Sex Estimation of Typical Adult Vertebrae Morphology in Central China Based on CT Technique / 法医学杂志

Objective The morphological data of the second thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra were measured by computerized tomography （CT）. The sex differences were analyzed and the discrimination equation was obtained. Methods The data of 274 adults （203 cases from experimental group and 69 cases from validation group） from central China were collected. Four linear data （maximum transverse length of vertebral body, maximum longitudinal length of vertebral body, maximum transverse length of vertebral foramen, maximum longitudinal length of vertebral foramen）, one angle data （angle between spinous processes） and two area （vertebral foramen area, total cross-sectional area of vertebral body） data of the second thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra were collected, respectively. Then three ratios ［maximum transverse length/　maximum longitudinal length of vertebral body, maximum transverse length/ maximum longitudinal length of vertebral foramen, vertebral foramen area/ （total cross-sectional area of vertebral body-vertebral foramen area）］ and one angle （angle between spinous processes） were obtained. The discriminant equation was established for sexual discriminant analysis. Results The morphology of the second thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra was related with gender. Four single index discriminant formulae and eleven multi-index discriminant formulae were established. The 69 validation group samples were substituted into the formula for testing, and the maximum discriminant accuracy rate of the single-index discriminant formula was 75%. The maximum discriminant accuracy rate of multi-index discriminant formula was 83%. Conclusion It is feasible to conduct individual sex analysis by the morphological indexes of second thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra. The indexes have important application values in practice.

Retrospective Analysis on 1 900 Cases of Medical Malpractices / 法医学杂志

Objective To study the change trend, distribution characteristics and causes of medical malpractices in 18 years, through retrospective analysis of 1 900 cases of medical malpractices, in order to provide guidance for the precaution and the treatment of medical malpractices. Methods A thousand and nine hundred medical malpractice cases that were accepted by Hunan Xiangya Judical Identification Center from 2000 to 2017 were collected. Statistical analysis on the caseloads, the clients, the department distributions, the levels of the hospital and the causes of medical malpractices, etc were conducted. Results The number of cases commissioned by third-party accreditation agencies for medical fault identification was on the rise; The clients of medical malpractices changed significantly in 18 years. Most of the medical malpractice cases occurred in secondary and tertiary hospitals, significantly more in surgery, obstetrics and gynecology. The occurrence of medical malpractices was related to the doctor's insufficient prediction of the severity of the disease and the possible complications, and failure to fully inform the relevant duty of care, etc. Conclusion China's medical malpractice solutions and medical fault identification procedures are gradually improving. Strengthening the medical malpractice precaution awareness of medical workers in surgery, obstetrics and gynecology will be conducive to resolution of medical malpractices.

Stature Estimation of Sichuan Han Females Based on X-ray Photography of Total Lower Limbs / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To establish a mathematical model of stature estimation for Sichuan Han females on the basis of the relationship between lower limbs and individual height, thus to provide evidence for forensic identification.@*METHODS@#Samples were collected from 171 Sichuan Han females. Large flat panel multi-function digital photography system was used to take the full-body X-ray films of the lower limbs. Indexes of long bones and stature of the subjects were measured, respectively. A linear regression analysis was carried out on the correlation between them, and a mathematical model of the stature calculation was established. Then the mathematical model was used to calculate the stature of another 29 Sichuan Han females to test its accuracy.@*RESULTS@#The maximum length of femur （x1） had the highest correlation with stature. A total of 13 linear regression equations were established （P<0.05）, with the correlation coefficient （R） 0.821-0.897 and the standard error of the estimation （SEE） 2.994-3.812 cm. The backtesting showed that the equation y=41.604+1.205 x1+1.318 x6+2.444 x12+1.852 x13-2.388 x14 had the smallest mean absolute deviation （2.485 years old） and the highest accuracy of ±2SEE （92.9%）, and that the equation y=48.783+2.568 x1 had the highest accuracy of ±1SEE （60.7%）.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The stature estimation is high by using the long bones of the lower limbs has high accuracy.

Genetic polymorphism of nine non-CODIS STR loci in Hunan Province-based Chinese Han population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the allelic frequency distribution and genetic parameters of nine non-CODIS DNA index systems of the short tandem repeat (STR) loci (D2S1772, D6S1043, D7S3048, D8S1132, D11S2368, D12S391, D13S325, D18S1364, and GATA198B05).@*METHODS@#A total of 353 blood samples were collected, extracted, amplified, and analyzed from unrelated healthy individuals of Han nationality in Hunan Province, China.@*RESULTS@#One hundred and fourteen alleles were observed in the population with corresponding allelic frequencies ranged from 0.001 0 to 0.323 0. For all the nine non-CODIS STR loci, the observed genotypic data showed no significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The Ho, He, PIC, DP, and PE of the studied non-CODIS STR loci ranged from 0.1080 to 0.1950, 0.8050 to 0.8920, 0.7700 to 0.8600, 0.9250 to 0.9660 and 0.6070 to 0.7800, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Nine non-CODIS STR loci have high degrees of polymorphisms, which may be useful in individual forensic identification and parentage testing in forensic practice.

