Síntomas neurológicos focales transitorios por microsangrados cerebrales en hipofibrinogenemia congénita: reporte de un caso / Cerebral microbleeds' transient focal neurological symptoms in congenital hypofibrinogenemia: a case report

Resumen Introducción: Un espectro de enfermedad hemorrágica intracraneal se puede presentar con síntomas neurológicos focales transitorios; aunque las enfermedades congénitas del fibrinógeno son inusuales y rara vez se manifiestan de esta manera, a continuación se presenta un caso de microsangrados cerebrales por hipofibrinogenemia congénita con síntomas neurológicos focales transitorios. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 29 años de edad con microsangrados cerebrales por hipofibrinogenemia congénita con síntomas neurológicos focales transitorios. Discusión: La hemorragia intracerebral de vasos pequeños es una causa de síntomas neurológicos focales transitorios. La prevalencia de microhemorragias cerebrales en la población adulta mayor es un problema altamente reconocido, sin embargo, la incidencia de estos microsangrados en personas más jóvenes es baja y desconocida. Las discrasias sanguíneas, como el trastorno hereditario del fibrinógeno, son una causa de anomalías hereditarias de la coagulación sanguínea, donde este tiene una función importante en el control del sangrado por agregación plaquetaria y en la cascada de coagulación. La ausencia de fibrinógeno normal conduce a una altercación en la hemostasia y, por tanto, a complicaciones hemorrágicas. Conclusiones: Los síntomas neurológicos focales transitorios pueden ser causados por una enfermedad vascular cerebral hemorrágica de vasos pequeños, donde las discrasias sanguíneas congénitas son una causa rara de este tipo de enfermedad cerebrovascular.

Abstract Introduction: Intracranial hemorrhagic disease can present with transient focal neurological symptoms. Congenital fibrinogen diseases are unusual and can rarely manifest in this way. Below we present a case of cerebral microbleeds due to congenital hypofibrinogenemia with transient focal neurological symptoms. Case presentation: This is a 29-year-old man with cerebral microbleeds due to congenital hypofibrino-genemia with transient focal neurological symptoms. Discussion: Cerebral microbleed and intracerebral hemorrhage is a cause of transient focal neurological symptoms. The prevalence of cerebral microbleeds in the elderly population is a highly recognized problem. However, the incidence of these microbleeds in younger people is low and unknown. Blood dyscrasias, such as inherited fibrinogen disorder, are a cause of inherited abnormalities of blood clotting. Fibrinogen has an important role in the control of bleeding due to platelet aggregation and is part of the coagulation cascade. The absence of normal fibrinogen induces alteration in platelet and coagolation hemostasis and, therefore, causes hemorrhagic complications. Conclusions: Transient focal neurological symptoms may be caused by small vessel hemorrhagic cere-brovascular disease. Congenital blood dyscrasias are a rare cause of this type of cerebrovascular disease.

Comparative study of algorithms for information retrieval of brain puncture targets based on Hough transform circle detection / 军事医学

Objective To compare the principles and performance of three Hough transform algorithms(standard Hough transform,gradient based Hough transform,and random Hough transform)in order to establish a suitable control basis for precise and rapid recognition of targets and acquisition of target center coordinates for craniocerebral puncture robots.Methods A simulation environment in MATLAB software was built to study and analyze image feature recognition,filtering,edge detection,cumulative voting and other processing engineering.Contour recognition and fitting of target circles were achieved in multiple scenarios before their center coordinates were obtained.The recognition and fitting performance of these algorithms was quantitatively compared.Finally,a better detection algorithm based on the actual environment of the craniocerebral puncture robot was determined.Results The standard Hough transform algorithm had the largest error between the mark circle and the target circle,and the running time of this algorithm was the longest due to large computation.The detection speed of the random Hough transform algorithm was lower than that of the gradient-based Hough transform algorithm,but the fitting accuracy was slightly better than that of the standard Hough transform algorithm.The speed and accuracy of circle fitting based on the gradient Hough transform algorithm had significant advantages over the other two.Conclusion The gradient based Hough transform algorithm is more suitable for obtaining the target center coordinates of the craniocerebral puncture robot system.

