Medición de los niveles de lactato sérico y frecuencia cardiaca en caninos (Canis lupus familiaris) braquicefálicos, mesocefálicos y dolicocefálicos sometidos a prueba de esfuerzo en trotadora motorizada / Measurement of serum lactate levels and heart rate in canines (Canis lupus familiaris) Brachycephalic, Mesocephalic and Dolichocephalic submitted to a stress test on a motorized treadmill

RESUMEN Se analizaron los niveles de lactato sérico y de frecuencia cardiaca (FC) en 15 perros clinicamente sanos que fueron sometidos a pruebas de esfuerzo en trotadora motorizada, buscando verificar un grado de fatiga muscular frente a una prueba de esfuerzo intenso. Se consideraron pacientes con morfologia craneana de tipo braquicefálico, mesocefálico y dolicocefálico. Las mediciones séricas de lactato fueron conseguidas por medio de un medidor portátil, mientras que las frecuencias cardiacas se obtuvieron a través de un oximetro portátil a los tiempos 0, 10, 20 y 30 minutos, en los diferentes momentos de esfuerzo fisico en la trotadora motorizada, la cual fue adaptada en su inclinación en 15% y a un máximo de velocidad de 10 km/h. Las medias de los niveles séricos entre perros mesocefálicos y dolicocefálicos fueron significativas, a diferencia de los perros braquicefálicos los cuales resultaron no significativos. Las medias de las frecuencias cardiacas no tuvieron diferencia significativa bajo un 95% de confianza.

ABSTRACT Serum lactate and heart rate (HR) levels were analyzed in 15 clinically healthy dogs that were subjected to stress tests on a motorized treadmill, seeking to verify a degree of muscle fatigue compared to an intense exercise test. Patients with brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic type cranial morphology were considered. Serum lactate measurements were procured by means of a portable meter, while heart rates were obtained through a portable oximeter at the times 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes at different moments of physical effort on the motorized treadmill, which was adapted in its inclination by 15% and at a maximum speed of 10 km/h. Mean serum levels between mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs were significant, unlike brachycephalic dogs, which were not significant. The mean heart rates did not have a significant difference under 95% confidence.

Prediction of Cephalic Phenotype by Measuring Cephalic Index and to Study the Correlation between Cephalic Phenotype and Cephalic Index

Background: Dimensional relationship between bodysegments and stature has been the focus of scientists for manyyears. Therefore, prediction of stature from cranial remains isvital in establishing the identity of an unknown individual. Thepresent study was conducted to predict cephalic phenotype bymeasuring cephalic index and to study the correlation betweencephalic phenotype ad cephalic index.Materials and Methods: In this prospective observationalstudy 600 patients attending in the Outpatient department ofmedical, dental and other college’s students of age group 21-25 years in various colleges at Jaipur, India were selected forthe study. Data regarding Head length and Head breadth wascollected. A complete physical examination was carried out.The data collected was compiled, tabulated, analyzed andsubjected to statistical tests. Analysis was done using SPSS.Results: In the present study total sample size was 600 inwhich 300 were male and 300 were female. Mean age offemales was found to be 22.82 and mean age of males wasfound to be 22.96. In our study age group selected was 21 to25 years where 21 were the minimum age found in our studyand 25 being the maximum. In present study result showedthat of the Dolicocephalic Male was 7.66%, Mesocephalic Malewas 82 %, Brachycephalic Male was 10.33%. DolicocephalicFemale 25 was 8.33%, Mesocephalic Female was 84 %,Brachycephalic Female was 7.66% ,Dolicocephalic (Male &female) was 8%, Mesocephalic (Male & female) was 83 %,Brachycephalic (Male & female) 54 was. 9% .Significantdifference was observed in cephalic index between males andfemales.Conclusion: Our study concluded that cephalic index showedsignificant difference.

