RESUMO
Abstract Objectives: Fungal infections (FI) pose a public health concern and significantly increase mortality rates, especially within Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). Thus, this study aimed to investigate epidemiological indicators, risk factors, and lethality predictors associated with FI in a NICU. Methods: This study included 1,510 neonates admitted to the NICU of a reference hospital in Brazil between 2015 and 2022. Demographic data, such as sex, birth weight, gestational age, and use of invasive devices were analyzed. Results: Thirty neonates developed invasive FI, totaling 33 episodes and an incidence of 1.2 per 1,000 patient days. Candida albicans was the most frequent species (52.9 %), the bloodstream was the most affected site (78.9 %), and 72.7 % of infections occurred between 2015 and 2018. The lethality rate associated with FI was 33.3 %, and 90 % of deaths occurred within 30 days of diagnosis of infection. Weight < 750 g, prolonged hospital stay, use of parenteral nutrition, and broad-spectrum antimicrobials were independent risk factors for infection occurrence, especially glycopeptides and 4th generation cephalosporins, having a considerable role in the increase in fungal infections. Weight < 750 g was considered a significant predictor of lethality, and C. albicans had the highest lethality rate (40 %). Conclusion: These findings highlight the elevated lethality rate associated with these infections, reinforcing the importance of developing strategies to control FI within NICU.
RESUMO
Background: The curry leaf is an Indonesian plant commonly utilized as a spice. Curry leaves are abundant in secondary metabolites, which endow this plant with numerous advantages, including antibacterial and antifungal properties, as well as the ability to reduce blood sugar levels and blood pressure. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of an ethanol extract derived from curry leaves in suppressing the proliferation of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans fungus. Methods: The symbiotic properties and phytochemical composition of curry leaf simplisia were examined. The antifungal efficacy of the ethanol extract derived from curry leaves was evaluated against Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. Calculate the precise values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: The simplisia of curry leaf fulfills the criteria for simplisia characterization. Curry leaves possess a variety of secondary metabolite chemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. The activity against the inhibition of fungal growth of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans can suppress fungal growth with inhibition zone diameters measuring 6.93±0.15 mm and 7.27±0.47 mm, respectively. The minimum lethal concentration of leaf ethanol extract for Pityrosporum ovale fungi is 8.75%, resulting in a decrease of 98.25%. For Candida albicans fungi, the minimum lethal concentration is 12.5%, resulting in a reduction of 98.37%. Conclusions: The ethanol extract derived from curry leaves has the ability to hinder the proliferation of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans fungus.
RESUMO
Background: Vaginal miroflora plays an important role in maintaining healthy microenvironment. Lactobacilli are the dominant flora responsible for this. Any disturbance in balance of normal and abnormal flora leads to different types of vaginal infections like, vulvo-vaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Most common organisms causing vaginitis is Gardnerella vaginalis which causes bacterial vaginosis. Other organisms responsible for infections are, candida, trichomonas, and viruses. Abnormal growth of pathogenic bacteria during pregnancy can lead to various adverse pregnancy outcomes.Methods: This is an observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 6 months (January 2023 to June 2023). Overall, out of 135 women, sample of 120 women were taken and treated accordingly.Results: Among 120 women, 52 (43.3%) women had no growth on culture, while 20 patients (16.6%) showed growth of Klebsiella and 20 (16.6%) patient shows Candida and rest shows growth of other pathogen.Conclusions: In our study, half of the women were found to be with positive culture report, who shown improvement after treatment.