Accidente Cerebrovascular en tallo cerebral, presentación inusual con evolución tórpida en paciente renal

La tercera causa de morbi-mortalidad en muchos países, es el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), la incidencia es mayor en los pacientes con hemodiálisis. La presencia del ACV hemorrágico se vincula con peores resultados; el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces son primordiales por la rápida expansión de la misma, que provoca un detrimento neurológico, hasta un desenlace fatal. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 52 años, ingresa por servicio de emergencia en fecha 23/05/23 con antecedente de terapia de reemplazo renal tri-semanal, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus; cuadro clínico con cefalea súbita, de moderada intensidad, acompañado de somnolencia, entumecimiento a nivel de columna cervicodorsal, paraparesia en extremidades inferiores e hipertensión; tomografía de cráneo con ACV hemorrágico pre tallo cerebral; ingresa a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) para monitorización y manejo, sin embargo a pesar del tratamiento evoluciono de manera tórpida y fallece en fecha 11/06/2023.

The third cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries is cerebrovascular accident (CVA), the incidence is higher in hemodialysis patients. The presence of hemorrhagic stroke is associated with worse results; early diagnosis and treatment are essential due to its rapid expansion, which causes neurological detriment, up to a fatal outcome. The case of a 52-year-old woman is presented, admitted for emergency service on 05/23/23 with a history of three-weekly renal replacement therapy, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus; clinical picture with sudden headache of moderate intensity, accompanied by drowsiness, numbness at the level of the cervicodorsal spine, paraparesis in the lower extremities and hypertension; skull tomography with pre-brain stem hemorrhagic stroke; he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for monitoring and management, however despite the treatment he evolved torpidly and died on 06/11/2023.

Vasoconstricción cerebral fatal, presentación inusual de una enfermedad inusual / Fatal reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: An unusual presentation of a rare disease

Resumen | El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible se produce por la constricción variable, segmentaria y multifocal, de las arterias cerebrales y, generalmente, es de curso benigno. Se describe el caso de una mujer de 49 años que consultó por cefalea, síntomas visuales y convulsiones; tres días después, presentaba áreas de vasoconstricción en, por lo menos, dos territorios vasculares y dos segmentos de las mismas arterias. Fue internada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para controlarle la presión arterial y recibir tratamiento médico. Tuvo una evolución tórpida y, en el séptimo día de hospitalización, desarrolló edema cerebral maligno, tras lo cual ocurrió la muerte cerebral. Se inició entonces el plan de donación de órganos y, posteriormente, se practicó una autopsia guiada del cerebro. El estudio de patología descartó vasculitis y reveló áreas de hemorragia en la convexidad cerebral. Se discuten los aspectos más relevantes de los casos con evolución fulminante informados en la literatura científica. El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible se asocia con resultados fatales cuando los pacientes tienen una deficiencia neurológica focal, la neuroimagen inicial muestra alteraciones y hay un deterioro clínico rápido. Es importante conocer los factores asociados con un mal pronóstico, y establecer estrategias tempranas de intervención y prevención.

Abstract | The reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is a variable, segmental, and multifocal constriction of brain arteries, usually with a benign course. We describe the case of a 49-year-old woman who presented with headaches, visual symptoms, and seizures. Three days after admission, vasoconstriction areas were found in at least two vascular territories in two segments of the same arteries. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit where her blood pressure was monitored and she received medical treatment. Surprisingly, the patient presented an unpredicted evolution in developing malignant cerebral edema on the seventh day after admission. She then suffered brain death and was taken to organ donation. A guided nervous system necropsy was later performed. The pathology discarded vasculitis and exhibited hemorrhage areas in the cerebral convexity. Herein, we discuss the most relevant aspects of cases with fulminant evolution reported in the literature. The reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is usually associated with fatal outcomes when patients exhibit focalization, their first neuroimaging typically shows disturbances, and a rapid clinical deterioration occurs. It is crucial to identify factors linked to poor prognosis and set intervention strategies and early prevention.