Cardiorespiratory evaluation of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs / Avaliação cardiorespiratória da síndrome braquiocefálica em cães

Brachycephalic syndrome (BS) in dogs is characterized by the combination of primary and secondary upper respiratory tract abnormalities and may result in significant upper airway obstruction. It can trigger inspiratory dyspnea, culminating in secondary respiratory distress, soft tissue edema, upper airway obstruction, turbulent airflow, inspiratory noise, and even death. These changes lead to increased resistance of the air passages, which can cause elevation of pulmonary pressure and clinical manifestations attributable to pulmonary hypertension. The consequence is right-sided cardiac remodeling (Cor pulmonale) with possible progression to right congestive heart failure. To investigate the effects of BS on the cardiovascular system, 28 animals were recruited for a prospective study and assigned to either the Brachycephalic Group (BG), composed of 22 French bulldogs with BS or the Control Group (CG), which was composed of 6 healthy Beagle dogs. All animals underwent a detailed physical examination, as well as laboratory analyses, electrocardiography, echocardiography, chest radiography and indirect measurement of systemic arterial blood pressure. The most relevant finding was a lower PaO2 (90.6±12.9mmHg) in BG as compared to CG (104.9±5.2), (p≤0.05), possibly attributable to hypoventilation due to anatomical alterations.(AU)

A síndrome braquicefálica (BS) é caracterizada pela combinação de anormalidades primárias e secundárias do trato respiratório superior em cães, podendo resultar em obstrução significativa das vias aéreas superiores. Pode desencadear dispneia inspiratória, culminando em dificuldade respiratória secundária, edema de tecidos moles, obstrução das vias aéreas superiores, fluxo de ar turbulento, ruído inspiratório e até morte. Essas alterações levam ao aumento da resistência da passagem do ar, o que pode causar elevação da pressão pulmonar e manifestações clínicas atribuídas à hipertensão pulmonar. A consequência é o remodelamento cardíaco do lado direito (Cor pulmonale) com possível progressão para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva direita. A fim de averiguar os efeitos da BS sobre o sistema cardiovascular, 28 animais foram recrutados para um estudo prospectivo e distribuídos em Grupo Braquicefálico (GB), composto por 22 Bulldogs franceses com síndrome braquicefálica ou Grupo Controle (GC), composto por 6 cães Beagles saudáveis. Todos os animais foram submetidos a exame físico detalhado, bem como análises laboratoriais, eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia, radiografias torácicas e mensuração indireta de pressão arterial sistêmica. Os achados mais relevantes foram relacionados ao GB (90,6±12,9mmHg) com menor PaO2 em relação ao GC (104,9±5,2), (p≤0,05), possivelmente atribuível à hipoventilação, em decorrência das alterações anatômicas.(AU)

Computed tomographic bronchioarterial ratio for brachycephalic dogs without pulmonary disease

The bronchoarterial (BA) ratio measured with computed tomography is widely used in human medicine to diagnose bronchial dilation or collapse. Although use of the BA ratio in veterinary medicine has been recently studied, this has not been evaluated in brachycephalic dogs predisposed to bronchial diseases including bronchial collapse. The purpose of this study was to establish BA ratios for brachycephalic dogs and compare the values with those of non-brachycephalic dogs. Twenty-three brachycephalic dogs and 15 non-brachycephalic dogs without clinical pulmonary disease were evaluated. The BA ratio of the lobar bronchi in the left and right cranial as well as the right middle, left, and right caudal lung lobes was measured. No significant difference in mean BA ratio was observed between lung lobes or the individual animals (p = 0.148). The mean BA ratio was 1.08 +/- 0.10 (99% CI = 0.98~1.18) for brachycephalic dogs and 1.51 +/- 0.05 (99% CI = 1.46~1.56) for the non-brachycephalic group. There was a significant difference between the mean BA ratios of the brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic groups (p = 0.00). Defining the normal limit of the BA ratio for brachycephalic breeds may be helpful for diagnosing bronchial disease in brachycephalic dogs.

