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Post-stroke cognitive impairment （PSCI） refers to a series of syndromes from mild cognitive impairment to dementia caused by stroke. The mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPK）signaling pathway is a key pathway for transmitting cellular signals in mammals ，and p 38 is a classic branch of it. p 38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in various pathophysiological processes such as cell growth ，differentiation，apoptosis and inflammatory response in central nervous system diseases. At present ，great progress has been made in clinical and basic experimental studies on prevention and treatment of PSCI by traditional Chinese medicine （TCM），but there is a lack of relevant systematic summary. Therefore ，this article summarizes the role of p 38 MAPK signaling pathway in PSCI and the pharmacological research progress of TCM in prevention and treatment of PSCI through p 38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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BACKGROUND: As indicated by clinical research, if cerebral infarction could be effectively treated at early stage, especially normal specific therapy provided within 6 hours or even earlier after attack, the prognosis would be significantly better than delayed therapy. However, it is still unclear that whether the changes of cellular apoptosis-inducing or -inhibiting indicators could be used as criteria in the judgment of prognosis.OBJECTIVE: To test the content of cell apoptotic factor and to investigate the prognosis in hospitalized patients with cerebral infarction who received treatment at different time for further verification of the therapeutic timing for the disease.DESIGN: A same term randomized controlled study based on patients.SETTING: Department of neurology of a general hospital of a military area command of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 144 male patients admitted in the Second Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Area Command of Chinese PLA between 2000 and 2002 were divided into four groups including 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours and 96 hours group according to different time of therapy provided.METHODS: Oral administration of 400 mg Lumbrokinase, 2 tablets of heparin sodium, 60 mg of nimodipine, and 100 mg of vitamin E, three times a day. 150 mL of normal saline(NS) containing 52.5 mg of Ginkgo biloba L extractive(Jin Na Duo) and 150 mL of NS containing 10 mL of Cerebroprotein Hydeolysate were used through intravenous drop once a day. Ten days were set as one therapeutic course and 2 courses were given. 200 g/L of mannite was given to dehydrate for patients with large area infarction(＞ 7 cm2) . Platelet membrane Fas, Apo2.7 and Bcl-2 percentage and prognostic assessment were tested in patients of four groups before and after therapy.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peripheral platelet membrane Fas,Apo2.7 and Bcl-2 percentage in patients of different group and prognosis evaluation.RESULTS: Percentage of platelet membrane Fas, Apo2.7 and Bcl-2 of 6 hours group was significantly higher or lower after therapy than before therapy ( P ＜ 0.05 ), and moreover, the difference with other groups was significant( P ＜ 0.05), As revealed in the analysis of prognosis, the effectiveness of patients who received therapy within 6 hours was significantly better than that of 96 hours group and the mortality reduced significantly.CONCLUSION: Normal hospitalizing therapy provided within 6 hours after attack could surely improve the prognosis and reduce the disability rate, and the abnormity and extent in Fas, Apo2.7 and Bcl-2 are closely correlated with prognosis.
