Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed in Colombia / Prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en los alimentos para animales en Colombia / Prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. em ração animal na Colômbia

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples collected between 2018 and 2021 in Colombia. Methods. This was a laboratory-based cross-sectional study using routine data from the program for inspection, surveillance, and control of animal feed at the Colombian Agriculture Institute. Samples of animal feed for swine, poultry, canine, feline, leporine, piscine, and equine species were processed for detection of E. coli and Salmonella spp. using enrichment and selective culture methods. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using an automated microdilution method. Results. Of 1 748 animal feed samples analyzed, 83 (4.7%) were positive for E. coli and 66 (3.8%) for Salmonella spp. The presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was highest in feed for poultry (6.4% and 5.5%) and swine (6.1% and 4.3%). Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed in 27 (33%) E. coli isolates and 26 (39%) Salmonella isolates. Among E. coli, resistance was most frequently observed to ampicillin (44.5%) followed by cefazolin (33.3%), ciprofloxacin (29.6%), ampicillin/sulbactam (26%), and ceftriaxone (11.1%). The highest resistance levels in Salmonella spp. isolates were against cefazolin (7.7%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (7.7%). Conclusions. This is the first study from Colombia reporting on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples. Its results establish a baseline over a wide geographical distribution in Colombia. It highlights the need to integrate antimicrobial resistance surveillance in animal feed due to the emergence of resistant bacteria in this important stage of the supply chain.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de piensos para animales tomadas entre el 2018 y el 2021 en Colombia. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en el laboratorio a partir de los datos regulares del programa de inspección, vigilancia y control de alimentos para animales del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Se procesaron muestras de alimentos utilizados en la cría de cerdos, aves de corral, cánidos, félidos, lepóridos, peces y equinos con el fin de detectar E. coli y Salmonella spp. por medio de métodos de enriquecimiento y cultivo selectivo. Se analizó la sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de las cepas aisladas mediante microdilución automatizada. Resultados. De 1748 muestras de alimentos analizadas, 83 (4,7%) resultaron positivas para E. coli y 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. La presencia de E. coli y Salmonella spp. fue mayor en los alimentos para aves de corral (6,4% y 5,5%) y cerdos (6,1% y 4,3%). Se realizaron pruebas de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en 27 (33%) cepas de E. coli y 26 (39%) de Salmonella. En las cepas de E. coli, se observó una mayor resistencia a la ampicilina (44,5%), seguida de la resistencia a la cefazolina (33,3%), la ciprofloxacina (29,6%), la ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) y la ceftriaxona (11,1%). En el caso de las cepas de Salmonella spp., los niveles de resistencia más elevados fueron para la cefazolina (7,7%) y piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Colombia en el que se informa sobre la prevalencia y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos de E. coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de alimentos para animales. Sus resultados establecen una línea de base para una zona geográfica mucho mayor dentro de Colombia. Se subraya la necesidad de integrar la vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los alimentos para animales debido a la aparición de bacterias resistentes en esta importante etapa de la cadena de suministro.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência e a resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonela spp. em amostras de ração animal coletadas entre 2018 e 2021 na Colômbia. Métodos. Estudo transversal de base laboratorial, usando dados de rotina do programa de inspeção, vigilância e controle de ração animal do Instituto Colombiano de Agricultura. Amostras de ração animal para as espécies suína, avícola, canina, felina, leporina, piscina e equina foram processadas para detecção de E. coli e Salmonella spp., usando métodos de enriquecimento e cultura seletiva. Os isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos usando um método automatizado de microdiluição. Resultados. Das 1.748 amostras de ração animal analisadas, 83 (4,7%) foram positivas para E. coli e 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. A presença de E. coli e Salmonella spp. foi maior em rações para aves (6,4% e 5,5%) e suínos (6,1% e 4,3%). O teste de resistência a antimicrobianos foi realizado em 27 (33%) isolados de E. coli e 26 (39%) isolados de Salmonella. Em E. coli, a resistência observada com maior frequência foi à ampicilina (44,5%), seguida da cefazolina (33,3%), ciprofloxacino (29,6%), ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) e ceftriaxona (11,1%). Os maiores níveis de resistência em isolados de Salmonella spp. foram contra cefazolina (7,7%) e piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusões. Este é o primeiro estudo da Colômbia a notificar a prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de E. coli e Salmonella spp. em amostras de ração animal. Os resultados estabelecem uma linha de base com ampla distribuição geográfica na Colômbia. Destaca-se a necessidade de integrar a vigilância da resistência a antimicrobianos na ração animal, devido ao surgimento de bactérias resistentes nesta importante etapa da cadeia de abastecimento.