Effect of remimazolam pretreatment on brain injury following thalamic hemorrhage in mice / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of remimazolam pretreatment on brain injury following thalamic hemorrhage in mice.Methods:Sixty clean-grade healthy adult CD1 male mice, weighing 25-30 g, aged 7-8 weeks, were divided into 3 groups ( n=20 each) by using a random number table method: sham operation group (Sham group), brain injury group (BI group) and remimazolam pretreatment group (Rem group). Remimazolam 25 mg/kg was intravenously injected via the tail vein in group Rem.and the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in Sham group and BI group.Ten min later, type Ⅳ collagenase 0.01 U/10 nl was microinjected into unilateral ventroposterolateral nucleus and ventromedial nucleus to develop a mouse model of brain jury induced by thalamic hemorrhage.The rats were sacrificed at 6 h after developing the model, brain tissues were taken for measurement of the wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio, and hippocampal tissues were taken and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for determination of the count of the viable neurons in the hippocampal dentategyrus area, count of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region (by TUNEL), expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1) mRNA (by real-time polymerase chain reaction) and expression of CHOP, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 (by Western blot) and for microscopic examination of ultrastructure of hippocampal tissues (with a transmission electron microscope). Results:Compared with group Sham, the W/D ratio of brain tissues and count of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area were significantly increased, the count of viable neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was decreased, the expression of CHOP, ATF4 and XBP1 mRNA in hippocampal tissues was up-regulated, the expression of CHOP, caspase-3 and Bcl-2 was up-regulated, and the expression of Bax was down-regulated in BI and Rem groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group BI, the W/D ratio of brain tissues and count of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area were significantly decreased, the number of viable neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was increased, the expression of CHOP, ATF4 and XBP1 mRNA in hippocampal tissues was down-regulated, the expression of CHOP, caspase-3 and Bcl-2 was down-regulated, and the expression of Bax was up-regulated in group Rem ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Remimazolam pretreatment can reduce the brain injury following thalamic hemorrhage in mice, and the mechanism may be related to inhibition of cell apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress in hippocampus.

Accidente cerebrovascular en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. "11años de ACV en UCIP" / Stroke in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. "11 years of stroke in the PICU "

Introducción: La incidencia de ACV (Accidente Cerebrovascular) en niños es de 2-13/100.000 niños por año, siendo una de las 10 causas más frecuentes de muerte en la infancia. La misma varía entre 6-40% dependiendo de las series publicadas y de los subtipos de ACV. Existen diferencias importantes entre el ACV en niños y adultos, ya que las características neurológicas y de la hemostasia son muy distintas en cada grupo. En niños deben ser investigados múltiples factores de riesgo que a menudo se superponen entre sí. Materiales y métodos: Trabajo descriptivo retrospectivo por revisión de historias clínicas, de una población de niños con diagnóstico de ACV ingresados en UCIP en un período de 10 años. Resultados: Se confirmó el diagnóstico de ACV en un total de 84 pacientes. El 70,24% de la población correspondía a ACVH (Accidente Cerebrovascular Hemorrágico) y un 29,76% ACVI (Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico). El 60,71 % eran masculinos. La mediana del tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y el ingreso a UCIP, en ambos grupos fue de 1 día con rango entre 1-17 días para los ACVH y 1-9 para los ACVI. Se evaluaron variables clínicas, de diagnóstico y de tratamiento según ambos tipos de ACV. Conclusión: El ACV requiere de un abordaje multidisciplinario. La realización de neuro-imágenes es un pilar fundamental para el diagnóstico y no debe ser pospuesto. El monitoreo y tratamiento está enfocado en minimizar el daño en el parénquima cerebral circundante (AU)

Introduction: The incidence of stroke in children is 2-13/100,000 children a year, being one of the 10 most common causes of death in childhood. Mortality varies between 6 and 40% depending on the series reported and according to the different subtypes of stroke. There are important differences between childhood and adult stroke, as the neurological features and characteristics of hemostasis vary greatly. In children, multiple risk factors that often overlap should be investigated. Material and methods: A retrospective descriptive review of the clinical records of a series of patients with stroke admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) over a period of 10 years was conducted. Results: The diagnosis of stroke was confirmed in 84 patients; 70.24% had hemorrhagic and 29.76% ischemic stroke. Overall, 60.71% were boys. Median time between symptom onset and admission to the PICU was one day in both groups, ranging from 1-17 días for those with hemorrhagic and from 1-9 days for those with ischemic stroke. Clinical, diagnostic, and treatment variables were evaluated for both types of stroke. Conclusion: Stroke requires a multidisciplinary approach. Neuroimaging is essential for the diagnosis and should not be postponed. Monitoring and treatment is focused on minimizing damage to the surrounding brain parenchyma (AU)

