Variations in the Origin of Inferior Phrenic Arteries and Their Relationship to Celiac Axis Variations on CT Angiography

OBJECTIVE: Knowing the origin of the inferior phrenic artery (IPA) is important prior to surgical interventions and interventional radiological procedures related to IPA. We aimed to identify variations in the origin of IPA and to investigate the relationship between the origin of IPA and celiac axis variations using computed tomography angiography (CTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CTA images of 1000 patients (737 male and 263 female, the mean age 60, range 18–94 years) were reviewed in an analysis of IPA and celiac axis variations. The origin of IPA was divided into two groups, those originating as a common trunk and those originating independently without a truncus. The relationship between the origin of IPA and celiac axis variation was analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: Both IPAs originated from a common trunk in 295 (29.5%) patients. From which the majority of the common trunk originated from the aorta. Contrastingly, the inferior phrenic arteries originated from different origins in 705 (70.5%) patients. The majority of the right inferior phrenic artery (RIPA) and the left inferior phrenic artery (LIPA) originated independently from the celiac axis. Variation in the celiac axis were detected in 110 (11%) patients. The origin of IPA was found to be significantly different in the presence of celiac axis variation. CONCLUSION: The majority of IPA originated from the aorta in patients with a common IPA trunk, while the majority of RIPA and LIPA originating from the celiac axis in patients without a common IPA trunk. Thus, the origin of IPA may widely differ in the presence of celiac axis variation.

The anatomy of the plantar arterial arch / Anatomía del arco plantar arterial

The plantar arterial arch provides the dominant vascular supply to the digits of the foot, with variability in length, shape, and dominant blood supply from the contributing arteries. According to the standard definition, the plantar arterial arch is formed from the continuation of the lateral plantar artery and the anastomoses between the deep branch of dorsalis pedis artery. In this study, 40 adult feet were dissected and the plantar arch with variations in shape and arterial supply was observed. The standard description of the plantar arch was observed in 55% of the specimens with variations present in 45%. Variations in terms of shape were classified into three types: Type A (10%): plantar arterial arch formed a sharp irregular curve; type B (60%): obtuse curve; type C (3%): spiral curve. Variation in the dominant contributing artery was classified into six types: type A (25%), predominance in the deep branch of dorsalis pedis artery supplying all digits; type B (5%), predominance in the lateral plantar artery supplying digits 3 and 4; and type C (20%), predominance in the deep branch of dorsalis pedis artery supplying digits 2 to 4; type D (24%), equal dominance showed; type E (10%), predominance in the lateral plantar artery supplying digits 3 to 5; and type F (21%), predominance of all digits supplied by lateral plantar artery. The foot was divided into three parts to determine the location of the plantar arterial arch. The second part was further divided into three parts: middle anterior (90%), intermediate middle (10%), and middle posterior (0%). Knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the plantar arterial arch is crucial for understanding sites of partial amputations.

El arco plantar arterial proporciona el suministro vascular dominante de los dedos del pie, con variaciones en la longitud, forma y dominancia del suministro de sangre de parte de las arterias intervinientes. De acuerdo con la definición clásica, el arco plantar arterial se forma a partir de la arteria plantar lateral y su anastomosis con la rama profunda de la arteria dorsal del pie. En este estudio se disecaron 40 pies, de cadáveres adultos, y se observó el arco plantar con variaciones en la forma y en la distribución arterial. Se observó la descripción clásica del arco plantar en el 55% de las muestras, con variaciones en el 45% restante. Las variaciones en cuanto a su forma se clasifican en tres tipos: Tipo A (10%): arco plantar arterial con una forma curva, de tipo irregular agudo; Tipo B (60%): arco de curva obtuso; tipo C (3%): arco de curva espiral. La variación en la arteria dominante fue clasificada en seis tipos: Tipo A (25%), la dominancia correspondiente a la rama profunda de la arteria dorsal del pie que suministra las arterias para los dedos; Tipo B (5%), el predominio correspondiente a la arteria plantar lateral, que otorga el suministro arterial para los dedos 3 y 4; y el tipo C (20%), la dominancia correspondiente a la rama profunda de la arteria dorsal del pie, que suministra las ramas para los dedos 2 a 4; Tipo D (24%), igual dominio al tipo C; Tipo E (10%), existe predominio de la arteria plantar lateral, que suministra arterias para los dedos 3 a 5; y tipo F (21%), con predominio de la arteria plantar lateral, que otorga las arterias para los dedos. El pie se dividió en tres partes para determinar la ubicación del arco plantar arterial. La segunda parte se divide en tres porciones: media anterior (90%), media intermedia (20%), y media posterior (0%). El conocimiento de la anatomía vascular del arco plantar arterial es crucial para la comprensión de los sitios de realización de amputaciones parciales.

Arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles / Suministro arterial de los músculos del manguito rotador

The arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles is generally provided by the subscapular, circumflex scapular, posterior circumflex humeral and suprascapular arteries. This study involved the bilateral dissection of the scapulohumeral region of 31 adult and 19 fetal cadaveric specimens. The subscapularis muscle was supplied by the subscapular, suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles were supplied by the suprascapular artery. The infraspinatus and teres minor muscles were found to be supplied by the circumflex scapular artery. In addition to the branches of these parent arteries, the rotator cuff muscles were found to be supplied by the dorsal scapular, lateral thoracic, thoracodorsal and posterior circumflex humeral arteries. The variations in the arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles recorded in this study are unique and were not described in the literature reviewed. Due to the increased frequency of operative procedures in the scapulohumeral region, the knowledge of variations in the arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles may be of practical importance to surgeons and radiologists.

El suministro arterial a los músculos del manguito rotador generalmente es proporcionado por las arterias subescapular, circunfleja escapular, circunfleja humeral posterior y supraescapular. Se realizó la disección bilateral de la región escapulo humeral de 31 especímenes cadavéricos adultos y 19 fetos. El músculo subescapular estaba irrigado por las arterias subescapular, supraescapular y circunfleja escapular. Por otra parte, la arteria supraescapular irrigaba a los músculos supra e infraespinoso. Observamos que los músculos infraespinoso y redondo menor fueron irrigados por la arteria circunfleja escapular. Además de las arterias de origen y sus ramas, observamos que los músculos del manguito rotador son irrigados por la arteria escapular dorsal y las arterias torácica lateral, toracodorsal y circunfleja humeral posterior. Las variaciones en la irrigación de los músculos del manguito rotador registrados en este estudio son únicos y no existe una descripción referente a ellos en la literatura revisada. Debido a la mayor frecuencia de los procedimientos quirúrgicos en la región escápulohumeral, el conocimiento de las variaciones de la irrigación de los músculos del manguito rotador puede ser de importancia práctica para cirujanos y radiólogos.

Variation in arterial supply of human vermiform appendix.

Precise knowledge of vascular variation and planning of conducting surgical and radiological procedures is important during appendectomy. During the routine medical undergraduate educational dissection of 63 year old male cadaver we found appendicular artery (AA) a branch of the inferior division of the ileocolic artery (ICA). The AA passed in front of the terminal part of the ileum, and entered the mesoappendix of the vermiform appendix. It runs near the free margin of the mesoappendix and ends in branches which supplied the appendix. The reminding of this type of variation is also important while performing the surgeries or dissections.

An anatomical study of the arterial supply to the soft palate / Estudio anatómico de la irrigación arterial del paladar blando

This study provides a detailed description of the arteries supplying the soft palate via: (i) ascending palatine; (ii) tonsillar; (iii) ascending pharyngeal; and (iv) lesser palatine arteries. Detailed dissections were performed on each side of thirty fetal and twenty adult head and neck specimens (n=100). This investigation documents the arteries terminating at the respective parts (superior, middle and inferior) of the soft palate and demonstrated that the majority of arteries terminated at the superior (83 percent and middle (63 percent) parts, whereas the inferior part (34 percent) was documented to receive the poorest arterial supply. The present study recognized anastomotic connections in 6 percent of fetal specimens i.e. (i) between the ascending palatine and lesser palatine arteries which terminated at the superior part of the soft palate in 4 percent of fetal cases, and (ii) between the ascending pharyngeal and recurrent pharyngeal arteries which terminated at the inferior part in 2 percent of fetal specimens. The position and relations of the soft palate arteries is of significance to minimize the risk of vascular disruption and myomucosal or mucosal flap failure during cleft palate repair and for the surgical correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency...