Vulnerabilidad al estrés en adolescentes de instituciones deportivas / Vulnerability to stress in teenagers in sports institutions

Fundamento: Los trastornos temporomandibulares tienen origen multifactorial y el factor psicológico ocupa un papel importante en su desencadenamiento. Objetivo: Determinar la vulnerabilidad al estrés en adolescentes de instituciones deportivas. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, en la EIDE provincial de Sancti Spíritus "Lino Salabarría Pupo" entre octubre de 2020 y marzo de 2021. Se seleccionaron 70 escolares de décimo, onceno y duodécimo grados mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se midió la variable: rango de vulnerabilidad al estrés. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico. Resultados: El 51.4 %.de los estudiantes fueron clasificados con vulnerabilidad al estrés, el 40 % no vulnerables, el 8.6 % seriamente vulnerables y ninguno extremadamente vulnerables. Conclusiones: Existe un predominio de adolescentes de instituciones deportivas con vulnerabilidad al estrés.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders have a multifactorial origin and the psychological factor plays an important role in their triggering. Objective: To determine the vulnerability to stress in teenagers from sports institutions. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted at the Sancti Spíritus provincial EIDE "Lino Salabarría Pupo" between October 2020 and March 2021. Seventy schoolchildren from tenth, eleventh and twelfth grades were selected by simple random sampling. The variable range of vulnerability to stress was measured. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used. Results: 51.4 % of the students were classified with vulnerability to stress, 40 % not vulnerable, 8.6 % seriously vulnerable and none extremely vulnerable. Conclusions: There is a predominance of teenagers from sports institutions with vulnerability to stress.

The clinical research process management indicator system based on the theory of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To build an investigator-initiated clinical research process management indicator system based on the theory of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP).Methods:A plan was developed according to HACCP principles, and 23 experts were invited to form an expert advisory group. Literature research, panel discussion, and Delphi method were used to collect clinical research process management indicators, and the weight of each indicator was calculated via Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP).Results:Two rounds of expert consultation were carried out with a high positive coefficient and a high expert authority level, and finally formed 3 primary indicators and 14 secondary indicators. The primary indicators were project establishment, project process management, and project implementation assessment, with weights of 0.142 8, 0.714 4, and 0.142 8, respectively.Conclusions:This study established a clinical research process management system based on HACCP theory from 3 dimensions: project establishment, project process management, and project implementation assessment, carried out precise management of clinical research according to the weights of secondary indicators, focusing on the content of indicators with great weight, and provided an important reference for the management of investigator-initiated clinical research.

Analysis on the registration of Chinese patent medicines in Canada and its referantial significance to the international registration of Traditional Chinese Medicines / 国际中医中药杂志

By searching for the Canadian Licensed Natural Health Products Database, (LNHPD), this paper analyzed the characteristics and current status of 92 Chinese patent medicines successfully registered and listed in Canada, and found that the enterprises of successfully registered enterprises are mainly located in areas with better development condition of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) such as Beijing, Guangdong and Tianjin; The successfully registered Chinese patent medicines include 64 kinds of single medicine or medicine with single active ingredient (69.6%) and 28 kinds of compound medicine (30.4%), the forms of the dosage are mainly tablets and capsules, which have the characteristics of accuracy in dosage and stable physicochemical properties. There are also granules, solutions, powders and other dosage forms, which can be preserved for a long time and have low requirements on technic and environment. These Chinese patent medicines are mainly used to treat respiratory and circulatory system diseases, some are used to treat urogenital and digestive system diseases, and few are used to treat difficuilt diseases like tumors, diabetes. There are some other health care products. It is suggested to strengthen the connection between domestic standards of TCM registration and international standards, and promote the scientific and technological capacity of relevant enterprises, and encourage enterprises to strengthen international registration of advantageous products, so as to accelerate the speed of international development of TCM in China.

