RESUMO
Since the first discovery of lamprey variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) in 2004, the research and modification of VLRs have been very hot.VLRs have simple molecular structure, stable physical and chemical properties.VLRs can recognize a variety of antigens and have high affinity and strong specificity for proteins and polysaccharides, et al.In recent years, the recombinant molecules constructed by VLRs have been widely used in basic and application research in various fields.This paper reviews the latest application research of VLRs downstream in recent years.In tumor, VLRs can specifically and accurately identify carbohydrates and polysaccharides with only one functional group.It can be used as a sensitive anti-polysaccharide reagent to identify unique carbohydrate complexes on tumor cells and provide a new strategy for tumor targeted therapy.VLRs can also be combined with other classical therapies, such as modifying chimeric antigen receptors to express a synthetic receptor that redirects the targeted killing of T cells to the selected target.After recombination and modification, VLRs can also improve separation and purification of reagents.Research also indicates that VLRs play a role in aquatic diseases.These newly developed VLRs may be used as new reagents for identification, diagnosis and treatment.This paper describes the mechanism of VLRs diversity, and the relationship between VLRs with sugar biology and biomedical research, including the role of VLRs in improving separation and purification reagents, and the application of VLRs in the study of aquatic diseases.This review may provide reference for the application of VLR in disease drug research and development.
RESUMO
Paired box transcription factors (paired box, PAX) and their homologues found in a large number of vertebrates and invertebrates play a key role in many stages of embryonic development. The gene family gets its name because of its conserved paired domain, in addition to its octapeptide and homologous domain. According to the composition of the domain and sequence homology, the gene family is mainly divided into four subfamilies: PAX1 / 9 (PAX1, PAX9), PAX2 / 5 / 8 (PAX2, PAX5, PAX8), PAX3 / 7 (PAX3, PAX7), PAX4 / 6 (PAX4, PAX6). Each subfamily has different characteristic structures, such as PD-OP of PAX1 / 9 subfamily, PD-OP-PTHD of PAX2 / 5 / 8 subfamily, PD-OP-PTHD of PAX3 / 7 subfamily and PD and PTHD of PAX4 / 6 subfamily. Among them, the three members of the PAX family, PAX2 PAX4 and PAX6, play an important role in multiple stages of pancreatic development and differentiation, and also play a key role in regulating the synthesis and secretion of islet hormone. Understanding the original and differentiated roles of these transcription factors in pancreas will help finding potential treatment for diabetes. Furthermore, PAX1 / 9 families may serve as potential biomarkers for evaluation of tumor development and progression, such as the methylation levels of PAX1 and expression of PAX9 in tumor. PAX3 / 7 was transcription factors involved in the development of skeletal muscle. This paper reviewed the special and temporal expression of PAX genes in a wide variety of tumor and the function and structural abnormalities PAX gene were summarized in this paper.