Relação entre a biometria ultrassonográfica ocular e os parâmetros morfométricos do crânio, idade, peso e gênero em gatos domésticos / Relation between opfthalmic ultrasound biometry and the morphometric parameters of the skull, age, weight and gender in domestic cats

O exame ultrassonográfico ocular é indispensável no pré-operatório de procedimentos cirúrgicos intraoculares como a facectomia, além de ser uma ferramenta complementar ao exame oftalmológico, em casos de perda da transparência dos meios ópticos. A inexistência de estudos acerca de padrões de normalidades para as medidas do bulbo ocular e de suas estruturas internas nos gatos, cujos valores possibilitam o monitoramento de enfermidades e auxiliam em procedimentos cirúrgicos motivaram este estudo. Utilizaram-se 40 gatos, adultos, machos e fêmeas, livres de enfermidades sistêmica e oftalmológica. Destes, 22 eram da raça persa (grupo braquicefálico - GB) e 18 sem raça definida (grupo não braquicefálico - GNB). A biometria ultrassonográfica ocular transcorneana foi realizada, em modo-B∕A, com o transdutor microlinear de 9 MHz e as medidas D1 (profundidade da câmara anterior), D2 (diâmetro do cristalino), D3 (profundidade da câmara vítrea) e D4 (diâmetro axial do bulbo ocular) aferidas. Ainda, mensuraram-se as distâncias fronto-occipital e bizigomática e o peso desses animais. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste-t pareado, seguindo-se as análises de variância e covariância, além da regressão linear múltipla relacionando-se as medidas de D1, D2, D3 e D4 às medidas bizigomática e fronto-occipital, como também à idade, ao peso e ao gênero. Obteve-se como resultado a média de D1, D2, D3 e D4, assim como dos diâmetros bizigomático e fronto-occipital, idade e peso, verificando-se diferenças significativas para D4 nas fêmeas de GB. Houve, pela análise de regressão linear, influência do peso, idade e diâmetro fronto-occipital sobre D1, D2 e D4 nos gatos do GB, e dos diâmetros bizigomático sobre D1, D3 e D4 nos gatos do GNB. Conclui-se que houve diferença no diâmetro axial do bulbo ocular nas fêmeas do GB, e que o peso, a idade e os diâmetros cranianos influenciam a biometria ocular dos gatos braquicefálicos e não braquicefálicos.

Ocular ultrasonography is a helpful ophthalmic examination, performed on the absence of transparency in ocular means and frequently requested prior intraocular surgery. Unfortunately, the lack of studies upon ultrasonografic images of the normal feline eye, difficults the evaluation of its biometry and its inner structures in many ophthalmic diseases and also before surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ocular biometry and the morphometric parameters of the cranium of 40 healthy adult cats, including 22 Persian cats (Brachycephalic group - BG) and 18 Mixed-breed cats (Noun brachycephalic group - NBG). B/A-mode ultrasonographic biometry, utilizing a 9 MHz probe, was performed for depth of the anterior chamber (D1), lens axial length (D2), depth of the vitreous chamber (D3) and axial length of the globe (D4). Morphometric parameters of the cranium were obtained for bizygomatic (BZ) and occipital frontal (OF) diameters. Data was collected and statistical analysis, including "t" paired tests, variance and covariance analysis and multiple linear regressions was performed for every obtained measure and also for animal ages, weigh and gender. Statistic relevant values were observed in D4 parameter for female cats of BG. Multiple linear regression indicated some influence of the weigh, age and OF in D1, D2 and D4 of PG; and of BZ in D1, D3 and D4 of NBG. Besides that, it was observed that biometry was also influenced by weigh, age and morphometric parameters of their craniums in both groups.

Cephalic and facial indices among kosovo-albanian population / Índices cefálico y facial en la población kosovar-albanesa

Cephalic and facial indices are used to estimate the racial and sex differences. This study was carried out to establish standards for craniofacial variables and distribution of cephalic and facial indices in Kosovo - Albanian population. The study population consisted of 204 dental students (101 males and 103 females, aged 18 to 30). Four basic craniofacial variables (head length, head breadth, morphological face height and face breadth) were measured to obtained cephalic and facial indices. All measured craniofacial variables are considerably higher in males than in females (p<0.0001). In the Kosovo ­ Albanian population brachycephalic type of head (44.61 percent) and hyperleptoprosopic type of face (63.34 %) prevail.