Stature estimation for Sichuan Han nationality female based on X-ray technology with measurement of lumbar vertebrae / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish the mathematical models of stature estimation for Sichuan Han female with measurement of lumbar vertebrae by X-ray to provide essential data for forensic anthropology research.@*METHODS@#The samples, 206 Sichuan Han females, were divided into three groups including group A, B and C according to the ages. Group A (206 samples) consisted of all ages, group B (116 samples) were 20-45 years old and 90 samples over 45 years old were group C. All the samples were examined lumbar vertebrae through CR technology, including the parameters of five centrums (L1-L5) as anterior border, posterior border and central heights (x1-x15), total central height of lumbar spine (x16), and the real height of every sample. The linear regression analysis was produced using the parameters to establish the mathematical models of stature estimation. Sixty-two trained subjects were tested to verify the accuracy of the mathematical models.@*RESULTS@#The established mathematical models by hypothesis test of linear regression equation model were statistically significant (P<0.05). The standard errors of the equation were 2.982-5.004 cm, while correlation coefficients were 0.370-0.779 and multiple correlation coefficients were 0.533-0.834. The return tests of the highest correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficient of each group showed that the highest accuracy of the multiple regression equation, y = 100.33 + 1.489 x3 - 0.548 x6 + 0.772 x9 + 0.058 x12 + 0.645 x15, in group A were 80.6% (+/- lSE) and 100% (+/- 2SE).@*CONCLUSION@#The established mathematical models in this study could be applied for the stature estimation for Sichuan Han females.

Comparison of mtDNA extraction from different parts of sarcosaphagous insects / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extraction effects of different parts from sarcosaphagous insects using improved cetyltriethylammnonium bromide (CTAB) method.@*METHODS@#Thirteen Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and 13 Nicrophorus fossor (Erichson) were collected from the corpses of rabbits placed on the outdoor lawn in Huhehot district. Four parts (head, chest muscle, legs and wings) of insect were collected, and the mtDNA of all samples were extracted using CTAB method. The purity and concentration were tested using protein and nucleic acid spectrophotometry. The integrity of the extracted mtDNA and PCR products were checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were sequenced and the obtained sequences were imputed into GenBank for comparison.@*RESULTS@#mtDNA were successfully extracted from 10 head samples, 6 legs samples, 4 wing samples and 13 chest muscle samples of the Lucilia sericata (Meigen). Also, mtDNA were successfully extracted from 5 head samples, 8 legs samples, 3 wing samples and 13 chest muscle samples of the Nicrophorus fossor (Erichson).@*CONCLUSION@#mtDNA can be obtained from chest muscle and other parts of sarcosaphagous insects using the improved CTAB method.

Forensic analysis of 74 tumor related medical malpractice cases / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the causes of medical malpractice in patients with tumor, to determine the medical responsibility, and to recommend the related preventions.@*METHODS@#Seventy four medical malpractice cases, which were involved in tumor and collected from 2000 to 2009 in medicolegal expertise center of west China, were analyzed retrospectively.@*RESULTS@#The medical malpractice cases in the patients with tumor showed an increasing tendency in recent years. The main causes are missed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, improper chemotherapy and neglect of complications. The causes of medical malpractice were different in the different levels of medical services. The occurrence of medical malpractice in surgery and OB-GYN showed more frequent than the others.@*CONCLUSION@#Forensic pathology autopsy is important to resolve medical malpractice of tumor patients by finding out the cause of death and clarifying the medical responsibility. The occurrence of medical malpractice could be reduced by the clinical doctors through improving serve consciousness, obtaining the patients' trust, improving the medical treatment, following related laws and rules, fulfiling duty of medical careness.

The development and application of lie detection in forensic science / 法医学杂志

Lie detection technology has been applied increasingly to investigate and solve criminal cases. This article explores the evolvement of lie detection technology in the ancient times and the application of the psychological and physiological parameters which have become more accurate with the introduction of modern polygraph. The cognitive exploration and the application of Event Related Potentials (ERPs), functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), and Event-Related functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (E-R fMRI) have made detection technology focus on the brain activities, which produce more objective results by tracing the original state of lying. In summary, this article describes different types of lie detections, simple and complex, their working principles, the latest development, and the prospect of their application in forensic science.

Advances of the study of sarcosaphagous insects in forensic medicine / 法医学杂志

The study of sarcosaphagous insects is a subspecialty in forensic medicine based on the knowledge of entomology. It could help to determine the time of death, especially the postmortem interval in decomposed cases. This paper explores its history, species and erosion process of sarcosaphagous insects. It reviews the species identifying methods with molecular biology and entomological morphology. Details of its application in estimating postmortem interval in recent years and study of sarcosaphagous insects in the field of forensic medicine are summarized.