Peripheral Facial Palsy and Communicating Hydrocephalus as a Clinical Presentation of Hemorrhagic Vestibular Schwannoma: Case Report

The vestibular schwannoma is the most common extra-axial tumor of the posterior fossa. Hemorrhage associated with vestibular schwannomas has been described in less than 1% of the cases. The etiology remains unknown; however, some risk factors have been suggested, such as tumor size and tumor growth rate, the vascularity and histopathology of the tumor or even previous treatment with radiosurgery. The present case is of a 74-year-old female patient, who presented to our clinic in December of 2015 after a mild traumatic brain injury. In that context, she did a brain computed tomography (CT) scan and was diagnosed with a vestibular schwannoma­ an incidentaloma. It was decided at that time to treat the patient conservatively because of her comorbidities and the presentation of the disease. In March of 2017, the patient presented again to our clinic with a right peripheral facial paralysis (House-Brackmann [HB] grade IV-VI) and confusion. The CT scan revealed that bleeding around the vestibular schwannoma had caused the clinical presentation. We decided to treat the hydrocephalus with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. At the time of her last follow-up visit, the confusion symptoms had resolved, and her right-sided facial function had improved to a HB grade II-VI.

Intracranial hemorrhage from metastatic CNS lymphoma: A case report and literature review

@#Metastatic brain lymphomas, which belong to secondary central nervous system lymphomas, usually originate from primary tumors of the bone marrow, testis, or orbit. Gastrointestinal lymphomas commonly metastasize to the lung or heart. We report here a case of brain hemorrhage due to metastasis from primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A 30-year-old male presented with headache. He was diagnosed to have gastrointestinal lymphoma 6 months earlier, and treated with gastrointestinal surgery. Pathological diagnosis was DLBCL. A PET-CT scan immediately after gastrointestinal surgery demonstrated no brain metastasis. On admission to the ward, imaging of the brain showed right temporoparietal hematoma. In the ward, the patient deteriorated with impaired consciousness. Repeat brain imaging showed enlargement of the hematoma. He underwent right temporoparietal craniotomy for the removal of a hematoma, and tumor nodules adherent to the cortex was found. Pathology confirmed a metastatic DLBCL in the brain. Literature review showed that this was the first reported case of brain hemorrhage from metastatic lymphoma. Metastatic central nervous system lymphoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with a history of gastrointestinal lymphoma presenting with neurological symptoms.

Comparison and contrast of different treatments for severe spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage with intraventricular hemorrhage in elderly patients / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To compare four therapies for elderly patients with cerebellar hemorrhage breaking into the ventricles.Methods Clinical data of 158 elderly patients with severe spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage breaking into the ventricles were retrospectively analyzed.There were 28 cases in the conservative management (CM) group and 130 cases in the surgical therapy (ST) group with an external ventricular drainage (EVD) subgroup (n=40),an external ventricular drainage combined with intraventricular fibrinolysis (EVD + IVF) subgroup (n =43),and a clot evacuation (CE) subgroup (n=47).The mortality at 1 month and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 6 months were employed to evaluate clinical effectiveness.In addition,statistical analysis of correlative factors for prognosis was conducted.Results The 1-month mortality (x2 =7.529,P =0.006) and 6-month mRS in the CM group (x2 =4.819,P =0.028) were significantly higher than those in the ST group.There was no significant difference in mortality after one month among the three ST subgroups (x2 =0.143,P=0.931),whereas significant differences were observed in 6-month mRS among them (x2 =7.209,P=0.027),and the scale in the EVD+IVF subgroup was significantly lower than in the CE and EVD subgroups.The incidence of complications such as pulmonary infections and stress ulcers in the CM group was significantly higher than in the ST group.Statistical differences were found in the incidence of pulmonary infections among the three ST subgroups (x2 =6.694,P=0.035),and the incidences in the EVD subgroup and the EVD+IVF subgroup were lower than the incidence in the CE subgroup.Nevertheless,there was no significant difference in the incidence of stress ulcers among the three ST subgroups (x2 =0.547,P=0.776).Conclusions EVD+ IVF is an effective treatment for cerebellar hemorrhage breaking into the ventricles in elderly patients,especially for those who cannot withstand a craniotomy or those who have primary diseases.It may speed up the absorption of hematoma,and decrease the operative risk and the incidence of postoperative complications.

