Burdens of animal environment on human health

Our environment is affected by a great variety of pollutants and emerging infectious diseases. The public health threats are affected by the relationship between people and the physical, chemical, and biological nature of our natural environments .Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, water contamination, airborne contaminants, bioaccumulative contaminants in the food chain, and environment threat to public health. Workers, area residents, and the communities located downstream or down-wind of the animals may find themselves with a lot of problems on their hands. Zoo animals, backyard wildlife, pets, and livestock, all serve the public as valuable "First Alert" systems for emerging infectious diseases. Animal symptoms and responses to conditions around them can serve as an early warning system for potential threats to human health .Arthropods, such as fleas, ticks, or mosquitos, are common vectors that transfer disease from an infected individual to others, be they wild or domestic animals or people. Ticks can carry pathogens that are the causes of Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis or babesiosis, Earthworms, swallows, bats, other wildlife, and even our pets are all animal sentinels alerting us to disease, allergens, and contaminants in our environment. Bats have long served informally as public health surveillance systems for rabies. Prairie dogs are also valuable wildlife informants, alerting us to the occurrence and spread of plague. Rodents, commercially bred or trapped in the wild, may be infected with a number of zoonotic infections, including Salmonella, lymphocytie choriomeningitis virus [LCMV], Machupo virus hemorrhagic fevers, murine typhus, tularemia, and plague. Free-living amoebae are natural reservoirs of many types of bacteria such as Legionella spp., Burkholderia pickettii, Vibrio cholerae, Myobacterium avium and Listeria monocytogenes. Amoebae in cooling towers and water treatment facility bioflims are considered the primary reservoir for pathogenic legionellae

Ammonia stress and histopathological changes of broiler internal organs under closed environment

The current experiment established to figure out the effect of ammonia exposure for two intermittent periods [1st at 22-26 days old with 120-ppm and 2nd at 31-35 days old with 150 ppm] / 24 hours, on the bird internal organs [liver, spleen,lung,air sac and bursa fabricus from the histo-pathological aspect under controlled broiler ecosystem through summer. The micrographs of Control birds were remarked by the moderate features, that shown on liver at 28 and 42 days old .Spleen revealed mild features along 4-6 weeks old, moderate ones were only at 21 days. Bursa fabricius showed mild changes at 21 and 42 days .moderate ones at 28 and 42 days .while the severe changes were few at 28,35 and 42 days old that were contributed to the normal growth regressive behavior of this lymph organs, with age. Lung and air sacs showed mild changes at 3-6 weeks old and the moderate changes were only on lung at 2-5 weeks old. The micrographs of ammonia stressed birds revealed that liver post 1st exposure showed moderate histological changes at 26 days old with no remarked changes at both 35 and 42 days old except the mild changes. On regard to spleen, the moderate changes were at 26 and 35 days old while mild changes were at all ages .Bursa fabricius showed mild changes at 30 and 35 days old,the moderate changes were at 26 .35 and 42 days old, in addition the severe changes were shown at all ages. Lung micrographs revealed, mild changes at 26 days old .moderate changes were at 26,30 and 35 days old and the Severe changes were noticed at 35 days old,the effects looked cumulative and related to growth stage. Air sacs, remarked by mild changes at 26, 30 and 42 days old, moderate and severe changes were at 35 days old .Lung and air sacs were the most affected internal organs post 2nd period of ammonia exposure [26,30 and 35 days old] with moderate and severe histological changes with regard to the difference in degree of affections. Conclusively, ammonia gas was detrimental to broiler internal organs tissues architectures either due to the unexpected elevated level in control birds [8 ppm at 11 and 16 days old] or the experimental levels [120-150 ppm / 2 exposures] with regard to the birds age lesions intensity, organ specificity, environment kind and management,The results confirmed the harsh effect of ammonia exposure on lung and air sac tissues that were more prominent post 2nd exposure. The reversible effects on hem tissues [liver and spleen].The complex responses of BF to ammonia for its nature as lymph organ and involvement in immune responses and natural growth regressive behavior. Proper environmental management especially sources of indoor ammonia generation and emission could properly enable bird to recover and restore its normal tissues morphology and functions as shown during rest period to a great extent

Comparative study on indoor air quality between closed and open broiler environments during winter in eastern region, KSA

The current field study was applied on two available different broiler environments [closed and open houses] during winter season in two different localities, AlJuaymah [NE] and UmSahik [NW] to Al Dammam city. A total of 20500 and 6850 birds of Rose-308 and Cobb-500 breeds respectively were used to study the effect of different broiler environments on their indoor air quality and the microbial ecology of air and litter started day before baby chicks admission up till marketing. The indoor air parameters included [Ta.C°, RH%, AV m/sec], some gases [CO[2] and NH[3] ppm] and microbial load of air and litter [fungal and bacterial colony forming units, cfu counts/m[3] and cfu/ gm respectively]. The results revealed the following:- During winter season the closed system seemed to be more suitable for brooding baby chicks regarding to controlled indoor Ta C°, RH% and AV m/sec, despite the expected gases accumulation for keeping warm environment and increased litter microbial load and air fungal load that represent risk factors for both birds and their keeper. The obvious effect of indoor air parameters [positive correlation except CO[2] showed negative one] and litter microclimate on microbial loads in both environments threw light on efforts must be done by owners and ever alerts to follow up, manage and alternate the in door conditions for controlling indoor microbial niches, starting before chicks admission till marketing to keep indoor and outdoor livings health. Open system characterized by significantly lowered indoor air parameters levels Vs closed system indoor Ta .C° showed positive correlation with litter of cfu only, While RH%, CO[2] and NH[3] were positively correlated with air and litter microbial load

effect of seasonal variations on broiler internal environment

A field study was carried out on two broiler farms [controlled environment,conventional ventilation] in Eastern Region of KSA to investigate the effect of indoor ambient climatic conditions [ambient temperature,Ta°C and Relative humidity, RH%] and gaseous pollutants [ammonia [NH3] and carbon dioxide [CO 2] ppm] during winter and summer on birds internal environment [body temperature,Tb and hemoglobin concentration [Hb] and heterophil / lymphocyte ratio H/L ratio].The results revealed highly significant differences between seasons for Ta [P=0.001] and less significance for RH% [P=0.063]. NH 3 gas level showed no significant difference within seasons, while CO 2 in winter was significantly higher than in summer [P=0.001]. Ta in winter did not correlate with Tb, but negatively correlated with Hb [P=0.001] while positively correlated in summer with Tb and negatively correlated with H/L ratio [P=0.001 for both]. Indoor RH% [P=0.063] and negatively with both H/L ratio [P= 0.026] and Hb [P=0.001] but in summer it was negatively correlated with Tb and Hb [P=0.001]. Ammonia gas in winter was not significantly correlated with bird measures, while in summer positively correlated with Hb and H/L ratio [P=0.001]. CO 2 gas in winter was negatively correlated with Hb [P=0.001] and H/L [P=0.003] but in summer was positively correlated with Tb [P=0.004]