Panax notoginseng saponin relieving the inflammatory pain caused by complete Freund’s adjuvant by inhibiting the activation of astrocytes in mice / 解剖学报

Objective To analyse the analgesic effect and possible mechanism of panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) on mouse models of chronic inflammatory pain caused by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Methods A total of 48 male C57BL/ 6J mice were divided randomly into four groups: normal saline control group (Ctrl), CFA group (CFA), CFA + PNS group (CFA+PNS), CFA + dexamethasone (DEX) group (CFA+DEX). Von Frey filaments were used to detect mechanical pain in mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the number and morphological changes of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive astrocytes. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of GFAP, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), Caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 in mice’s spinal cord segments in each group. Results Compared with the Ctrl group, mice in the CFA group showed a significant decrease in mechanical pain thresholds at day 1, day 3, day 5, day 7, and day 14. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 in the spinal cord of the mice. PNS intervention could relieve mechanical pain and down-regulate the expressions of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 in the spinal cord of mice, with no significant difference compared with the CFA+DEX group. CFA group mice had significantly more GFAP positive cells in their posterior horns than Ctrl group mice, as measured by immunohistochemistry; PNS intervention decreased the number of GFAP positive cells in the posterior horn of the spinal cord in model mice;DEX had no effect on the number of GFAP positive cells in the dorsal horn of spinal cord. According to Western blotting results, GFAP expression in the spinal cord of the CFA group was significantly more than that of the Ctrl group; PNS intervention significantly reduced GFAP expression in the spinal cord of CFA group mice;DEX had no effect on the expression of GFAP in the posterior horn of spinal cord. Conclusion PNS has a good alleviating effect on inflammatory pain, and its mechanism may be related to inhibition of astrocyte activation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Environmental enrichment ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting NOD-like recepter protein 3 in fla mmasome activation in mice / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the effect of environmental enrichment (EE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Methods A total of thirty six 3 weeks old Kunming mice experienced 8 weeks of EE or standard environment (SE) feeding. After 8 weeks, they were divided into three groups: standard environment+ normal saline (SE+NS) group, standard environment+lipopolysaccharide (SE+LPS) group, environmental enrichment+ lipopolysaccharide (EE+LPS) group. The open field test was used to measure the locomotive of mice, and the cognitive function was determined by novelty object recognition test. The expression of microglial marker ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1) in hippocampus was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of microglial activation marker CD68 and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome related protein in the hippocampus was detected by Western blotting. Results In the open field test, there was no difference in the activity among the three groups. Compared with the SE + NS group, SE + LPS group showed decreased discrimination ratio in novelty object recognition task, with remarkably up-regulated expression of CD68 in the hippocampus (P< 0. 01) . In addition, SE+LPS group exhibited significantly enhanced expression of NLRP3, apoptosis associated speck-like protein (ASC), Caspase-1 and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in the hippocampus compared with SE + NS group (P < 0. 05) . Compared with the SE + LPS group, EE+LPS group showed enhanced discrimination ratio in the object recognition task, with down-regulated expression of CD68, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 in the hippocampus (P < 0. 01) . Conclusion Environmental enrichment can alleviate LPS induced cognitive dysfunction, which might be attributed to the inhibiting of microglia and NLRP3 activation in the hippocampus.

Dynamic expression of insulin￣like growth factor 2 during critical period of visual development in lateral geniculate body of mice / 解剖学报

Objective To detect the dynamic expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) in lateral geniculate body (LGB) during the critical period of visual development. Methods Three groups of Kunming mice of different ages were selected for testing, which were 3 weeks old, 5 weeks old and 7 weeks old, twelve in each group. The forepaw-reaching reflex test was used to detect whether the visual function of the mice was normal in each group. Immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the expression of IGF2 protein and its receptor in the lateral geniculate body of normal mice at week 3, 5 and 7 postnatal, and to analyze the expression of the protein of IGF2 and its receptor in each part of the lateral geniculate body. Results The expression of IGF2 protein in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus decreased significantly at week 5 postnatal and increased significantly at week 7 postnatal, and increased gradually over time at week 5 and week 7 postnatal in the ventral geniculate nucleus. The expression of IGF2 receptor protein in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and ventral nucleus increased significantly at week 5 postnatal, and at week 7 postnatal, the expression of IGF2 receptor decreased to week 3 level in lateral geniculate body of mice. Conclusion The expression of IGF2 and its receptor in lateral geniculate body of mice during critical period of visual development changed dynamically, and the expression patterns of IGF2 and its receptor in different parts of LGB were not completely consistent. The expression of IGF2 and its receptors may be related to the plasticity of visual development in mice.