A Viewpoint on Treatment of Traumatic Bilateral Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage in a Child: Case Report / 대한신경손상학회지

Traumatic basal ganglia hemorrhage (TBGH) is a rare presentation of head injuries. Bilateral lesions are extremely rare. The pathophysiologic mechanism of bilateral TBGH seems to be the same as diffuse axonal injury. However, limited information about childhood bilateral TBGH is available in the literature. We report the case of a child with bilateral TBGH treated with stereotactic aspiration of hemorrhage and periodic urokinase irrigation.

The clinical study of surgical treatment value to the deep coma patients with spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the surgical treatment value to the deep coma patients with spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. Methods The clinical manifestations were recorded and analyzed in 43 patients suffering from cerebellar hemorrhage. Thirty-two patients(surgical treatment group) were treated with suboccipital decompression, clot evacuation and external ventricular drainage, and 11 patients (conservative treatment group) were managed conservatively. The level of consciousness was evaluated with Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and GCS scores of all enrolled patients was less than 5. Outcome was assessed with Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) at 6 months after onset. Results At 6 months after onset, the fatality rate in surgical treatment group was 31.25%(10/32), in conservative treatment group was 6/11, and there was no significant difference (χ2=1.04, P=0.310). The rate of bad outcome (GOS 1-3 scores) in surgical treatment group was 75.00%(24/32), in conservative treatment group was 11/11, and there was no significant difference (χ2=2.40, P=0.120). In the patients of more than 60 years old, the rate of good outcome between surgical treatment group and conservative treatment group had no significant difference:5/16 vs. 0,χ2=6.00, P=0.060. Conclusions Although fatality rate is lower, the long-term prognosis couldn′ t be improved by surgical treatment in the cerebellar hemorrhage patients with GCS≤5 scores when the brainstem function isn′t evaluated.

Risk factors and predictive value of delayed traumatic intracranial hematoma / 心血管康复医学杂志

Objective:To explore the risk factors its predictive value of delayed traumatic intracranial hematoma (DTICH) . Methods:Clinical data of 95 patients with acute craniocerebral trauma were collected .All patients were divided into DTICH group (n=62) and no recurrent hematoma control group (n=33) .Clinical data were compared between two groups ,Lo‐gistic regression model was used to analyze risk factors .Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was used to assess pre‐dictive value of relative risk factors .Results:Compared with no recurrent hematoma group ,there were significant rise in age [(46.72 ± 6.45) years vs .(52.18 ± 7.13) years] ,hematoma volume [(51.21 ± 11.25)ml vs .(56.89 ± 12.37)ml] , level of fasting blood glucose [(8.13 ± 1.55) mmol/L vs .(10.62 ± 1.73) mmol/L] ,activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT ,(25.27 ± 6.19)s vs .(27.35 ± 7.45)s] and thrombin time [TT ,(17.53 ± 5.14)s vs .(21.26 ± 7.31)s] ,significant increase in percentages of basal cistern compression (24.2% vs .46.8% ) ,brain contusion (42.4% vs .69.4% ) ,bone flap removal (45.5% vs .67.7% ) and positive Babinski sign (39.4% vs .61.3% ) , and significant reductions in GCS score [(9.46 ± 3.29) scores vs .(7.63 ± 3.07) scores] ,systolic blood pressure [(146.57 ± 18.23)mmHg vs .(132.18 ± 17.18) mmHg] and timing of surgery [(12.74 ± 4.39)h vs .(5.47 ± 2.16)h] in DTICH group ,P<0.05 or <0.01;Logistic regres‐sion analysis indicated that coagulation function (APTT ,TT) ,skull fracture and timing of surgery were risk factors for post‐operative delayed hematoma(OR=4.076~5.430 ,P<0.05 or <0.01) ,their area under curve of ROC were 0.826 ,0.748 and 0.661 respectively .Conclusion:Coagulation function ,skull fracture and timing of surgery are risk factors and possess considerable predictive value for postoperative delayed craniocerebral hematoma in patients with craniocerebral trauma .