Los índices cefálicos y faciales se utilizan para estimar las diferencias raciales y de sexo. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para establecer estándares para las variables y la distribución de los índices cefálicos y faciales en la población de Kosovo- Albanesa. Se examinaron 204 estudiantes de odontología (101 hombres y 103 mujeres entre 18 y 30 años). Se midieron cuatro variables craneofaciales básicas (longitud de la cabeza, ancho de la cabeza, altura facial morfológica y ancho facial) para obtener los índices cefálicos y faciales. Todas las variables medidas craneofaciales fueron considerablemente más altas en los hombres que en las mujeres (p <0,0001). En la población Kosovo-Albania predomina la braquiocefalia (44,61 por ciento) y la hiperleptoprosopía (63,34 %).

Craniovertebral junction malformation in Northeastern Brazil: the myth of the Dutch colonization / Malformação da junção craniovertebral no Nordeste do Brasil: o mito da colonização Holandesa

The high prevalence of craniovertebral junction malformation in Northeastern Brazil is historically associated with brachycephalic biotype (flat head), also common in this region. It has been postulated that this trait was introduced to this region by the Dutch during the colonial period in Brazil's history. Based on the confrontation of this paradigm against some historical facts, the authors concluded that the brachycephalic phenotype was inherited from prehistoric ancestors (Amerindians) who were already living in this region when white European men arrived.

A alta prevalência de malformação da junção craniovertebral no Nordeste do Brasil é historicamente associada ao biótipo braquicefálico (cabeça chata), também comum nessa região. Postula-se que essa característica tenha sido introduzida na região pelos holandeses durante o período colonial da história do Brasil. Com base na confrontação desse paradigma com alguns fatos históricos, os autores concluem que o fenótipo braquicefálico foi herdado de ancestrais pré-históricos (ameríndios) que já habitavam a região no momento da chegada do homem branco europeu.

Pectus excavatum in an English Bulldog male: a case report / Pectus excavatum en un Bulldog Inglés: reporte de caso / Pectus excavatum num Bulldog Inglés: registro de caso

El Pectus excavatum (PE) es una deformación de la caja torácica por crecimiento anómalo del esternón y costocartílagos que recae en una depresión condroesterna. Esta anormalidad anatómica (PE) se adquiere durante la vida intrauterina, y puede ser el resultado de expresiones genómicas heredables, acortamiento del tendón central del diafragma, anormalidades en la presión intrauterina y deficiencia congénita de la musculatura en la porción craneal del diafragma. En este caso se presenta un paciente Bulldog inglés macho de 30 días de edad con alteración en el sistema respiratorio, debilidad, adinamia, taquipnea, rinorrea blanquecina, con una marcada depresión del esternón y del arco costal, confirmando por estudio radiográfico de tórax y por necropsia la presencia de un PE. Con este reporte se pretende describir esta patología en un caso clínico y contribuir al conocimiento clínico de la enfermedad, ya que las descripciones publicadas de dicha enfermedad en nuestro país son escazas.

Pectus excavatum (PE) is a thoracic wall deformity due to an anomalous growth of sternum and costal cartilages wich relapse on a condroesternal depression. This anatomical abnormality gets acquired into the uterus, and may be the result of heritable genetic expressions, such as the shortening the central tendon of the diaphragm, abnormalities in the intrauterina pressure and congenital deficiency of the musculature in the cranial portion of the diaphragm. This report illustrates the case of a 30 days English bulldog male patient which suffer of alterations in the respiratory system, weakness, adynamia, tachypnea, whitish rhinorrhea, and which has a marked depression of the sternum and rib; the presence of PE was confirmed by chest X-ray and by necropsy. The purpose of this report is to describe this sickness in a particular case and contribute to clinical knowledge of PE, since published descriptions of this condition in our country are scarce.condition in our country are scarce.

