Translation and validation of the Tibetan confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background:@#At present, there is no available delirium translated assessment method for 3.3 million Tibetans. This study aimed to provide a method for delirium assessment for Tibetan patients speaking this language by validating a translation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).@*Methods:@#The study was conducted between July 2018 and November 2018. Patients were screened for delirium by a neurologist using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV). Patients were subsequently screened by two nurses using Tibetan translations of the CAM-ICU. With DSM-IV criterion as the reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated to assess the validity of the CAM-ICU criterion. Interrater reliability was determined by comparing the CAM-ICU ratings of nurse 1 vs. nurse 2 using the κ coefficient.@*Results:@#Ninety-six patients were assessed independently by two nurses and one neurologist. According to DSM-IV standard, 42 out of 96 (43.8%) patients developed delirium. The sensitivities of Tibetan CAM-ICU were 90.5% for nurse 1 and 92.9% for nurse 2, respectively. Their specificities were 85.2% and 90.7%, respectively. The PPV were 82.6% for nurse 1 and 88.6% for nurse 2. Their NPV were 92.0% and 94.2%, respectively. The Tibetan CAM-ICU was done with good interrater reliability between nurse 1 and nurse 2 (κ= 0.91, P < 0.001).@*Conclusion:@#The Tibetan CAM-ICU shows good validity and might be incorporated into clinical practice in Tibetan Intensive Care Units.@*Clinical Trail Registry:@#www.chictr.org.cn (No. ChiCTR1800018231)

Depuración de procalcitonina en pacientes con respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y su asociación con el desarrollo de delirium / Procalcitonin clearance in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and its association with the development of delirium / Depuração da procalcitonina em pacientes com síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistemica e sua associação com o desenvolvimento de delirium

Resumen: El delirium es una entidad clínica caracterizada por una disfunción aguda en el estado de consciencia con alteraciones de la cognición, atención y curso fluctuante. Se trata de una enfermedad con alta prevalencia en pacientes críticamente enfermos con implicaciones pronósticas. La inflamación sistémica tiene un papel importante en la aparición del delirium y la disfunción cerebral aguda. El objetivo del estudio es buscar una relación entre marcadores clínicos de inflamación, principalmente la depuración de procalcitonina a las 72 horas y su asociación con el desarrollo de delirium en los pacientes de terapia intensiva con síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SIRS). Esto se refleja en los días libres de delirium o coma que el paciente cursa en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Se trató de un estudio retrospectivo, en el cual se analizaron 126 pacientes, se observó una mortalidad hospitalaria de 23.01% y se detectó delirium por CAM-ICU en 69 (55.2%) de los pacientes. En los pacientes que presentaron delirium se encontraron mayores niveles séricos de procalcitonina al ingreso, a las 24, 48 y 72 horas frente a quienes no lo presentaron. No hubo diferencia entre los niveles de proteína C reactiva ni diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de depuración de procalcitonina entre los pacientes que presentaron delirium y aquéllos que no. Se detectó un cociente de riesgo de 0.97 (IC 0.96-0.99; p = 0.0154) por unidad de proteína C reactiva y un cociente de riesgo de 1.17 (IC 1.02-1.35; p = 0.0261) por unidad de aclaramiento de procalcitonina a las 48 horas. Se concluyó que, en pacientes con respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y delirium, algunos marcadores de inflamación están significativamente elevados y representan un factor de riesgo de tener menos días neurológicos normales.

Abstract: Delirium is a clinical entity characterized by an acute disfunction on patients' mental state, with altered cognition, inatention, and fluctuating course. Delirium has a high prevalence in critically ill patients, with important prognostic implications. Systemic inflammation plays an important role on the development of delirium and acute cerebral disfunction. The study's objective was to find a correlation between clinical markers of inflammation, specifically procalcitonin clearance, and its association with delirium on intensive care unit patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Studied as a reflection of delirium or coma free days by CAM-ICU that the patient experienced during it's intensive care unit stay. This retrospective study enrolled 126 patients, with a hospital mortality of 23.01% and a 55.2% prevalence of delirium as detected by CAM-ICU. Patients with delirium had higher levels of procalcitonin on enrollment, as well as at 24, 48 and 72 hours compared to those who did not develop delirium during their ICU stay. There was no difference between C reactive protein or procalcitonin clearance. Higher CRP levels were associated with an decrease in delirium and coma free days (OR 0.97, CI 0.96-0.99; p = 0.0154), a higher procalcitoin clearance at 48 hours was associated with an increase in delirium and coma free days (OR 1.17, IC 1.02-1.35; p = 0.0261). In conclusion, ICU patients with inflammatory response syndrome who develop delirium have a higher risk of developing delirium if inflammatory serum biomarker are elevated, and have a lower chance of having neurologically normal days.

