sense and deep sense damage and the reduce or disappear of sensory nerve action potential.

Application of molecular imaging in vascular cognitive impairment / 国际脑血管病杂志

Cerebrovascular disease is a common cause of cognitive impairment or dementia.Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) often occurs independently or coexists with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.Early intervention of vascular risk factors,such as hypertension,can prevent or delay the process of VCI.MRI can only reveal the parenchymal damage from structures,but can not early identify brain tissue dysfunction or the presence of VCI.The molecular imaging techniques,such as single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography have been gradually used to the field of neuroscience.They have important roles in the diagnosis,differential diagnosis,and related research of VCI.

The study on practice of undergraduate tutorial system in the department of neurology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Undergraduate tutorial system is progressively rising in many medical colleges of China.We should explore feasible ways in the Chinese context according to our national conditions and teaching characteristics of medical students.Undergraduate tutorial system has been implementing for several years in department of Neurology of Changhai hospital attached to the second military medical college,where the tutor have done preliralnary research on training students1 comprehensive and professional quality and the problems of tutorial system

Obseration of curative effect of extracorporeal lipoprotein filter from plasma Delipid Plus therapy on acute cerebral infarction / 临床神经病学杂志

Objective To explore the curative effect of extracorporeal lipoprotein filter from plasma Delipid Plus(DELP) system therapy on acute cerebral infarction(ACI). Methods 36 patients with ACI were divided into DELP group (12 cases) and control group (24 cases). All of them received basic treatment including Aspirin and Pravastatin sodium etc. The DELP group also treated by DELP therapy twice. The scores of National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),Barthel Index (BI) and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS),and the levels of plasma fibrinogen (Fib),blood lipid and the indexes of hemorheology were compared pre and post treatment in the two groups.Results The reduction value of NIHSS between pre and post treatment in DELP group was bigger than this in control group(P

Clinical and molecular biological characteristics of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 / 临床神经病学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical and molecular biological characteristics of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3(SCA3).Methods Clinical manifestation and brain MRI data of 12 patients with SCA in two families were analyged.The polymorphic CAG repeated time in the encode region of SCA3,SCA1 and SCA7 genes were compared in 15 family numbers without abnormal presentations,and 12 healthy persons of controls.Results Among 27 numbers of 4 generations in the two families had 12 patients,male and female were affected,average onset was 32 years old.The main clinic features included gait ataxia,ambiguity in speech and action clumsiness.Brain MRI showed remarkable atrophy on cerebellum and brain stem.In the two families,the CAG lengths of SCA1 and SCA7 were normal in all numbers.The repeated times of CAG of SCA3 were 11~39 in two control groups,65 ~87 in 10 cases,diagnosed as SCA3 patients.The child Ⅳ2 of family 1 was 8 years old,the repeated times of CAG of SCA3 were repeats 21 and 64 times,repectively.He might be a asymptomatic patient,because he was too young to onset the disease.Conclusions SCA3 is an autosomal dominant genetic disease.The clinical manifestations are ataxia and dysarthria.The detection of repeated times CAG can provide an effective way for the genetic and asymptomatic diagnosis.