Decision Tree Based Salp Swarm Optimization for Multi Medical Data Classification with Feature Reduction Technique

Abstract The ambitious task in the domain of medical informatics is medical data classification. From medical datasets, intention to ameliorate human burden with the medical data classification entails to taking in classification designs. The medical data classification is the major focus of this paper, where a Decision Tree based Salp Swarm Optimization (DT-SWO) algorithm is proposed. After pre-processingthe hybrid feature selection method selects the medical data features. The high dimensional features are reduced by Discriminant Independent Component Analysis (DICA) and DT-SWO is to classify the most relevant class of medical data. The details of four datasets namely Leukemia, Diffuse Larger B-cell Lymphomas (DLBCL), Lung cancer and Colon relating to four diseases for heart, liver, cancer and lungs are collected from the UCI machine learning repository. Ultimately, the experimental outcomes demonstrated that the proposed DT-SWO algorithm is suitable for medical data classification than other algorithms.

Review on the study of spreading of the COVID-19 based on dynamic models / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective@#To Summarize mathematical and statistical models used in the area of infectious diseases modelling, to provide ideas and suggestions for the model-based analysis and decision-making of COVID-19.@*Methods@#By reviewing the commonly used mathematical and statistical models in the analysis of infectious diseases, with a focus on the mathematical models of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) that have been published and their practical effects.@*Results@#Infectious diseases modelling based on multi-source information has become the main research trend, and the published mathematical models of COVID-19 epidemic need to be improved in terms of accuracy and scalability.@*Conclusions@#It is recommended to build a more advanced mathematical/statistical model by allowing for the characteristics of new coronaviruses and to use more informative data to improve the analysis and decision-making of the new epidemic.

Application of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) traceability system based on TCM quality characteristics and HACCP system / 中国中药杂志

It is crucial to establish a complete set of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) quality traceability management process system, in order to stabilize the pricing order of TCM market and reconstruct the transmission path of TCM quality signals. In this study, we reviewed the mature experience of food and drug supervision at home and abroad, analyzed the quality characteristics of TCM, and put forward that the quality control of TCM products can learn from the hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP) system in food safety quality control. This study points out that the HACCP system provides not only technical guidance for the traceability management of TCM, but also ideas for improving the quality of TCM products and the safety risk control of TCM. The application of the HACCP system in TCM quality control can help establish an international dialogue platform for TCM and help realize the modernization and internationalization of TCM industry.

Analysis of Chemical Compositions in Miao Medicine Caesalpinia decapetala by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To estab lish a method that can comprehensively and rapidly analyze the chemical compositions of Miao medicine Caesalpinia decapetala，and to providing reference for quality control and pharmacodynamic material basis study of C. decapetala . METHODS ：UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was adopted . The determination was performed on Agilent SB-C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid solution- 0.1％ formic acid acetonitrile （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃，and sample size was 2 µL. ESI source was applied in negative and positive scanning ion mode and data collection range of m/z 50-1 500. The capillary voltage was 4.5 kV，the atomizing gas （nitrogen）pressure was 1.2 Bar， the solvent removal gas was nitrogen ，the flow rate of solvent removal gas was 8 L/min and the solvent removal gas temperature was 200 ℃. Data Analysis 4.2 software was adopted to analyze fragment ion information of each peak ，and identify chemica l compositions on the basis of relevant literature and mass spectograms of reference substance. RESULTS ：Under positive ion mode ， 9 chemical compounds were identified ；peak 1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9 were catechin ，protohematoxylin B ，epicatechin，ethyl gallate，quercetin，luteolin，3-deoxy-hematoxylin chalcone ， isoliquiritigenin and linoleic acid. Under negative ion mode ， U1812403）， totally 21 peaks were confirmed and 13 compounds were identified；peak 3，4，5，6，7，8，9，10，11，12，13，15， 21 were catechins ， brevifolin carboxylic acid ， proto- hematoxylin B ，epicatechin，ethyl gallate ，epicatechin gallate ， quercetin，resveratrol，hematoxylin，luteolin，3-deoxy-hema- toxylin， isoliquiritigenin， linoleic acid. CONCLUSIONS UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method is established successfully for analysis of chemical compositions in C. decapetala .