Este estudio proporciona una descripción detallada de las arterias que irrigan el paladar blando a través de las arterias: (i) palatina ascendente, (ii) tonsilar, (iii) faríngea ascendente, y (iv) palatinas menores. Se realizaron disecciones bilateralmente en 30 cabezas y cuellos de fetos y 20 de adultos (n = 100). Esta investigación documentó las arterias que terminaron en diferentes partes (superior, media e inferior) del paladar blando y demostró que la mayoría terminaba a nivel superior (83 por ciento) y medio (63 por ciento), mientras que la parte inferior (34 por ciento recibía un escaso suministro arterial. Se reconocieron conexiones anastomóticas en 6 por ciento de las muestras fetales, (i) entre las aa. palatinas ascendentes y las aa. palatinas menores, que terminaron en la parte superior del paladar blando en 4 por ciento de los casos fetales, y (ii) entre las aa. faríngea ascendente y faríngea recurrente, que terminaban en la parte inferior en un 2 por ciento de las muestras fetales. La posición y las relaciones de las arterias del paladar blando es relevante para minimizar el riesgo de interrupción vascular y falla de los colgajos miomucosos o mucosos, durante la reparación de paladar hendido o en la corrección quirúrgica de insuficiencia velofaríngea...

A Case of Anomalous Systemic Arterial Supply to the Left Lower Lobe without Sequestration / 대한내과학회지

No abstract available.

Artéria hepática acessória: incidência e distribuição / Accessory hepatic artery: incidence and distribution

As variações anatômicas das artérias hepáticas são comuns. A identificação pré-operatória dessas variações é importante para prevenir lesão inadvertida e complicações potencialmente letais durante procedimentos abertos e endovasculares. Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência, o trajeto extra-hepático e a presença de ramos laterais das artérias hepáticas acessórias definidas como um suprimento arterial adicional para o fígado na presença de artéria hepática normal. Métodos: Oitenta e quatro cadáveres humanos masculinos foram dissecados através de laparotomia mediana transperitoneal. A aorta supracelíaca, o eixo celíaco e as artérias hepáticas foram dissecados, e suas trajetórias foram identificadas para descrever os padrões dos ramos arteriais...

Anatomic variations of the hepatic arteries are common. Preoperative identification of these variations is important to prevent inadvertent injury and potentially lethal complications during open and endovascular procedures. Objective: To evaluate the incidence, extra-hepatic course, and presence of side branches of accessory hepatic arteries, defined as an additional arterial supply to the liver in the presence of normal hepatic artery. Methods: Eighty-four human male cadavers were dissected using a transperitoneal midline laparotomy. The supra-celiac aorta, celiac axis, and hepatic arteries were dissected, and their trajectories were identified to describe arterial branching...

A Case of Anomalous Systemic Arterial Supply to Normal Basal Segments of Left Lower Lobe / 결핵

Anomalous systemic arterial supply to the lung is a rare congenital anomaly. The lung supplied by the anomalus systemic artery has a normal bronchial tree, which is usually in the basal segment of the lung, especially in the left lung. Most of patients are asymptomatic, but the main clinical symptoms of this disease are hemoptysis and exertional dyspnea. CT is useful for the diagnosis and showed a retrocardiac nodular shadow connected to the descending aorta branching into the basal segments of the relatively normal lower lobe. Surgery is indicated for all patients. Here we report a case of anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal basal segments of left lower lobe in a patient with hemoptysis with a review of the relevant literature.