The research progress on the mechanism of adenosine A1 receptor-mediated calcitonin gene-related peptide to relieve migraine

Currently, the pathogenesis of migraine is unclear. The trigeminal vascular reflex theory is the dominant pathogenesis theory, and its core parts are neurogenic inflammation and pain sensitisation. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is the most powerful vasodilating peptide in brain circulation. It is also a marker of trigeminal nerve microvascular activation that plays a synergistic role in the pathogenesis of migraine. Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) can inhibit the release of CGRP in the trigeminal nerve vascular system to alleviate migraine by mediating adenosine. This review summarises the progress of research on the alleviation of migraine by using A1R-mediated CGRP.

Formaldehyde induced acute inflammation pain leads to enhanced expression of BRD 4 in spinal cord of mice / 基础医学与临床

Objective To investigate the expression of BRD 4 in the spinal cord and its relationship with acute in-flammation pain induced by formaldehyde in mice.Methods Thirty-six mice were randomly divided into three groups:control group,formaldehyde group and indomethacin+formaldehyde group;25 μL 1%formaldehyde was injected into the right plantar to establish the acute inflammationpain model,while the indomethacin(20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour before formaldehyde injection.Then,all the mice were video recored for 1h to observe the spontaneous pain.Then,cell localization of BRD4 in the spinal cord of normal mice was determined by immunofluorescence assasy.The expression of BRD4 in spinal cord was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results Immunofluorescence showed that BRD 4 was mainly co-locolized with the neuronal marker NeuN in the spinal cord of normal mice.Formaldehyde injection could induce two-phase spontaneous pain, while indomethacin intervention could only decrease the second phase pain(P<0.05).Furthermore,formaldehyde injec-tion led to significantly enhanced expression of BRD 4 in bilateral spinal cord,which was remarkbly inhibited by in-domethacin(P<0.05).Conclusions Up-regulation of BRD4 in spinal dorsal horn may be involved in the acute in-flammatory pain.

Clinical efficacy of Ranibizumab in the treatment of wet age - related macular degeneration / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·AIM:To analyze the clinical efficacy of Ranibizumab in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration ( ARMD) .·METHODS: Clinical data of patients with wet age-related macular degeneration received treatment of ranibizumab at our hospital from 2015 to 2017 were analyzed. At 1mo after treatment, the clinical efficacy, ocular hemodynamics and ocular inflammation were evaluated.·RESULTS: A total of 41 patients were analyzed. After treatment, patients got significantly increased in LogMAR (0. 651 ± 0. 067 vs 0. 321 ± 0. 049; t= 25. 460, P<0. 01 ) and decreased in central foveal thickness ( 239. 1 ± 51. 9μm vs 452. 9±69. 8μm;t=15. 740, P<0. 01). There was no serious complication during treatment period. After treatment, the levels of TNF-α (13. 1±4. 1ng/L vs 16. 1±3. 5ng/L; t=3. 563, P<0. 01) and IL-6 (12. 1±1. 9ng/L vs 13. 8±2. 5ng/L;t = 3. 467, P < 0. 01 ) in aqueous fluid decreased significantly. There was no significantly changes of blood flow volume of central retinal artery and ophthalmic artery at peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity before and after treatment (P>0. 05).·CONCLUSION: In the treatment of wet age- related macular degeneration, the ranibizumab shows a good therapeutic effect without serious adverse drug reactions.