Stature estimation from the cervical vertebrae of living male by measuring Xray films of computer radiography / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish the regression equations and to evaluate the feasibility of measuring dimensions of cervical vertebrae with lateral films of computer radiography (CR).@*METHODS@#Anterior heights and posterior heights of C3-C7 were measured in the lateral films of the cervical vertebrae in 150 adult males from Sichuan Han population in China The body height of each individual was recorded. Linear regression analysis between the height of the cervical vertebrae and body height was performed to establish the regression equations for stature estimation. In addition, the paired t-test between the predictive value and the actual body height, the residual analysis, the test of equal scedasticity and colinearity were performed in all equations.@*RESULTS@#Thirty one statistically significant simple regression equations and 20 statistically significant multiple regressions equations were established. The coefficiencies of multiple correlations were from 0.656 to 0.259 and the standard errors of estimate were between 4.30 cm and 5.79 cm. Conclusion All equations established could be used to estimate the body height of the Han population of Sichuan adult males. It could be helpful to estimate statures from the CR films based on the dimensions of cervical vertebrae.

Stature estimation from upper extremity long bones by digital radiography / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To obtain regression formula for estimation of stature in Han population in Sichuan Province from length of the upper extremity long bones by digital radiography.@*METHODS@#The statures of 365 healthy adults and digital radiographs of their right upper extremity long bones were measured. All statistical dispositions were done in SPSS including description and regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#Twenty-seven simple regression and 3 multiple regression formulae with statistic significance in estimation of the stature from the sum of the length of the upper extremity long bones were established. Regression coefficient was higher in ulna than in radius, in male than in female, and was more accurate in multiple regression formulae than in simple regression formulae.@*CONCLUSION@#Digital radiograph measurement of the length of the upper extremity long bones seems to be a simple and practical method to estimate human stature in forensic practice.

Relationship between CO II gene of mtDNA of Lucilia sericata and latitude interval / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To deduce the region that the geographical species of Lucilia sericata come from and determine the scene of crime (SOC) based on the gene analysis of mtDNA CO II.@*METHODS@#A 635 bp region for CO II of 4 Lucilia sericata (belong to 2 geographical species) were collected and sequenced, compared with the data of GenBank. A neighbour-joining tree with the Tamura and Nei model was constructed by MEGA2.1 package. The number of inherit intervals of inner-species were analyzes by Kimura's two-parameter model and used for construction the relationships between hereditary and latitude interval by SPSS10.5 soft.@*RESULTS@#It showed that they had the relationships between inherit and latitude interval for the 8 geographical species of Lucilia sericata for CO II.@*CONCLUSION@#This method can be the evidence deducing the region that the geographical species of Lucilia sericata come from and further to determine the scene of crime (SOC).

Study on identification using frontal sinus computer radiographic films of Han population in Sichuan province / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study identical indexes of frontal sinus in different locative computer radiology.@*METHODS@#Frontal sinus radiographs were analysed by combining indexes of kinds of distances and patterns, further using descriptive study to describe frontal sinus and to analyse data statistically.@*RESULTS@#The 8-identical classification of frontal sinus was proposed, basing on the ratio of frontal sinus width and orbit width, the bilateral asymmetry, the superiority of side, the numbers of arches of upper borders (left and right), the partial septa (left and right) and the location of the central septa. There was no statistical significance of sinus between sexes (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Frontal sinus is tremendous inter-individual variation so it can be used for identification, but it can not be used for sex determination.

Epidemiology of assaultive injuries in areas of Sichuan province, China / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To scrutinize the epidemiological characteristics of assaultive injuries in Sichuan province, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A survey of all cases of assaultive injuries reported by police was performed during 8 years in eight counties of Sichuan province, China. A total of 2862 victims and 2856 offenders were registered.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The majority of victims and offenders were young men at the age of 20-39 and only received an education at secondary school or primary school. The largest fraction of these cases took place at farm or by-place during 10.00-11.00 o'clock, 16.00-17.00 o'clock and 20.00-21.00 o'clock. The tangles caused by trifles were the most common factors inducing assaultive injuries and accounted for 42.1 percent of the causes of assaults. Blunt injuries were mainly caused by punching (40%) and kicking (17.2%). About 37.3% of the lesions seriously happened in the regions of face and head. Open wounds accounted for 40.3% of these different injuries.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is valuable to take some specific measures to prevent and control assaultive injuries according to their territorial characteristics.</p>

Thinking of the reform of forensic medical higher education under the current circumstance / 中华医学教育探索杂志

With the advent of intellectual economy and information,the progression of rule of law,and the reforming of system of forensic science in China,some aspects of the higher education of forensic medicine are faced with unprecedented chance and challenge and have to be improved in order to adapt to training creative talented person of forensic medicine in our society.The aspects to be improved include the system of student enrollment,the pattern of higher educa-tion and training of forensic doctor,the contents of forensic medicine course,the traditional teaching method of forensic medicine,and the graduates'further education and so on.