Suprimento arterial para as glândulas adrenais em caprinos (Capra hircus) da raça Saanen / Arterial supply to the adrenal glands of the goats (Capra hircus) of the saanen race

Estudaram-se em trinta fetos de caprinos da raça Saanen, machos e fêmeas, a origem e o número dos ramos arteriais destinados às glândulas adrenais. Após o preenchimento, mediante injeção, do seu sistema vascular arterial com solução corada de Neoprene látex, esses fetos foram fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10 por cento e ulteriormente dissecados. A glândula adrenal esquerda foi atingida por ramos provenientes das artérias mesentérica cranial (93,33 por cento), renal esquerda (83,33 por cento), lombar II (80,00 por cento), celíaca (60,00 por cento), lombar III (46,66 por cento), lombar I (10,00 por cento), aorta abdominal (10,00 por cento), por ramos anastomóticos entre as lombares II e III (10,00 por cento), lombar IV (6,66 por cento), aorta torácica (6,66 por cento) e por ramos anastomóticos entre as lombares I e II (6,66 por cento). A glândula adrenal direita recebeu ramos oriundos das artérias lombar II (86,66 por cento), renal direita (83,33 por cento), celíaca (56,66 por cento), mesentérica cranial (50,00 por cento), lombar I (23,33 por cento), lombar III (23,33 por cento), aorta abdominal (10,00 por cento), por ramos anastomóticos entre as artérias lombares III e IV (6,66 por cento), entre as lombares II e III (6,66 por cento) e entre as lombares I, II e III (3,33 por cento) e da lombar IV (3,33 por cento).

Anatomia arterial hepática: estudo em 150 transplantes hepáticos / Hepatic artery anatomy in 150 liver transplantations

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a anatomia arterial hepática em doadores e receptores de 150 transplantes hepáticos. MÉTODOS: 246 pacientes foram analisados, 129 doadores e 117 receptores de fígado. RESULTADOS: A anatomia arterial hepática era normal em 189 (76,82 por cento) pacientes. Alterações anatômicas foram encontradas nos demais 57 (23,18 por cento), sendo as principais: artéria hepática direita ramo da artéria mesentérica superior, artéria hepática esquerda ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda, artéria hepática direita ramo da artéria mesentérica superior associada à artéria hepática esquerda ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda e artéria hepática comum ramo da artéria mesentérica superior. Algumas anomalias raras foram visualizadas. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados deste estudo demonstram a variabilidade da anatomia do sistema arterial hepático e alertam para a necessidade de cautela nas dissecções cirúrgicas, principalmente nas captações de enxerto dos transplantes de fígado, para se evitar comprometimento do suprimento sangüíneo hepático.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the hepatic arterial anatomy in donors and recipients of 150 liver transplantations. METHODS: 246 patients were analyzed, 129 donors and 117 liver receptors. RESULTS: Normal arterial anatomy of the liver was seen in 189 (76,82 percent) patients. Anatomic anomalies were observed in the other 57 (23,18 percent); the most frequent were: right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery, left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery, right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery associated with left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery and , common hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery. Some rare anomalies were also seen. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show a high anatomic variability of the hepatic arterial system. The surgeon must be careful during liver dissection both of donors and receptors in order to avoid inadvertent damage to the anomalous arteries to the liver.

Anomalous Systemic Arterial Supply to Normal Basal Segments of Left Lower Lobe: A Report of Two Cases / 결핵

Two cases of an anomalous systemic arterial supply to the basal segments of the left lower lobe without pulmonary wequestration are presented. In the first case, a preoperative diagnosis was made by chest CT, and confirmed by angiograpy, in a 22-year old man who had a recurrent hemoptysis. There was systemic arterial supply that originated from the thoracic descending aorta and no pulmonary arterial supply to the basilar segment of the left lower lobe. However, the pulmonary parenchyma was normal without sequestration. Ligation of the abnormal artery and a left lower lobectomy were performed without complication. In the second case, there were characteristic features of this anomaly on chest CT and the angiogram in a 31-year-old man with symptoms of hemoptysis. The patient refused surgery.

A Case of Systemic Arterialization of the Lung without Sequestration / 결핵

An anomalous systemic arterial supply to the normal basal segments of the left lower lobe without sequestration is a rare congenital anomaly. It differs from classical bronchopulmonary sequestration in that the involver lung retains a normal connection to the bronchial tree, although some place this entity exists within the broad framework of pulmonary sequestration. We experienced a case of a woman who presented with a nodular lesion on a chest X-ray. Contrast-enhanced CT diagnosed her as having an anomalous systemic arterial supply to the normal basal segments of the left lower lobe. This case is reported with a brief literature review.