Characterizing the pattern of rally times and complexes in school volleyball / Caracterização do padrão dos tempos de rallies e dos complexos no voleibol escolar

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the pattern of rally times and complexes in school volleyball. A total of 52 matches were analyzed, all video recorded on a digital camera. Rally times were analyzed along with their intervals, and complexes as well as actions in the rallies were quantified and characterized. Results show that school volleyball has an interval time between rallies 2.5x higher than the rally time, characterizing it as an intermittent sport of short-length high intensity. Younger and female teams performed a lower number of complexes and actions, reducing the rally time, but had more interval times between rallies, promoting lower match density. The pattern of rally times, complex type frequencies and number of actions in volleyball are similar to those of high-performance game. It was also possible to observe that interval time did not change between rally times. However, they differ as to number of complexes per rally and to played time density for presenting longer rally times and shorter intervals. It is concluded that male Under-17 school volleyball has more similarities with the patterns of rallies and complexes as high-performance volleyball.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou caracterizar o padrão dos tempos de rally e dos complexos no voleibol escolar. Analisou-se 52 jogos, que foram gravados em filmadora digital. Avaliou-se os tempos de rallies e seus intervalos, a densidade do set, além de quantificar e caracterizar os complexos e as ações nos rallies. Os resultados mostram que o voleibol escolar exibe tempo de intervalo entre rallies 2,5x maior que o tempo de rally, caracterizando-o como um esporte intermitente de alta intensidade em curta duração. Equipes escolares mais jovens e femininas realizam menores números de complexos e de ações, reduzindo o tempo de rally, porém, elevam o tempo de intervalos entre rallies promovendo menor densidade de jogo. O voleibol escolar exibe padrão dos tempos de rallies, frequências dos tipos de complexos e número de ações similares aos de alto rendimento. Também verificou-se que o tempo de intervalo não altera entre os tipos de rallies. Todavia, diferem na quantidade de complexos por rally e na densidade de tempo jogado, devido apresentar maior tempo de rally e menor de intervalos. Conclui-se que o voleibol escolar Sub17 masculino exibe maiores similaridades nos padrões de rallies e complexos ao voleibol de alto rendimento.

Posture analysis and intervention can improve the lower limb motor function of hemiplegic stroke survivors / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of the posture analysis and intervention on the lower limb motor function of hemiplegic stroke survivors. Methods Forty hospitalized stroke survivors with hemiplegia were di-vided at random into a control group and an experimental group. The control group (n＝20) received conventional re-habilitation training. The experimental group (n＝20) additionally received therapy based on posture analysis. Before the treatment and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, Holden walking function grading was applied, along with Fugl-Meyer motor function rating, and the timed up and go test ( TUGT) was administered. Results After 2 weeks of treatment there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of any of the measures. After 4 weeks of treatment the average Holden and Fugl-Meyer scores of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group, though there was still no significant difference in the two groups' average TUGT times. Conclusion Posture analysis-based intervention can improve the lower limb motor function of stroke patients with hemiplegia.

Analysis and evaluation of peer review results of a fund's three year research project / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective Based on the three years' peer review data of a project fund,the results of fund peer review were analyzed and evaluated,to provide references for further improvement of the peer review and management.Methods Based on the fund's peer review results of 2145 projects in three years,descriptive statistics,single-item identification index were adopted,as well as RJ normality test,t-test and other statistical methods,to analyze and assess the overall data of fund,project categories,individual scores,etc.Results The score distribution of the three year peer review project of the fund is almost normal distribution,and the overall consistency of peer review shows a better trend.The analysis shows that the peer review experts of the fund have better consistency in terms of project innovation,rationality and characteristics.While there were differences in the peer review of applicability.Conclusions The three year peer review data of the fund show that three years' evaluation results are reliable,reasonable,and the quality of evaluation is good,showing a better development trend in both project quality and expert consistency.