RESUMO
Antifungal resistance remains a critical health challenge within dermatology and pharmaceutical research. This study aimed to enhance antifungal creams by investigating the effectiveness of fluconazole (FLZ) and fluconazole combined with silver metal colloid (FLZ-AgMC). Employing a 3² factorial design, systematic exploration was conducted to assess the influence of metal colloid concentration and stearic acid content on crucial cream attributes: viscosity, spreadability, and zone of inhibition ratio. Viscosity ranged from 56132 to 58700 cP, spreadability from 28.7 to 27.8 gm.cm/sec, and the zone of inhibition increased with metal colloid concentration. Optimized cream formulations were identified using Stat-Ease Design Expert version 7. Various FLZ and AgMC concentrations were evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with FLZ-AgMC exhibiting significantly enhanced efficacy, as indicated by a larger inhibition zone compared to FLZ alone. The inhibitory zone ratio demonstrated a 35 to 40% improvement, indicating enhanced fungal growth inhibition. Skin permeation and ex-vivo studies confirmed that the optimized Fluconazole formulation followed the Higuchi Model (R2 = 0.9847). Silver metal colloid-containing formulations demonstrated superior antifungal efficacy against C. albicans. The impact of silver metal colloid and stearic acid on viscosity and spreadability was established, revealing key factors influencing the cream’s physical properties. This optimization approach highlights the potential for innovative antifungal formulations, contributing to improved patient care, user acceptability, and clinical application.
RESUMO
Objective To study the mechanism of Sanhuang Decotion in the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC)under Candida albicans colonization in mice based on Dectin-1-Syk-CARD9 signaling pathway.Methods Mice model of UC with fungal colonization were established with dextran sodium sulfate free drinking and C.albicans intragastric administration.Mice were divided into normal control group,model group,sulfasalazine group,fluconazole group,and Sanhuang Decotion low-and high-dosage groups,and receive corresponding drug interventions.General state of mice were observed,and the disease activity index(DAI)score of mice were calculated.The load of C.albicans in intestine was detected,the length of the colon was measured,and pathological scoring of the colon tissue was performed.The ultrastructural changes of colon epithelium were observed under transmission electron microscopy.The contents of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-12 in serum and colon tissues were detected by ELISA.The mRNA and protein expression of Dectin-1,Syk,CARD9,NF-κBp65 and inflammation factors in intestinal epithelial cells and colon tissues were detected by qPCR,Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the normal control group,the model group mice showed reduced activity,decreased food intake,accompanied by loose stools,significantly increased DAI score,increased load of C.albicans in the intestine,shortened colon length,and increased histopathological score,with widening of gap between colon epithelial cells,cytoplasmic dissolution,mitochondrial swelling;TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-12 in serum and colon tissue increased,the expressions of Dectin-1 and CARD9 mRNA and protein in colon epithelial cells increased,p-Syk,p-NF-κBp65,CARD9,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 protein expression in colon tissue increased(P<0.01,P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the Sanhuang Decotion high-dosage group mice showed a significant decrease in DAI score,decreased intestinal C.albicans load,increased colon length,decreased histopathological score,more complete and orderly arrangement of microvilli in colon epithelial cells,mild mitochondrial swelling,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-12 in serum and colon tissue decreased,and the mRNA and protein expression of Dectin-1 and CARD9 in colon tissue increased,the expression of p-Syk,p-NF-κBp65,CARD9,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 protein in colon tissue decreased(P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Sanhuang Decotion may exert an anti C.albicans colonization UC effect by inhibiting the Dectin-1-Syk-CARD9 signaling pathway and reducing the release of inflammatory factors.
RESUMO
Objective To study the antifungal effect of demethylzelamaldehyde in vitro. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of demethylzeylasteral and fluconazole against 23 fungal strains were determined by micro liquid dilution method. The synergistic index (FICI) of the two drugs was determined using a checkerboard micro liquid dilution method. The synergistic effect of the combination of the two drugs was visually verified by paper diffusion experiments. Finally, the cytotoxicity of demethylzelamaldehyde was determined by CCK-8 method. Results Demethylzelamaldehyde showed a broad spectrum of antifungal activity when used alone, with MICs ranging from 4 g/L to 32 g/L. When combined with fluconazole, the effective concentration of fluconazole could be reduced from over 64 g/L to 0.25 g/L, with FICI values ranging from 0.129 to 0.254, indicating the synergistic effect of the two drugs. The CCK-8 results showed that demethylzeylasteral exhibited cytotoxicity only at concentrations four times higher than the MIC value. Conclusion Demethylzelamaldehyde exhibited good antifungal effect and synergistic effect with fluconazole, and its toxicity was low.