Resumo: O delirium é uma entidade clínica caracterizada por disfunção aguda no estado de consciência, com alterações na cognição, atenção e curso flutuante. É uma doença com alta prevalência em pacientes em estado crítico com implicações prognósticas. A inflamação sistêmica desempenha um papel importante no aparecimento de delirium e disfunção cerebral aguda. O objetivo deste estudo é buscar uma relação entre os marcadores clínicos de inflamação, principalmente a depuração de procalcitonina às 72 horas, e sua associação com o desenvolvimento de delirium em pacientes em terapia intensiva com síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS). Isso é refletido pelos dias sem delirium ou coma que o paciente apresenta na unidade de terapia intensiva. Tratou-se de um estudo retrospectivo em que foram analisados 126 pacientes, encontrando-se uma mortalidade hospitalar de 23.01% e o delirium detectado pelo CAM-ICU em 69 (55.2%) dos pacientes. Nos pacientes que apresentaram delirium foram encontrados níveis séricos de procalcitonina mais altos na admissão, às 24, 48 e 72 horas em comparação com aqueles que não a apresentaram. Não houve diferença entre os níveis de proteína C-reativa, nem diferenças significativas na porcentagem de depuração de procalcitonina entre os pacientes que apresentaram delirium e aqueles que não. Foi encontrada uma fator de risco de 0.97 (IC 0.96-0.99, p = 0.0154) por unidade de proteína C reativa e uma fator de risco de 1.17 (IC 1.02-1.35; p = 0.0261) por unidade de depuração da procalcitonina às 48 horas. Concluiu-se que nos pacientes com resposta inflamatória sistêmica e delirium, alguns marcadores de inflamação são significativamente elevados e apresentam um fator de risco para apresentar um número menor de dias neurológicos normais.

Avaliação de delirium com uso do modelo PRE-DELIRIC em uma unidade de terapia intensiva na Argentina / Assessment of delirium using the PRE-DELIRIC model in an intensive care unit in Argentina

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a incidência e os fatores de risco para delirium na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital terciário de ensino na Argentina, e conduzir o primeiro estudo não europeu para explorar o desempenho do modelo PREdiction of DELIRium in ICu Patients (PRE-DELIRIC). Métodos: Estudo prospectivo observacional em uma unidade de terapia intensiva com 20 leitos localizada em um hospital terciário de ensino em Buenos Aires, Argentina. O modelo PRE-DELIRIC foi aplicado a 178 pacientes consecutivos dentro de 24 horas após sua admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva. Avaliou-se o delirium com uso da ferramenta Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Resultados: A média de idade foi de 64,3 ± 17,9 anos. O tempo mediano de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 6 dias (variação entre 2 e 56 dias). Dentre o total de pacientes, 49/178 (27,5%) desenvolveram delirium, definido como avaliação positiva segundo a CAM-ICU, durante a permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva. Os pacientes no grupo com delirium eram significantemente mais velhos e tinham escore Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) significantemente mais elevado. A taxa de mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 14,6%; não se observou diferença significante entre os dois grupos. Os fatores preditivos para desenvolvimento de delirium foram idade mais avançada, tempo prolongado de permanência na unidade e uso de opioides. A área sob a curva para o modelo PRE-DELIRIC foi de 0,83 (IC95%: 0,77 - 0,90). Conclusões: A incidência observada de delirium salienta a importância deste problema no ambiente da unidade de terapia intensiva. Neste primeiro estudo conduzido fora da Europa, o PRE-DELIRIC previu de forma precisa o desenvolvimento de delirium.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the incidence of and risk factors for delirium in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Argentina and to conduct the first non-European study exploring the performance of the PREdiction of DELIRium in ICu patients (PRE-DELIRIC) model. Methods: Prospective observational study in a 20-bed intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The PRE-DELIRIC model was applied to 178 consecutive patients within 24 hours of admission to the intensive care unit; delirium was assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Results: The mean age was 64.3 ± 17.9 years. The median time of stay in the intensive care unit was 6 (range, 2 - 56) days. Of the total number of patients, 49/178 (27.5%) developed delirium, defined as a positive CAM-ICU assessment, during their stay in the intensive care unit. Patients in the delirium group were significantly older and had a significantly higher Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score. The mortality rate in the intensive care unit was 14.6%; no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Predictive factors for the development of delirium were increased age, prolonged intensive care unit stay, and opioid use. The area under the curve for the PRE-DELIRIC model was 0.83 (95%CI; 0.77 - 0.90). Conclusions: The observed incidence of delirium highlights the importance of this problem in the intensive care unit setting. In this first study conducted outside Europe, PRE-DELIRIC accurately predicted the development of delirium.

The validity and reliability of the portuguese versions of three tools used to diagnose delirium in critically ill patients

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to compare the sensitivity and specificity of three diagnostic tools for delirium (the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist, the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units and the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units Flowsheet) in a mixed population of critically ill patients, and to validate the Brazilian Portuguese Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units. METHODS: The study was conducted in four intensive care units in Brazil. Patients were screened for delirium by a psychiatrist or neurologist using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Patients were subsequently screened by an intensivist using Portuguese translations of the three tools. RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen patients were evaluated and 38.6 percent were diagnosed with delirium by the reference rater. The Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units had a sensitivity of 72.5 percent and a specificity of 96.2 percent; the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units Flowsheet had a sensitivity of 72.5 percent and a specificity of 96.2 percent; the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist had a sensitivity of 96.0 percent and a specificity of 72.4 percent. There was strong agreement between the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units and the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units Flowsheet (kappa coefficient = 0.96) CONCLUSION: All three instruments are effective diagnostic tools in critically ill intensive care unit patients. In addition, the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of delirium among critically ill patients.