General Troubleshooting and Preventive Maintenance of the Digestive Electron Microscope System / 中国医疗器械杂志

OBJECTIVE@#Improve the integrity of the digestive electron microscope equipment and reduce the cost of equipment failure maintenance.@*METHODS@#By studying the composition and function of the digestive electron microscope system and analyzing the causes of common faults, a targeted preventive maintenance plan is developed, equipment users are graded, and a training system is established.@*RESULTS@#The user of the device can skillfully analyze the cause of the malfunction and timely deal with the sudden failure of the diagnosis and treatment, thereby reduce the risk of diagnosis and treatment and the investment in hospital maintenance.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Through the analysis and processing of the digestive electron microscope system, point detection leakage, grading training, preventive maintenance can significantly improve the equipment integrity rate, reduce the risk of clinical diagnosis and treatment, effectively reduce the number of equipment failures, and reduce maintenance costs.

Estrutura das tarefas de treinamento em modalidades esportivas coletivas: análise da produção científica / Structure of practice tasks in collective sports: analysis of scientific production / Estructura de las tareas de entrenamiento en modalidades deportivas colectivas: análisis de la producción científica

O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear as investigações que analisaram a estrutura das tarefas de treinamento em equipes de categorias de formação de modalidades esportivas coletivas, considerando as variáveis pedagógicas (tipo de conteúdos, fases de jogo e situações de jogo) e organizativas (tempo total da tarefa, tempo útil e tipo de participação). Foram empregadas três buscas de informação: bases de indexação; sites de periódicos; e referências dos artigos rastreados nas duas primeiras buscas. A abrangência temporal dos estudos correspondeu aos anos de 2000 a 2017. Os resultados elucidaram que, nas variáveis pedagógicas, as tarefas pautaram-se em treinamentos de condutas táticas (tipo de conteúdo), de ações mistas (fases de jogo) e situações de igualdade numérica (situações de jogo). Na variável organizativa, as tarefas indicaram predomínio da participação consecutiva nos treinamentos (tipo de participação)

This study maps research on the structure of practice tasks in teams from beginner categories in collective sports modalities, considering pedagogical (type of content; game stages; and game situations) and organizational (total time of the task; useful time; and type of participation) variables. Three information searches were conducted: on indexation databases; journal's websites; and references from the articles found in the first two searches. The studies' time scope was 2000-2017. The results showed that, regarding pedagogical variables, tasks were based on tactical behaviors (type of content), mixed actions (game stages), and situations of numerical equality (game situations). Regarding the organizational variable, the tasks indicated predominance of consecutive participation in the practice (type of participation)

El objetivo de este estudio fue mapear las investigaciones que analizaron la estructura de las tareas de entrenamiento en equipos de categorías de formación de modalidades deportivas colectivas, considerando las variables pedagógicas (tipo de contenidos, fases de juego y situaciones de juego) y organizativas (tiempo total de la tarea, tiempo útil y tipo de participación). Se utilizaron tres búsquedas de información: bases de indexación; sitios web de periódicos; y referencias de los artículos rastreados en las dos primeras búsquedas. El alcance temporal de los estudios correspondió a los años 2000 a 2017. Los resultados elucidaron que, en las variables pedagógicas, las tareas se pautaron en entrenamientos de conductas tácticas (tipo de contenido), de acciones mixtas (fases de juego) y situaciones de igualdad numérica (situaciones de juego). En la variable organizativa, las tareas indicaron predominio de la participación consecutiva en los entrenamientos (tipo de participación)

Assessment of the care process with orthotics, prosthetics and special materials / Evaluación del proceso de cuidado con ortesis, prótesis y materiales especiales / Avaliação do processo de cuidado com órteses, próteses e materiais especiais