RESUMO
Objective To investigate the pathogenic distribution characteristics and drug resistance of opportunistic Candida in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Methods 3 012 hospitalized cases of pulmonary tuberculosis at Qinghai Province Fourth People’s Hospital from March 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 were analyzed, sputum samples were collected, Candida identification was carried by VITEK-32-YBC automatic bacterial analysis system, and the detected Candida was tested for drug sensitivity. Results Among the 3 012 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in this investigation, 283 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis patients with Candida infection, accounting for 9.40%. Among them, Candida albicans was the main type of Candida, accounting for 79.86% of the total. Conclusion The prevalence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with Candida infection was high in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Therefore, the selection of antimicrobial drugs should be based on a comprehensive analysis of the patient's condition, in order to select the best and most effective drugs for treatment.
RESUMO
Background: The use of contraceptive devices predisposes women to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) globally. Despite the high incidence of VVC and antifungal resistance to azoles, the genetic diversity and resistance pattern among contraceptive users in Nigeria is poorly investigated. This study therefore sought to characterize and determine the phylogenetic breadth of Candida species as well as their resistance to antifungal agents. Methodology: This study recruited 1,600 women using contraceptive devices who visited selected gynaecology and obstetrics clinics in northcentral Nigeria. Candida species were isolated and characterized using conventional methods and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used to characterize the diversity of Candida species and primer-specific PCR was used to detect the presence of resistant genes. Agar well diffusion technique was used for the determination of antifungal susceptibility profiles. Data analysis was done by Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test on R Console software version 3.2.2, followed by post-hoc Wilcoxon rank sum test with Bonferroni correction for multiple pairwise comparisons of means where there was a significant difference between the antifungal agents. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 710 (44.3%) out of the 1,600 women using contraceptive devices had VVC with five species of Candida identified in them. Although Candida albicans was the predominant (43.2%, n=307) species, other non-albicans Candida species include Candida (Nakaseomyces) glabrata (19.0%, n=135), Candida tropicalis (15.8%, n=112), Candida parapsilosis (8.9%, n=63), and Candida akabanensis (13.1%, n=93) which were phenotypically identified as Candida (Nakaseomyces) glabrata. All the Candida species showed varying degrees of susceptibilities to voriconazole, fluconazole and nystatin. However, resistance of C. albicans to fluconazole was 29.0%, C. tropicalis to nystatin (46.0%) and to voriconazole (14.0%), while C. akabanensis was 100.0% resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole. Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test showed nystatin as the most effective antifungal agent against the Candida species (χ2=786.03, df=2, p<0.001). Also, resistant gene Erg11 was identified in all the Candida species that were phenotypically resistant to the antifungal agents tested. Conclusion: Women using contraceptive devices in northcentral Nigeria harbor phylogenetically diverse Candida species including C. akabanensis, an uncommon cause of VVC. Of these Candida species, C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. akabanensis were notable for multidrug drug resistance as well as harboring Erg11 resistance gene.
Assuntos
MulheresRESUMO
Abstract In the current context of emerging drug-resistant fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, discovery of new antifungal agents is an urgent matter. This research aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide against fluconazole-resistant clinical strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The antifungal activity of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide was evaluated in vitro by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), inhibition of biofilm formation and its rupture, sorbitol and ergosterol assays, and association between this molecule and common antifungal drugs, amphotericin B and fluconazole. The test product inhibited all strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, with a MIC ranging from 128 to 256 µg.mL-1, and a MFC of 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. It also inhibited up to 92% of biofilm formation and rupture of up to 87% of preformed biofilm. 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide did not promote antifungal activity through binding to cellular membrane ergosterol nor it damages the fungal cell wall. Antagonism was observed when combining this substance with amphotericin B and fluconazole. The substance exhibited significant antifungal activity by inhibiting both planktonic cells and biofilm of fluconazole-resistant strains. Its combination with other antifungals should be avoided and its mechanism of action remains to be established.