Size of the cerebral arteries and condition of the arterial supply of the cerebrum in Filipinos

The findings enumerated and discussed in this report may be summarized as follows: a. The caliber of the individual cerebral arteries in adult Filipinos would correspond to those figures found arranged and tabulated in table Ib. On the basis of the figures in table I and excluding all other factors that might have any bearing on the conditions of the case, the blood supply to the average Filipino cerebrum would be 3,240 cubic millimeters per secondc. The left half of the cerebrum would appear to receive more blood than the right to the extent of a difference of 12 cubic millimeters per second, or to the extent of a 0.093 mm difference in the sum of the circumferences of the three cerebral arteries on each sided. The middle cerebral artery is invariably the largest of the cerebral arteries on each side of the cerebrum. The anterior cerebral artery comes next in size, followed by the posterior cerebral artery which is the smalleste. Full development of the cerebral arteries appears to be attained within the ll to 20 year age period in general. Full development for the females, however, seems to take place a little laterf. From the ll to 20 year age period on, size differences in the cerebral arteries between the males and the females can be better appreciated because the changes are more extreme, more abrupt, more variable, and more irregular in the females. At the 71 to 80 years period in males, as much blood goes to the brain as in the previous age periods. In the females, the cerebral circulation for the same age period definitely drops downFurther details relating to the age and sex variations of the total blood supply, the hemi-cerebral blood supply, and the local blood supply by the individual arteries can be obtained by referring to tables, to the graphs, and to the main body of this article. (Summary)

The variant suprarenal arterial supply in Thais.

The principal aims of this study were to investigate the origins and the anatomical types of arterial supply to the suprarenal gland. The glands received blood from 3 arteries: the superior suprarenal, the middle suprarenal, and the inferior suprarenal arteries. Such origins were observed in that the superior suprarenal arteries arose almost exclusively from the inferior phrenic artery (97%) except 1 gland (1%) whose arterial supply was directly from a branch of the celiac artery and 2 glands (2%) from the renal artery. The middle suprarenal arteries originated from either the aorta (58 glands, 57%) or a branch of the renal artery (44 glands, 43%) Almost the inferior suprarenal arteries came from the proximal part of the renal artery (86 out of the 102 glands or 84%), the remaining of the 16 glands or 16% were directly supplied from the aorta. The arterial supply to the suprarenal gland may be classified into three types. Type I, having tripartite origins (41% received blood from the inferior phrenic artery (or the branch of celiac artery), the aorta, and the renal artery. Type II, having bipartite origins (57%), was a major type receiving blood form the inferior phrenic artery and directly from the aorta (or the renal artery). Type III, rare type (2%), received blood from only one origin, the renal artery.

THE ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE HUMAN SACRUM AND COCCYX——INTRA-OSSEOUS PART / 解剖学报

The arterial supply of the human sacrum and coccyx was studied in 68 fresh cadavers of different ages by dissection, clearing, casting and radiography.The nutrient arteries of the sacral vertebrae penetrate the body from the dorsal, ventral and lateral surfaces of the body. The central branches are the main nutrient arteries of the body. Their numbers are constant and do not increase with the advancement of age. The peripheral branches are variable and supply only the outer collar of the body. According to the distribution of nutrient artery within the body of the sacrum, they can be classified into three types 1. predominant ventral nutrient artery pattern, 2. predominant dorsal nutrient artery pattern and 3. balanced nutrient artery pattern. It is found that in S_4 and S_5, type 1 occurs more frequently while type 2 occurs usually in S_1 to S_3. Type 1 is relatively common in adults but type 2 is prevailing in fetuses. There is few balanced pattern in different age groups. Both ventral and dorsal nutrient arteries are distributed in the central zone of the body and the lateral nutrient arteries supply that portion near the intervertebral foramen in the adults. The nutrient arteries within body anastomose with each other to form a dense arterial network.The nutrient arteries of the lateral part of the sacrum enter the bone through its ventral, dorsal and medial aspects. Among the dorsal nutrient arteries, there is a main artery that supplies the lateral mass.The arterial supply to the coccyx is scarce. It enters the coccyx mainly through the ventral surface.