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess potential failures in the care process with orthotics, prosthetics and special materials in a high-complexity hospital. Method: an intervention study conducted from March to October 2013. This process was assessed with the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) service tool. The data were analysed according to the risk and the corrective measures were defined. Results: no failure was classified as high risk and the corrective measures indicated as low and moderate risk had the following improvement initiatives suggested: standardize the material records in the information system; create a specific form to require materials; hire specialized technical personnel and create a continuous education program. Conclusion: all the suggested initiatives were implemented and helped to reduce the assistance risks for patients due to failures in this process. The actions increase safety levels and provide higher quality of service.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar las fallas potenciales en el proceso de trabajo del cuidado con ortesis, prótesis y materiales especiales en un hospital de alta complejidad. Método: estudio de intervención realizado de marzo a octubre de 2013. El proceso fue evaluado utilizando la herramienta de Análisis del Modo y Efecto de Fallas del tipo servicio. Los datos fueron analizados conforme el riesgo y se definieron las medidas correctivas. Resultados: ninguna falla fue clasificada como alto riesgo y las medidas correctivas apuntadas como de bajo y moderado riesgo han tenido propuestas de acciones de perfeccionamiento: estandarización de los registros de materiales en el sistema de información; creación de un formulario específico para la solicitud de material; contratación de personal técnico especializado y creación de un programa de educación permanente. Conclusión: todas las acciones propuestas fueron implantadas y ayudaron en la reducción del riesgo asistencial a los pacientes por fallas en este proceso, aumentando los niveles de seguridad y proporcionando más calidad en el servicio.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as falhas potenciais, no processo de trabalho do cuidado com órteses, próteses e materiais especiais em um hospital de alta complexidade. Método: estudo de intervenção realizado de março a outubro de 2013. O processo foi avaliado utilizando a ferramenta de Análise de Modos de Falhas e Efeitos do tipo serviço. Os dados foram analisados conforme o risco e foram definidas as medidas corretivas. Resultados: nenhuma falha foi classificada de alto risco e as medidas corretivas apontadas como de baixo e moderado risco tiveram propostas de ações de melhoria, como: padronização dos cadastros de materiais no sistema de informação; criação de um formulário específico para a solicitação de material; contratação de pessoal técnico especializado e criação de um programa de educação permanente. Conclusão: todas as ações propostas foram implantadas e auxiliaram na redução do risco assistencial aos pacientes por falhas neste processo, aumentando os níveis de segurança e proporcionando maior qualidade no serviço.

Real-time Event Recognition and Analysis System for Nanopore Study / 分析化学

To achieve fast and accurate analysis of weak current signal of nanopore-based single molecule detection, we designed a real-time adaptive threshold data processing algorithm with data buffering technique and finite impulse response filtering. The system, which is designed based on the data processing algorithm, could realize real-time recognition and analysis of nanopore events during the data recording process. In order to verify the performance of the system, the ideal signals with different noise level (20-100 pA) and recording bandwidth (3 - 100 kHz) was generated. The results showed that the system was stable to analyze the generated signals even at high noise. In addition, the system was also suitable for the data recording conditions of low bandwidth and high sampling rate (250 kHz). The proposed nanopore data processing system was further applied in the Aerolysin nanopore experiment for the detection of poly(dA) 4 molecules. The results showed that the data processing system could be applied in real nanopore recording system with high accuracy and speed.

Development and application of micro-lectures in obstetrics and gynecology teaching and evaluation of the teaching effect / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the establishment of WeChat teaching platform and evaluate the effect of micro-lectures in obstetrics and gynecology teaching. Methods A total of 116 trainees (experi-mental group) of 2014 grade and 113 trainees of 2013 grade (control group) were enrolled in the study. The Students' ability of self-learning and collaborative innovation were measured with LASSI and CUCEI scales, and their academic performance was evaluated with using t test. Results The comparison of the four know-ledge modules showed that the differences in the results of the two knowledge modules, the ectopic pregnancy (P=0.00) and uterine fibroids (P=0.01) between the experimental group and the control group were signifi-cant. Besides, the comparison of students' literacy suggested that the differences in time management (P=0.01), selection of main points (P=0.04), innovation (P=0.00) and collaboration capability (P=0.03) between the experimental group and the control group were obviously significant. Conclusions Micro-lectures-assisted teaching can effectively improve students' academic performance, which has important practical value for improving students' self-learning ability, innovation and collaboration.

Effects of Different Processing Methods on Lignans and Organic Acids in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: The influence of different processing methods on the quality of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus was investigated based on simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents combined with multivariate statistical analysis.METHODS: An analytical method based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS was used for the simultaneous determination of fifteen components including lignans, such as schizantherin B, schisandrol B, schizandrin C, γ-schisandrin, deoxyschizandrin, schisantherin, schisandrin, schisanhenol, gomisin D, gomisin J, and angeloylgomisin H and organic acids, such as (S)-malic acid, D (-)-tartaric acid, protocatechuic acid, and quinic acid in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus under different processing methods. Besides, clustering analysis and grey relation analysis(GRA) have been applied to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the results of different processing methods according to the content of 15 components.RESULTS: The results showed that fifteen components had good linearity, and correlation coefficients were more than 0.999 1. The method exhibited good precision, repeatability and stability. The average recoveries were between 96.64% and 99.96%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 5%. In addition, GRA results indicated that the quality of oven drying samples were better than the quality of oven drying after steaming samples. The quality of S7 was the best, followed by S10.CONCLUSION: The established method was accurate and reliable, which could be used to appraise the quality of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus. Our study may lay the way for the processing method of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus in optimization, normalization and standardization.