Resumo No atual contexto de patógenos fúngicos resistentes emergentes tais como Candida albicans e Candida parapsilosis, a descoberta de novos agentes antifúngicos é uma questão urgente. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antifúngico da 2-cloro-N-fenilacetamida contra cepas clínicas de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis resistentes a fluconazol. A atividade antifúngica da substância foi avaliada in vitro através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), concentração fungicida mínima (CFM), ruptura e inibição da formação de biofilme, ensaios de sorbitol e ergosterol, e associação entre esta molécula e antifúngicos comuns, anfotericina B e fluconazol. O produto teste inibiu todas as cepas de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis, com uma CIM variando de 128 a 256 µg.mL-1, e uma CFM de 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. Também inibiu até 92% da formação de biofilme e causou a ruptura de até 87% de biofilme pré-formado. A 2-cloro-N-fenilacetamida não promoveu atividade antifúngica pela ligação ao ergosterol da membrana celular fúngica, tampouco danificou a parede celular. Antagonismo foi observado ao combinar esta substância com anfotericina B e fluconazol. A substância exibiu atividade antifúngica significativa ao inibir tanto as células planctônicas quanto o biofilme das cepas resistentes ao fluconazol. Sua combinação com outros antifúngicos deve ser evitada e seu mecanismo de ação deve ser estabelecido.
RESUMO
Introducción: La Dichrostachys cinerea L. (marabú) es una planta que crece en Cuba, de la que se estudian propiedades medicinales. La resistencia de levaduras del género Candida a los antifúngicos sintéticos disponibles en la actualidad es cada vez mayor, por lo que se buscan nuevos compuestos de origen vegetal que puedan ser eficaces en el tratamiento de infecciones causadas por este germen. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro de Dichrostachys cinerea L. contra una cepa de Candida albicans. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico transversal in vitro para evaluar la actividad antifúngica de extractos fluidos de hojas y de tallos de D. cinerea L mediante el método de macrodilución en caldo y como sustancia de referencia el alcohol. Resultados: A través del proceso se mostró la actividad antifúngica del extracto fluido de tallos de D. cinerea L. al 50 % hasta la dilución 1/32, determinada como la concentración mínima inhibitoria; el extracto fluido de hojas al 30 % no logró inhibir el crecimiento de la cepa de Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Conclusiones: La actividad antifúngica del extracto fluido al 50 % de las hojas de Dichrostachys cinerea L. fue efectiva, no así el preparado farmacéutico al 30 %. Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria del extracto fluido de hojas al 50 % y se demostró que ésta superó a la del alcohol al 50 % en tres diluciones contra la Candida albicans.
Introduction: Dichrostachys cinerea L. (marabou) is a plant that grows in Cuba, medicinal properties of this plant are being studied. The resistance of yeasts of the Candida genus to current available synthetic antifungals is increasingly greater. This is why, new compounds of plant origin are being searched for the effective treatment of infections caused by this germ. Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of Dichrostachys cinerea L against a strain of Candida albicans. Methods: An in vitro a cross-sectional analytic observational study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal activity of fluid extracts of D. cinerea L leaves and stems using the broth macro-dilution method and alcohol as the reference substance. Results: Through the process was shown the antifungal activity of the fluid extract of Dichrostachys cinerea L. stems at 50% up to the 1/32 dilution; it was determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration. The leaves fluid extract at 30% failed to inhibit the growth of the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strain. Conclusions: The antifungal activity of the fluid extract at 50% of the leaves was effective, but not the pharmaceutical preparation at 30%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the fluid extract of leaves at 50% was determined and it was shown that it exceeded that of alcohol at 50% in three dilutions against Candida albicans.
RESUMO
Resumen La colangitis aguda es una infección de la vía biliar, asociada a la obstrucción de esta. El cultivo de la bilis es positivo en la mayoría de los casos y el agente etio lógico más frecuente es Escherichia coli. La colangitis aguda por Candida sp es un hallazgo poco común, que es más frecuente en pacientes con inmunocompromiso, uso de corticoides, tratamiento antibiótico prolongado o procedimientos quirúrgicos de la vía biliar. Presenta mos el caso de una mujer de 67 años, que no presen taba ninguno de los antecedentes mencionados, y que consultó por fiebre, dolor abdominal e ictericia. En la resonancia magnética nuclear de abdomen se constató imagen litiásica en el colédoco con dilatación de la vía biliar. Requirió drenaje endoscópico del tracto biliar. En el examen microscópico directo del líquido biliar se evidenciaron levaduras y bacilos Gram negativos, y en el cultivo se aisló Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de betalactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE) y Candida glabrata. La paciente completó el tratamiento antibiótico con piperacilina tazobactam y anidulafungina con buena evolución. La infección de la vía biliar por la asociación de bacilos Gram negativos y Candida sp es una entidad poco frecuente, más en pacientes sin enfermedades subyacentes.