Application of different nasal feedings in enteral nutrition for elderly patients with severe brain hemorrhage / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the effect of different nasal feedings in enteral nutrition for elderly patients with severe brain hemorrhage. Methods Eighty elderly patients with severe brain hemorrhage were assigned into the observation group and control group according to the odd and even numbers at admission with 40 in each group. The control group was treated with graded injection nasal feeding, and the observation group was treated with continuous infusion nasal feeding. The nutrition indicators and enteral nutrition complications were compared between the two groups. Result The nutrition indicators in the observation group were better than those in the control group and the rate of enteral nutrition complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Continuous infusion nasal feeding can improve the nutritional status of elderly patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage and effectively reduce the incidence of complications of enteral nutrition. So it is worthy of clinical application.

Initial Rotterdam CT score may predict prognosis of the patients after unilateral decompression craniectomy for treating severe traumatic brain injury / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To identify the factors enhancing the contusive brain hemorrhage following unilateral decompression craniectomy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI),and to explore the relationship between the initial Rotterdam CT score and clinical outcomes.Methods A prospective study of 291 consecutive patients with TBI admitted from Jan 2008 through Dec 2012 was carried out.Patients treated with unilateral decompression craniectomy were enrolled for study.Patients without preoperative or postoperative cranial CT imaging were excluded.Of them,235 patients were followed up.Gender,age,the causes of injury,preoperative general condition including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score,pupillary response,laboratory data and the initial CT scans before operation,contusion hematoma size in CT scans following operation and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score were recorded.With t test,x2 test and nonparametric rank sum test,differences in the above listed variables were compared between patients with enlarged hematoma size group and those without change in hematoma size.A Classification And Regression Tree (CART) was used to predict the size of hematoma.Correlation analysis was used to find the relationship between the Rotterdam CT scores and GOS scores.Results The differences in age (t =2.034,P =0.043),first Rotterdam CT score (Z =4.838,P ＜ 0.01),GCS score (Z =4.440,P ＜ 0.01),pupillary response (Z =3.235,P =0.001),the length of time elapsed between the trauma occurred and the decompressive craniectomy (Z =3.874,P ＜ 0.01),glucose level (Z =3.880,P ＜ 0.01) and cerebrum hernia magnitude (Z =2.529,P =0.012) were significant between the patients with hematoma expanded (n =120) and those without change in hematoma size (n =115).The results of the CART indicated that Rotterdam score got from the initial head CT,glucose level and the length of time elapsed between trauma occurred and decompressive craniectomy were strong predictors of the risk for expanded hemorrhagic contusions following decompressive craniectomy.Both age and size of the removed bone-flap also could predict the risk of postoperative expansion of hemorrhagic contusions.The overall predictive accuracy of the CART model was 83.3％.Correlation analysis results indicated that Rotterdam CT score was negatively correlated with GOS (r =-0.333,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Initial Rotterdam CT scores,glucose level and the length of time between trauma and decompressive craniectomy may predict the risk of contusions expansion following decompressive craniectomy.Rotterdam CT score was negatively correlated with GOS.

Active extravasation of contrast within the hemorrhage (spot sign): a multidetector computed tomography finding that predicts growth and a worse prognosis in non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage / Extravasamento ativo de contraste no interior da hemorragia (spot sign): um achado de TCMD que prediz crescimento e pior prognostico nas hemorragias intraparenquimatosas cerebrais nao traumaticas

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes high rates of disability and neurological sequelae Objective To evaluate spot signs as predictors of expansion and worse prognosis in non-traumatic ICH in a Brazilian cohort. Method We used multidetector computed tomography angiography to study 65 consecutive patients (40 men, 61.5%), with ages varying from 33 to 89 years (median age 55 years). Clinical and imaging findings were correlated with the findings based on the initial imaging. Results Of the individuals who presented a spot sign, 73.7% died (in-hospital mortality), whereas in the absence of a spot sign the mortality rate was 43.0%. Although expansion of ICH was detected in 75% of the patients with a spot sign, expansion was observed in only 9.0% of the patients who did not present a spot sign. Conclusions The spot sign strongly predicted expansion in non-traumatic ICH and an increased risk of in-hospital mortality. .