THE ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE PROXIMAL END OF THE HUMAN FEMUR / 解剖学报

The arterial supply of the proximal end of the human femur in 100 specimens ranging in age from newborn to 67 years were studied by perfusion method. A complete extracapsular anastomotic ring, formed by both the medial and the lateral femoral circumflex arteries, was present surrounding the base of the femoral neck in 71％. An incomplete subsynovial intraarticular anastomotic ring, formed by the four ascending cervical arterial groups (medial, posterior, lateral and anterior), was present at the margin of the articular cartilage in 74％ of the specimens. There might be defect at anterior, posterior or both aspects. The lateral epiphyseal arteries, giving off many multiarcaded branches towards the articular cartilage, supplied the superior, medial, central and the lateral parts of the head. The medial ascending cervical arteries supplied the infero-posterior part of the head. The medial epiphyseal arteries supplied a limited subfoveal area. The nutrition of the free surface of the articular cartilage was derived from the vascular networks in the synovial membrane near the periphery of the articular cartilage and the fovea capitis femoris, and from the synovial fluid. The nutrition of its deep part near the chondro-osseous junction was derived from the looped epiphyseal capillaries. The superior metaphyseal arteries supplied the lateral two thirds of the neck. The medial, anterior and posterior ascending short cervical arteries supplied the corresponding areas of the neck. During the ossification of the chondroepiphysis the medial and lateral epiphyseal vessels and the medial ascending cervical artery established particular vascular anastomotic arch in the epiphysis. With epiphyseal plate closure in the adult the diaphyseal arteries crossed into the head, established free anastomoses with the epiphyseal arteries. The clinical significance of the topographical characteristics, the course and the distribution of the arterial supply to the proximal end of the femur were discussed.

THE ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE HUMAN SACRUM AND COCCYX——EXTRA- OSSEOUS PART / 解剖学报

The arterial supply of the human sacrum and coccyx was studied on 56 fresh. cadavers of different ages by dissection, clearing, casting and radiography.All sacrums receive their blood supply from the lateral sacral arteries, the median sacral artery, the iliolumbar arteries and the fifth lumbar arteries. The median sacral artery, the lateral sacral arteries and their branches anastomose with each other and form the lattice anastomosis on the ventral surface of the sacrum.The anterior spinal canal branch bifurcates into an ascending and a descending branches. The former passes upwards to join the descending branch from the anterior spinal canal branch above it, they also anastomose with their contralateral counterparts, thus forming a rhombic system notable for its regularity.The posterior spinal canal branch also divides into an ascending and a descending branches and they join each other to dispose in a ladder anastomosis on the ventral surface of the laminae.The dorsal branch gives off three main sets of branches: the lateral, the medial and the muscular. The medial and the lateral branches both subdivide into an ascending and a descending branches and they anastomose with each other on the dorsal aspect of the sacrum.On the ventral surface, the coccyx obtains arterial supply from the median sacral artery and the lateral sacral arteries, while its dorsal surface mainly receives blood supply of the lateral sacral artery. Anastomosis has been found scarce on the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the coccyx.

MACRO-MICRO-ANATOMY OF ARTERIES OF THE MENISCI OF KNEE JOINT / 解剖学报

In order to study the arteries of menisci, both inside and outside themselves, a series of specimens were used and prepared by macro-micro-anatomical, histological, translucent and SEM methods. The arteries of the posterior part of menisci come from the posterior medial and lateral genicular arteries. Those of their anterior part come from the inferior lateral genieular artery, superior and inferior medial genicular arteries, or descending genicular artery, and may be divided into three types according to their sources. The meniscal branches of these arteries anastomose with each other to form a perimeniscal arterial circle which is continuous at its anterior part and interrupted beneath the tibial collateral ligament and popliteal tendon to form an avascular area. The arterial circle is important for collateral circulation around the knee and also provides an anatomical basis for the selection of appraoches in meniscal operation. The nourishing arteriolae, arising from the arterial circle from an arteriolar network around the menisci and give off arteriolae into the body and horn of the menisci. Healing process of the injured meniscus is intimately related with the vascular architecture inside it and recover more easily in the horn and peripheral part of the body due to rich microvasculature in these parts.