Abstract Acute cholangitis is a bile duct infection associated with bile duct obstruction. Bile culture is positive in most cases, and the most frequent etiological agent is Escherichia coli. Candida sp acute cholangitis is a rare finding, which is more common in patients with im munosuppression, use of corticosteroids, prolonged antibiotic treatment or surgical procedures of the bile duct. We present the case of a 67-year-old woman with none of the above-mentioned history who consulted for fever, abdominal pain and jaundice. MRI of the ab domen revealed a lithiasic image in the common bile duct with dilation. It required endoscopic drainage of the biliary tract. Direct microscopic examination of the bile fluid revealed gram-negative bacilli and yeast, and in the culture of bile fluid Klebsiella pneumoniae produc ing extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and Can dida glabrata were isolated. The patient completed the antibiotic treatment with piperacillin tazobactam and anidulafungin with good evolution. Bile duct infection by association of Gram-negative bacilli and Candida sp is a rare entity, more in patients without underlying diseases.
RESUMO
Este estudo avaliou a eficácia in vitro e in vivo de mantas de nanofibras (NF) de policaprolactona (PCL) incorporadas com nistatina (NIS) no tratamento da estomatite protética (EP) em modelos animais. NF foram sintetizadas com diferentes concentrações de NIS, totalizando quatro soluções: PCL puro, PCL/NIS 0,045 g, PCL/NIS 0,090 g e PCL/NIS 0,225 g. A liberação da NIS foi analisada por espectroscopia Ultravioleta-Visível. A capacidade das mantas de inibirem o biofilme de Candida albicans, principal fator etiológico da EP, dividindo-se cinco grupos (N=5) compostos por um grupo com controle de células de C. albicans e com PCL puro, além das três concentrações de NIS. A seguir, foi analisada a viabilidade celular em queratinócitos humanos (HaCat) por meio do teste colorimétrico de resazurina. Cinco grupos foram divididos (N=10): controle celular, PCL puro e as três concentrações de NIS. Em modelos animais de ratos Wistar albinos (N=18), dispositivos palatinos (DP) de resina acrílica foram confeccionados simulando próteses totais e utilizados para a indução da EP. Para isso, DP contaminados com C. albicans foram cimentados na região molar da cavidade bucal dos animais e permaneceram em boca por 48 h. Após esse período, os DP foram removidos e os animais foram divididos em três grupos: (C) controle; (B1) com tratamento por mantas de PCL/NIS 0,045 g e (B2) PCL/NIS 0,225 g, com N=6. Então novos DP, livres de contaminação, foram cimentados na cavidade oral dos animais e permaneceu por mais 48 h. Após esse período, os animais foram eutanasiados, a contagem de UFC/ mL foi realizada e os palatos foram coletados para a análise histológica. A curva padrão de NIS obtida apresentou R2 de 0,99. As três concentrações de NF apresentaram liberação de NIS, com pico no tempo de 6 h e valores de 66,26 µg/ mL para PCL/NIS 0,045 g, de 333,87 µg/ mL para PCL/NIS 0,090 g e 436,51 µg/ mL para PCL/NIS 0,225 g, constantes até o fim do experimento. Os grupos com NIS reduziram em 2,5 log10 de crescimento do biofilme fúngico em relação aos grupos sem tratamento, Controle e PCL, sem diferença estatística significativa. Não foi observada citotoxicidade nas células HaCat, com viabilidade celular de 93,7% para PCL/NIS 0,045 g, 72,6% para PCL/NIS 0,090 g e 72,4% para PCL/NIS 0,225 g. A indução da EP nos três grupos foi possível e, porém, sem redução significativa na contagem de UFC/ mL de C. albicans nos grupos B1 e B2. Na análise histológica do grupo C pôde-se observar infiltração de hifas de Candida na camada queratinizada, presença de células inflamatórias formando micro abscessos e um discreto infiltrado inflamatório no tecido conjuntivo subjacente ao epitélio infectado. Nos grupos B1 e B2 não foram encontradas alterações epiteliais, concluindo-se que as NF demonstraram atividade antifúngica in vitro e foram efetivas na prevenção da penetração de hifas no tecido palatino de animais com DP (AU)