A hemorragia intraparenquimatosa cerebral (HIC) apresenta altas taxas de incapacidade e sequela neurológica. Objetivo Avaliar a presença de spot sign como preditor de expansão e pior prognóstico no follow-up de HIC não-traumática em brasileiros. Método Usamos a ângio-tomografia para estudar prospectivamente 65 pacientes consecutivos (40 homens 61,5%), com idades variando de 33 a 89 anos (mediana 55 anos). Evolução clínica e achados de imagem foram correlacionados com a interpretação dos achados do exame inicial. Resultados 73,7% dos indivíduos com spot sign no estudo tomográfico inicial evoluíram para óbito e, na sua ausência, a taxa de mortalidade foi 43,0%. Enquanto a expansão da HIC foi detectada em 75% dos pacientes com spot sign, ela foi notada em 9% daqueles sem este sinal. Conclusão O spot sign mostrou-se forte preditor de expansão da HIC não traumática e representa maior risco de morte hospitalar nesta coorte de pacientes. .

Principales características clinicopatológicas de pacientes con hemorragia cerebral / Main clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with brain hemorrhage

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 106 pacientes con hemorragia cerebral, ingresados en el Servicio de Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2011, a fin de analizar las principales características clinicopatológicas de esta afección. En la casuística predominaron el grupo etario de 61 años y más (29,2 por ciento), los afectados de piel negra, el sexo masculino (71,6 por ciento), la hipertensión arterial como principal factor de riesgo (67,0 por ciento), además de la bronconeumonía bacteriana y el edema cerebral como complicaciones no neurológica y neurológica (36,0 y 29,0 por ciento, respectivamente)

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 106 patients with brain hemorrhage, admitted to the Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases of Saturnino Lora Torres Provincial Teaching Hospital in Santiago de Cuba during 2011, in order to analyze the main clinical and pathological characteristics of this condition. Age group of 61 years and over (29.2 percent), black patients, male sex (71.6 percent), hypertension as main risk factor (67.0 percent) prevailed in the case material, besides bacterial bronchopneumonia and brain edema as non-neurological and neurological complications (36.0 and 29.0 percent, respectively)

Frequency and predictors of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in a Brazilian public hospital

OBJECTIVE: Scarce data are available on the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage related to intravenous thrombolysis for acute stroke in South America. We aimed to address the frequency and clinical predictors of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after stroke thrombolysis at our tertiary emergency unit in Brazil. METHOD: We reviewed the clinical and radiological data of 117 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis in our hospital between May 2001 and April 2010. We compared our results with those of the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke registry. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with symptomatic intracranial transformation. RESULTS: In total, 113 cases from the initial sample were analyzed. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 16 (interquartile range: 10-20). The median onset-to-treatment time was 188 minutes (interquartile range: 155-227). There were seven symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages (6.2%; Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke registry: 4.9%; p = 0.505). In the univariate analysis, current statin treatment and elevated National Institute of Health Stroke Scale scores were related to symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. After the multivariate analysis, current statin treatment was the only factor independently associated with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: In this series of Brazilian patients with severe strokes treated with intravenous thrombolysis in a public university hospital at a late treatment window, we found no increase in the rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Additional studies are necessary to clarify the possible association between statins and the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after stroke thrombolysis.

Clinical analysis of micro-neurosurgical operation for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in primary hospital / 中国基层医药

ObjectiveTo investigate value of minimally invasive surgical approach in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in primary hospital.MethodsAccording to the operation procedure,93 cases with basal ganglia hemorrhage were divided into three groups:1.minimally invasive surgery group A (n =37 ),2.ventricular puncture and drainage,lumbar cistern drainage group B(n=10),3.usual operation group C( n =46).Estimated operation effect with computed tomography in 24 hours after operation.Case fatality rate and complication incidence were analyzed after three months of operation according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).ResultsMinimally invasive surgery group A had the highest hematoma clearance rate (82.7 ± 8.1 ) ％,group B (78.6±6.5 ％ ),group C (50 ±10％ ).The incidence rate of rebleeding was 8.1％ in group A( n =3 ),10％ in group B ( n =1 ),34.8％ in group C (n =16).The grade Ⅳ of the GOS and the grade Ⅲ of the GOS was respectively 93.8％ and 6.5％,case fatality rate was zero.Conclusion The minimally invasive surgical operation not only lead to less tissue damage and decrease rebleeding,but also improve neurological functional recovery.