O Pectus excavatum (PE) é uma deformação da caixa torácica por crescimento anormal do esterno e cartilagens que cai numa depressão condroesternal. Esta anormalidade anatômica (PE) é adquirida durante a vida intra-uterina, e pode ser o resultado de expressões genômicas herdáveis, encurtamento do tendão central do diafragma, anormalidades na pressão intra-uterina e deficiência congênita da musculatura na porção craniana do diafragma. Neste caso se apresenta um paciente Bulldog inglês macho de 30 dias de idade com alteração no sistema respiratório, fraqueza, adinamia, taquipnéia, rinorréia blanquecina, com uma marcada depressão do esterno e do arco costal, confirmando por estudo radiográfico de tórax e por necropsia a presença de um PE. Com este registro se pretende descrever esta patologia num caso clínico e contribuir ao conhecimento clínico da doença, já que as descrições publicadas dessa doença em nosso país são escassas.

Mesocephaly to Brachycephaly shift as seen in Punjabi children.

Anthropometric Parameters are useful tools in evaluating growth and development. Cephalic Index helps in estimation of intracranial volume in vivo & thus the brain growth. This prospective longitudinal study was initiated to compare the ethnic variations in cephalic index in specific defined ethnic groups of Punjab Jat Sikh and Bania infants. It was observed that Jatsikh infants had a brachycephalic type of skull throughout the study whereas Bania infants displayed mesocephalic type of skull till 7th month of their lives and later on even they became brachycephalic in their skull shapes. It is apparent that the trend in replacing mesocephaly by brachycephaly in northern Indian children, wherein possibly Jatsikh children are ahead of Bania children in this process.

Determinação do trajeto do canal mandibular por meio de tomografia computadorizada em dez mandíbulas de cadáveres de cães mesaticefálicos / Mandibular canal course determination by means of computerized tomography in ten mandibles of mesaticephalic dogs cadavers

Sabe-se que durante qualquer procedimento cirúrgico na região da mandíbula no homem, um dano iatrogênico ao feixe vasculonervoso que percorre o canal mandibular (CM) poderia causar desde parestesia até dor constante. Na odontologia veterinária, diferentes procedimentos cirúrgicos são realizados no tecido ósseo adjacente ao CM, o que implica no conhecimento acurado da localização do mesmo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar por meio da Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) o trajeto do CM em relação às faces da mandíbula: lingual, vestibular, ventral e crista alveolar em dez mandíbulas de cadáveres de cães mesaticefálicos. Os tomogramas foram realizados no plano transversal, tomando como referência para cada corte o forame mandibular, as raízes dentárias dos dentes molares, pré-molares e forame mentoniano médio. No tomógrafo foram realizadas medidas desde o CM até as diferentes faces. Conclui-se que a partir do dente 3º molar, no sentido rostral, o CM aumenta gradualmente a distância em relação à crista alveolar, alcançando a sua máxima profundidade na região dente 1º molar. Em relação às faces vestibular e lingual, o CM apresentou-se lingualizado na região dos dentes molares. O CM continua rostralmente ocupando a região ventral do corpo da mandíbula, mantendo uma distância similar entre a superfície vestibular e lingual. Já na região do dente 3º pré-molar o canal mandibular aumenta ligeiramente a sua distância com relação à face ventral e lingual da mandíbula, antes do seu fim no forame mentoniano medial na face vestibular da mandíbula.

As it is known, during any surgical procedure in the human mandible, an iatrogenic damage to the neurovascular bundle that runs along the mandibular canal (MC) could cause from paresthesia to constant pain. In veterinary dentistry, different surgical procedures are performed on the bone tissue adjacent to the MC, which implies accurate knowledge of its localization. The purpose of this study was to determine by means of computerized tomography (CT) the path of the MC in relation with: lingual surface, vestibular surface, alveolar crest, and ventral mandible surface in ten mesaticephalic dogs. The slices were performed in transverse plane using as reference the mandibular foramen, the medial mental foramen and the tooth roots of molars and premolars; several measures among the MC and the mandibular faces were performed. The conclusion of this study was that from the 3rd molar tooth (following in rostral direction), the MC gradually increases its distance from the alveolar crest, reaching its maximum depth in the 1st molar tooth area. In the molar area, the MC was located nearly of the mandibular lingual surface. The CM continues rostrally occupying the ventral region of the mandible body keeping a similar distance between the buccal and lingual surface. Then in the 3rd premolar area the MC increases slightly its distance from the ventral aspect of the mandible, before its end in the medial mental foramen on the face of the mandible.