A organização e a prática da Vigilância em Saúde em municípios de pequeno porte / Organization and practice of the health surveillance in small municipalities

Resumo O processo de descentralização do Sistema de Saúde delegou responsabilidades para os municípios que antes eram de nível federal. Uma dessas tarefas descentralizadas é a Vigilância em Saúde para a qual os municípios recebem verba federal. Municípios de pequeno porte têm dificuldade de responder a essa tarefa pela falta de capacitação e pela escassez de recursos financeiros e humanos, acarretando a sobreposição de funções. O objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir as consequências dessa sobreposição de responsabilidades sobre o desempenho do papel da vigilância em saúde em quatro pequenos municípios da região do Vale do Rio Caí (RS). Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa do tipo estudo de caso, com coleta de dados por meio de grupos focais com os profissionais da vigilância, entrevistas com os secretários municipais de saúde e consulta a documentos de gestão municipal. Os dados foram interpretados na perspectiva de análise de conteúdo. Como resultados emergiram duas categorias analíticas explicativas do funcionamento da vigilância em saúde nesses pequenos municípios: desvalorização da vigilância e falta de planejamento na vigilância. Esses resultados permitiram discutir criticamente o papel da vigilância para alcançar a integralidade das práticas; os modelos de gestão e de atenção à saúde definidores das prioridades dos serviços de saúde; e a pertinência do processo de descentralização e delegação de tarefas da vigilância para a responsabilidade de municípios de pequeno porte.

Abstract The decentralization process of the Health System entrusted the municipalities with responsibilities that used to be at federal level. One of these decentralized duties is the Health Surveillance for which the municipalities receive federal budget. Small municipalities struggle to meet this duty because of the lack of capacitation and the shortage of human and financial resources, producing the overlapping of duties. The aim of this research is to discuss the consequences of these duties overlapping the performance of the health surveillance role in four small municipalities in the region of Vale do Rio Caí (RS). It is both a case and a qualitative study, with data gathering through focus groups with surveillance professionals, interviews with municipal health secretaries, and consultation of municipal management documents. Data were interpreted in the content analysis perspective. Two analytical categories that explain the health surveillance functioning in these small municipalities emerged as outcomes: surveillance devaluation and lack of planning in surveillance. These outcomes enabled the critical discussion of the surveillance role in order to achieve practice comprehensiveness; the health care and management models that define health services' priorities, and the relevance of the process of decentralization and entrusting surveillance duties to small municipalities' responsibility.

Analysis of the antibiotics prescriptions in outpatient and emergency departments through system of rational drug administration / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To improve the quality of antibiotics prescriptions in outpatient and emergency departments, to reduce the irrational use of antimicrobial drugs and to improve the quality of pharmacy service through system of rational drug administration.MethodsAnalyzing and evaluating the data of irrational administration of antimicrobial drugs between 2014 and 2015.The data was collected by the system of rational drug administration.ResultsFrom 2014 to 2015, the qualified rate of antibiotics prescriptions increased from 95.40% to 98.71%.Different types of irrational use of antimicrobial agents significantly reduced.ConclusionThe application of system of rational drug administration can improve the qualified rate of antibiotics prescriptions in outpatient and emergency departments and can promote pharmacy service.

The analysis about key techniques of remote ECG monitoring system / 中国医学装备

The remote electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring technique is a combination of microelectronics technology, artificial intelligence technology, modern communication technology and modern medical technology. The key technical points of remote ECG monitoring system includes data preprocessing, identification of feature point, analysis and diagnosis, and remote warning. By using remote ECG monitoring technique, doctors can cross the limitation of domain and implement ECG monitoring, early warning and relevant disposal measures for patients at anytime and anywhere. This new technique can achieve early prevention, early found and early treatment for patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).