Baicalin alleviated rheumatoid arthritis synovitis of SD rats through TLR2-NF-κB pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To evaluate the effects of different doses of baicalin on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in SD rats and explore the possible mechanism.Methods Firstly,the model of RA in SD rats was prepared and the hind foot swelling was measured;HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the knee joint synovial tissue;RT-qPCR was adopted to determine the mRNA expressions of TLR2 and MyD88 in synovial tissue;Western blot was used to determine the protein expressions of TLR2,MyD88 and NF-κB p65 aher intragastric administration of different doses of baicalin solution.Results Compared with the model,baicalin (60 and 30 mg · kg-1) could inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts and inflammatory damages in synovial tissue,significantly cut down mRNA expressions of TLR2 and MyD88 (P ＜ 0.05) and markedly reduce protein expressions of TLR2,MyD88 and NF-κB p65 (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Baicalin has good effects on RA,which may be realized by inhibiting the activation of TLR2-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Identification of a novel autophagic inhibitor cepharanthine to enhance the anti-cancer property of dacomitinib in non-small cell lung cancer / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE Identification of novel autophagy inhibitors for the combinational treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS MTT assay and annexin V/PI staining assay were used to evaluate the cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining and cathepsin activity assay were used to detect autophagy. Small interfering RNA was performed to silence the genes and Western blot assay was used to evaluate the protein express levels. Xenograft experiments were applied for in vivo evaluation. RESULTS Cepharanthine, a natural compound, increased LC3-II expression and GFP-LC3 puncta formation in NSCLC NCI-H1975 cells. Numerous yellow puncta were observed in cepharanthine- treated cells with mRFP- EGFP- LC3 transfection. Co-staining of GFP-LC3 with LysoTracker red or LAMP1 antibody suggested that cepharanthine inhibits autophagosomes- lysosomes fusion. Moreover, cepharanthine attenuated the lysosomal cathepsins maturation. We also confirmed that dacomitinib induced cytoprotective autophagy. Combined treatment with cepharanthine increased the anti- cancer effects of dacomitinib in vitro and in vivo. Besides, cepharanthine could not enhance the anti-cancer effect of dacomitinib in autophagy deficient cells. CONCLUSION Cepharanthine might be further developed as a promising autophagic inhibitor, and combined treatment cepharanthine with dacomitinib could pose as an effective strategy for NSCLC treatment.

Rapid analysis on phenolic compounds in Rheum palmatum based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE combined with diagnostic ions filter / 中国中药杂志

Diagnostic ions filter method was used to rapidly detect and identify the phenolic compounds in Rheum palmatum based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE). The representative authentic standards of phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (－)-epicatechin, (－)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate and procyanidin B2, were subjected to analysis by UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE system with negative ion mode. Fragmentation patterns of each standard were summarized based on assigned fragment ions. The prominent product ions were selected as diagnostic ions. Subsequently, diagnostic ions filter was employed to rapidly recognize analogous skeletons. Combined with retention time, accurate mass, characteristic fragments and previous literature data, the structures of the filtered compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. A total 63 phenolic compounds (36 phenolic acid derivatives, 8 flavonoid derivatives and 19 tennis derivatives) in R. palmatum were identified, including 6 potential new compounds. The method of diagnostic ions filter could rapidly detect and identify phenolic compounds in R. palmatum This study provides a method for rapid detection of phenolic compounds in R. palmatum and is expected to complete the material basis of rhubarb.

Simultaneous content determination of 14 components in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma by high performance liquid chromatography method / 中国中药杂志

To establish an HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method for the simultaneous content determination of gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (－)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, isolindleyin, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, aloe-emodin, rhein, lindleyin, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone-4'-O-β-D-(2″-O-galloyl-6″-O-cinnamoyl)-glucopyranoside, sennoside A and sennoside B in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. The analysis was performed on Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) with 0.05% phosphoric acid solution (A) - acetonitrile (B) as mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1 mL•min⁻¹, with column temperature of 40 ℃ and the wavelength was set at 268 nm. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.999 9) within the concentration range. Both the intra- and inter-day precision for 14 analytes was less than 3.1%, with the mean recovery at the range of 91.80%-104.1%. Meanwhile, quantitative determination was carried out for 10 qualified samples from Rheum palmatum and 10 qualified samples from R. tanguticum, respectively. It was found that the content of 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone and aloe-emodin were higher in the R. tanguticum and R. palmatum, respectively, and the content of all the compounds was different in each sample. The established HPLC method for simultaneous content determination of 14 compounds from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma could be used for quantitative assessment and quality control of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma.