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BACKGROUND: Mutation of the mitochondrial DNA may occur during the aging process of organisms, which is especially likely in the central nervous system. Evidences have been obtained that mitochondrial dysfunction may ensue from genetic impairment involved in oxidative phosphorylation, which is accompanied by corresponding morphological changes.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between olfactory disturbance and ultrastructural mitochondrial changes in olfactory bulb neurons of aged rats in comparison with young rats.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chende Medical College and Department of Electron Microscopy of Chende Medical College.MATERIALS: This experiment was conducted in the Department of Electron Microscopy of Chende Medical College between April and December 2002. Sixteen male Wistar rats were divided equally into aged group (＞ 24 months) with body mass of 300-350 g and young group (6 months) with body mass of 180-220 g.METHODS: The rats in the two groups were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 10 g/L urethane (1 g/kg) and the chest was opened to insert a tube into the ascending aorta for perfusion with 200 mL of the mixture containing glutaric dialdehyde and paraformaldehyde for fixation.The olfactory bulb was then obtained and sliced, fixed in perosmic acid and embedded. Each layer of the olfactory bulb was observed under optical microscope and ultra-thin sections were prepared for observation under transmission electron microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The stratification of rat olfactory bulb and ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria in the major neurons in the olfactory bulb.REULSTS: No obvious changes were found in the stratification of the olfactory bulb in the two groups. From the exterior to the interior of the olfactory bulb, the olfactory nerve fiber layer, glomerular layer, external plexiform layer, mitral cell lalyer, internal plexiform layer and olfactory bundle nerve fiber layer were observed. Ultrastructurally, the mitochondria were more numerous in the brush cells in aged rat olfactory bulb, appearing rodshaped or ovoid with irregular cristae which were arranged in local disorder and some fragmented into small granules to form small bodies of high electron density. A few mitochondria became myeliuoid body with irregular or concentric circular morphologies. In the younger rats, most of the mitochondria in the neurons were ovoid with distinct outer and inner membrane and regular arrangement of the mitochondrial cristae, and irregular arrangement of the cristae was seen only in rare cases.CONCLUSION: The stratification of the olfactory bulb is basically the same in aged and young rats, but the ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria in the major neurons in aged rat olfactory bulb can be obvious,which is consistent with the reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function. This might be one of the major causes for olfactory disturbance related to aging.
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OBJECTIVE:To prepare Sanzi capsules and establish the Standard of its quality.METHODS:Water decocting method was applied to extract physic liquor,thin-layer chromatography(TLC)was used for qualitative identification,and high efficiency liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to determine the content of Jasminoidin in the preparation.RESULTS:Feature spots of Fructus Gardeniae,Fructus Chebulae,Fructus Toosendan were identified by TLC,with no sensible interference seen in the negative control.The linear range for Jasminoidin was 3.0～ 30? g? mL-1(r=0.999 9)with average recovery rate at 100.06%(RSD=1.17%).CONCLUSION:The preparation method is well-grounded,highly-specific and reproducible in property identification,accurate and reliable in content determination,and can be used for the quality control of Sanzi capsules.
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AIM: To study apoptosis and bcl-2 mRNA gene expression of cardiomyocytes in donor hearts of immature rabbits underwent prolonged protection by 11, 12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11, 12-EET), and further probe into the possible mechanisms. METHODS: 24 isolated immature rabbit hearts were performed to the model in a Langendorff perfusion apparatus and randomly assigned to normal control group,ST control group and EET group. The isolated rabbit hearts in ST control group and EET group were stored for 24 hours with 4 ℃ hypothermia, and underwent 30 minutes of reperfusion (37 ℃). TUNEL and in situ hybridization (ISH) methods were applied in the present study and apoptotic cells and bcl-2 mRNA gene expression were observed. RESULTS: The numbers of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in ST group and EET group were higher than that in normal control group, and the numbers of apoptotic cardiomyocytes were significantly decreased in EET group and bcl-2 mRNA positive expression were higher than that in ST control group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were apoptosis during the prolonged protection of donor heart in our study, and we proved that: ①11,12-EET could decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis significantly. ②Up-regulation of the bcl-2 mRNA expression in cardiomyocytes may be one of the mechanism responsible for inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis by 11, 12-EET.
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Objective To study whether serum matrix metalloproteinase 9, serum transforming growth factor ? 1, serum type C IV collagen concentrations are alternatoin in various stages of patients with T2DM. Methods 64 cases T2DM patients were divided into three groups according to urine albumin excretion rate (UAER):normoalbuminuria (NA)group and microalbuminuria (MA) group and overt diabetic nephropathy (ODN)group. Serum MMP 9,TGF ? 1 and C IV were detected in all cases. Results Serum MMP 9 in MA and ODN groups were higher than NA and normal control groups ( P