O uso da fontanela posterior no diagnóstico ultra-sonográfico das hemorragias periintraventriculares / Use of posterior fontanelle in the ultrasound diagnosis of intraventricular/periventricular hemorrhage

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso da fontanela posterior em recém-nascidos prematuros (< 37 semanas) e com peso de nascimento < 1.500 g no diagnóstico ultra-sonográfico da hemorragia periintraventricular e verificar se a utilização da fontanela anterior associada à posterior modifica a concordância entre examinadores. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, onde foram avaliados 85 recém-nascidos. O ultra-som foi realizado através da fontanela anterior e, a seguir, pela posterior. Para a análise da concordância entre a fontanela anterior isolada e em associação à posterior, foi considerado o diagnóstico consensual entre dois examinadores. Na falta de consenso, um terceiro examinador decidiu. RESULTADOS: A concordância entre os dois primeiros examinadores apresentou Kappa de 0,80 (IC95 por cento 0,76-0,84). Entretanto, na avaliação apenas da fontanela anterior, o Kappa foi de 0,74 (IC95 por cento 0,70-0,78). Trinta e sete hemisférios apresentaram hemorragia grau II; desses, o diagnóstico foi realizado pela fontanela anterior em 17 hemisférios (45,9 por cento); em 10 (27 por cento), o diagnóstico foi suspeitado pela fontanela anterior e confirmado pela posterior; e em 10 (27 por cento), o diagnóstico foi realizado exclusivamente pela posterior. Das 454 avaliações o uso da fontanela posterior permitiu que o diagnóstico de hemorragia periintraventricular fosse realizado em 20 (4,4 por cento) (< p 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, a fontanela anterior associada à posterior foi superior à anterior isolada na detecção da hemorragia periintraventricular. A realização do ultra-som através da fontanela posterior permitiu o diagnóstico de hemorragia grau II não suspeitadas pela fontanela anterior. O uso da fontanela posterior também foi útil para o esclarecimento da presença de hemorragias nos exames inconclusivos pela anterior.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of the posterior fontanelle in premature neonates (< 37 weeks) with a birth weight < 1,500 g in the ultrasound diagnosis of intraventricular/periventricular hemorrhage and to assess whether the use of the anterior fontanelle associated with the posterior fontanelle changes the interrater agreement. METHODS: Eighty-five premature neonates were evaluated in this prospective study. Ultrasound was performed using the anterior fontanelle, and later, the posterior fontanelle. A consensus diagnosis between two raters was used to analyze the agreement between the anterior fontanelle alone and in association with the posterior fontanelle. If there was no consensus, a third observer was involved to decide. RESULTS: Agreement between the first two raters had a kappa of 0.80 (95 percentCI 0.76-0.84). However, when the anterior fontanelle was evaluated alone, kappa was 0.74 (95 percentCI 0.70-0.78). Thirty-seven hemispheres had grade II hemorrhage, of which 17 (45.9 percent) had their diagnosis performed using the anterior fontanelle; in 10 (27 percent), diagnosis was suspected by the anterior fontanelle and confirmed by the posterior fontanelle; and in 10 (27 percent), diagnosis was exclusively performed using the posterior fontanelle. Of the 454 hemispheres, in 20 (4.4 percent) the diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage was performed exclusively by the posterior fontanelle (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the anterior fontanelle associated with the posterior fontanelle was better than the use of the anterior fontanelle alone in the identification of intraventricular/periventricular hemorrhage. Ultrasound using the posterior fontanelle allowed diagnosis of unsuspected grade II hemorrhage by the anterior fontanelle. Use of the posterior fontanelle was also useful to clarify presence of hemorrhage in inconclusive examinations by the anterior fontanelle.

A "Benign" Sphenoid Ridge Meningioma Manifesting as a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Associated with Tumor Invasion into the Middle Cerebral Artery

Meningioma rarely manifests as a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and invasion directly into a major intracranial artery is extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, meningioma presenting with an SAH associated with major intracranial arterial invasion has never been reported. We present a case of sphenoid ridge meningotheliomatous meningioma manifesting as an SAH without pathologically atypical or malignant features, due to direct tumor invasion into the middle cerebral artery.