Proteomic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells treated with platycodin D / 中国天然药物

Platycodin D (PD), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Platycodonis Radix, is a famous Chinese herbal medicine that has been shown to have anti-proliferative effects in several cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in cellular proteins after the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells with PD using proteomics approaches. The cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. The proteome was analyzed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the expression of changed proteins. Our results showed that PD inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Sixteen proteins were identified to be up-regulated in PD-treated HepG2 cells, including ATP5H, OXCT1, KRT9, CCDC40, ERP29, RCN1, ZNF175, HNRNPH1, HSP27, PA2G4, PHB, BANF1, TPM3, ECH1, LGALS1, and MYL6. Three proteins (i.e., RPS12, EMG1, and KRT1) decreased in HepG2 cells after treatment with PD. The changes in HSP27 and PHB were further confirmed by Western blotting. In conclusion, our results shed new lights on the mechanisms of action for the anti-cancer activity of PD.

Determination of benzyl glucosinolate in Lepidium meyenii from different regions by HPLC / 中国中药杂志

The content of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) which as the enzymatic hydrolysis product of benzyl glucosinolate through thioglucosidase was determined by HPLC. The content of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) which as the enzymatic hydrolysis product of benzyl glucosinolate through thioglucosidase was determined by HPLC. The chromatography condition was as follows: Kaseisorb LC ODS 2000 (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 min) column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile(A)-water( B) under gradient elution (0-5 min, 3%-8% A; 5-9 min, 8%-48% A; 9-23 min, 48%-62% A; 23-28 min, 62%-99% A); the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1) with 10 microL injection volume; detection wavelength was 246 nm and temperature of column was 40 degrees C. The content of benzyl glucosinolate was in the range of 10.76-17.91 g x L(-1). The method is simple, accurate and good reproducibility which can be used for the determination of benzyl glucosinolate in Lepidium meyenii, effectively.

Current topics on cancer biology and research strategies for anti-cancer traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Cancer, an abnormal cell proliferation resulted from multi-factors,has the highest morbidity and mortality among all the serious diseases. Considerable progress has been made in cancer biology in recent years. Tumor immunology, cancer stem cells (CSCs), autophagy, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have become hot topics of interests in this area. Detailed dissection of these biological processes will provide novel directions, targets, and strategies for the pharmacological evaluation, mechanism elucidation, and new drug development of traditional Chinese medicine.

Influence of soy isoflavone on lindane cumulant in sprague-dawley rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 60-80 g were given different dosages of soy isoflavones and/or lindane for four weeks. Soy isoflavones was added in feed and lindane was given by oral gavage. We found that soy isoflavones could reduce the level of lindane in rat's serum and brain, but might cause the uterus hyperplasia. Lindane could inhibit the effect of soy isoflavones on uterus and significantly decrease the level of estradiol and testosterone in serum. This study indicated that soy isoflavones could reduce the level of lindane in rat's body. Lindane could reduce the level of hormones and decreased the effect of soy isoflavones on rat's uterus.

Effect of Pingchuanguben Decoction on interleukin-17 of bronchial alveolar lavage fluid and airway inflammation in mice with asthma / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To study the effect of Pingchuanguben Decoction on IL-17 level of bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and airway remolding in mice with asthma.Methods Forty healthy female Kunming mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 rats in each group):normal control group,asthma group,Pingchuanguben Decoction group and Budesonide group.The asthmatic models were established by ovalbumin (OVA) ; the normal control group was treated with phosphate buffer solution (PBS liquid) by celiac injection,during this period Pingchuanguben Decoction was administered to the mice in Pingchuanguben Decoction group each day.In stimulation stage,the normal control group was atomization inhalated PBS liquid,and the rest of the 3 groups were given aerosolized OVA instead.Budesonide atomization was administered to mice in Budesonide group before stimulation.The levels of IL-17 in BALF were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),and the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in lung tissues were tested with immunohistochemical analysis.Results 1.The levels of IL-17 in BALF in Pingchuanguben Decoction group and Budesonide group were significantly lower than those in asthma group (all P ＜0.05),and the IL-17 in BALF was increased compared with the normal control group (P ＜0.01).2.The levels MMP-9,T IMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 were decreased in the Pingchuanguben Decoction group and Budesonide group compared with those of asthmatic group (all P ＜ 0.01),and the MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 were increased compared with the normal control group(all P ＜0.01).There was no significant difference between Pingchuanguben Decoction group and Budesonide group (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Pingchuanguben Decoction may restrain airway inflammation and remolding,which can replace Budesonide to a certain extent.

Design technology of traditional Chinese medicine component and formulation / 中国中药杂志

The development of traditional Chinese medicine lies in its significant clinical efficacy which is closely related to the bioavailability of drugs. The nature of the material foundation of compounds of traditional Chinese medicine is reflected in multi-component. As for the nature of components themselves, the level of their bioavailability depends on the biopharmaceutical properties, namely solubility and permeability, to a great extent. Therefore, under the guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and in the combination with modern preparation techniques, this essay reveals key techniques capable of improving the biopharmaceutical properties of components, in the hope of enhancing the clinical efficacy of components of traditional Chinese medicine.

The Discussion on the General Microbiology Course Arrangement for Pharmacy Specialty in Higher Vocational Colleges / 微生物学通报

Based on the teaching fact and feature of pharmacy specialty. In this article, curriculum location of general microbiology about object, character, function, content design for the higher vocational colleges were disscused. The result would provide some gist to reform teaching methods for microbiology course.

Relationship between Carbachol Hyperstimulation-induced Pancreatic Intracelluar Trypsinogen and NF-кB Activation in Rats in vitro / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The relationship between intracelluar trypsinogen activation and NF-r,B activation in rat pancreatic acinar cells induced by M3 cholinergic receptor agonist (carbachoi) hyperstimulation was studied. Rat pancreatic acinar cells were isolated, cultured and treated with carbachol, the active pro- tease inhibitor (pefabloc) and NF-кB inhibitor (PDTC) in vitro. Intracelluar trypsin activity was measured by using a fluorogenie substrate. The activity of NF-кB was monitored by using electro- phoretic mobility shift assay. The results showed that after pretreatment with 2 mmol/L pefabloc, the activities of trypsin and NF-кB in pancreatic acinar cells treated with high concertrations of carbachol (10-3 mol/L) in vitro was significantly decreased as compared with control group (P＜0.01). The addi- tion of 10-2mol/L PDTC resulted in a significant decrease of NF-кB activities in pancreatic acinar cells after treated with high concertrations of carbachol (10-3 mol/L) in vitro, but the intracelluar trypsinogen activity was not obviously inhibited (P＞0.05). It was concluded that intracelluar trypsi- nogen activation is likely involved in the regulation of high concertrations of carbachol-induced NF-кB activation in pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. NF-кB activation is likely not necessary for high concertrations of carbachol-induced trypsinogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells in vitro.

Influence of Cibotium barametz and its processed samples on haemorheology index in mice with adjuvant arthritis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the influence of the rhizome of Cibotium barametz on the heamorheology index in mice with adjuvant arthritis and to compare the effect of raw medicinals with that of the processed ones.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Mice was injected with Freund's complete adjuvant on the rihgt behind foot to make model of adjuvant arthritis (AA). Hydroxyacrbamide tablets were orally administrated by mice with AA to make model of AA due to deficiency in the kidney (DK-AA). And then we determined the heamorheology index of the normal group, positive control group, AA group, DK-AA group and medicinals-treated groups.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>In the groups of AA, and DK-AA, the heamorheology index, such as high shearing, middle shearing, low shearing, plasma viscosity, whole blood reduction viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation exponent, erythrocyte degeneration exponent, sedimentation, sedimentation equation K value, erythrocyte rigidity exponent, erythrocyte electrophoresis time, casson viscosity, casson yield stress, increased significantly. After treated with Cibotium barametz, the heamorheology index except red blood count, packed cell volume, fibrinogen decreased obviously to get normal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Rhizome of Cibotium barametz could promote heamorheology in mice with AA and DK-AA to exhibit effect of promoting blood circulation and remove blood stasis. The medicinal rhizomes processed with sand have the effect enhanced.</p>

Morphological identification of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide anatomical evidences for the morphological and histological identification of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Morphological and anatomical study on the organs of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum using tissue clearing, paraffin sectioning and thin sectioning.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>According to their anatomical characteristics, the secretory structures can be divided into nodules, secretory cavities (canals) and tiny secretory tubes of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum. Hypericin was produced and stored in the nodules, while the volatile oil was produced and stored in the secretory cavities (canals) and tiny secretory tubes. The types differed markedly from each other in location, diameter and distributional density of leaf, and the anatomical structures differed from each other of stem, calyx, petal, anther and fruit among the 20 species in Hypericum.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The secretory structures may be as anatomical evidences for the morphological and histological identification of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum.</p>