This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of nanofiber (NF) mats of polycaprolactone (PCL) incorporated with nystatin (NIS) in the treatment of denture stomatitis (DS) in animal models. NFs were synthesized with different concentrations of NIS, totaling four solutions: pure PCL, PCL/NIS 0.045 g, PCL/NIS 0.090 g, and PCL/NIS 0.225 g. The release of NIS was analyzed by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy. The ability of the mats to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm, the main etiological factor of DS, was assessed by dividing five groups (N=5) composed of a group with C. albicans cell control and with pure PCL, in addition to the three concentrations of NIS. Next, cell viability in human keratinocytes (HaCat) was analyzed using the resazurin colorimetric test. Five groups were divided (N=10): cell control, pure PCL, and the three concentrations of NIS. In albino Wistar rat animal models (N=18), palatal devices (PD) made of acrylic resin were fabricated to simulate total prostheses and used to induce DS. For this, PD contaminated with C. albicans were cemented in the molar region of the animals' oral cavity and remained in the mouth for 48 hours. After this period, the PDs were removed, and the animals were divided into three groups: (C) control; (B1) treated with PCL/NIS 0.045 g mats, and (B2) PCL/NIS 0.225 g, with N=6. Then new, uncontaminated PDs were cemented in the animals' oral cavity and remained for another 48 hours. After this period, the animals were euthanized, UFC/ mL counts were performed, and the palates were collected for histological analysis. The standard NIS curve obtained showed an R2 of 0.99. The three concentrations of NF showed NIS release, with a peak at 6 h and values of 66.26 µg/ mL for PCL/NIS 0.045 g, 333.87 µg/ mL for PCL/NIS 0.090 g, and 436.51 µg/ mL for PCL/NIS 0.225 g, remaining constant until the end of the experiment. The groups with NIS reduced fungal biofilm growth by 2.5 log10 compared to the untreated groups, Control and PCL, with no significant statistical difference. No cytotoxicity was observed in HaCat cells, with cell viability of 93.7% for PCL/NIS 0.045 g, 72.6% for PCL/NIS 0.090 g, and 72.4% for PCL/NIS 0.225 g. Induction of DS in the three groups was possible; however, there was no significant reduction in UFC/ mL counts of C. albicans in groups B1 and B2. Histological analysis of group C revealed infiltration of Candida hyphae in the keratinized layer, presence of inflammatory cells forming micro abscesses, and a discreet inflammatory infiltrate in the connective tissue underlying the infected epithelium. No epithelial alterations were found in groups B1 and B2, concluding that NFs demonstrated in vitro antifungal activity and were effective in preventing hyphal penetration into palatal tissue in animals with PD.(AU)
Assuntos
Estomatite sob Prótese , Candida albicans , NistatinaRESUMO
Aim: This study aimed to perform an in vitro comparative analysis of the antifungal activity of different calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers against three fungal species. Methods: The antifungal properties of three calcium silicate-based sealers were tested: Bio-C Sealer, Cambiar a Sealer Plus BC, and MTA-Fillapex. Two commonly used sealers were used as controls: AH Plus and Endomethasone. An agar diffusion test was performed to analyze the antifungal activity of the sealers against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and a mixed microbial culture medium. The results were analyzed using ANOVA (p <0.05). Results: Endomethasone exhibited the highest inhibition against all strains examined, maintaining a consistent level of inhibition throughout 7 days. MTA-Fillapex demonstrated the best performance among the calcium silicate-based sealers for the three fungal species (p < 0.05), maintaining stable values over the 7 days, surpassing that of Endomethasone. Nevertheless, MTA-Fillapex only exhibited antimicrobial effect against the mixed culture for the first 24 hours, and no antimicrobial activity was observed at 48 hours, being surpassed by all tested sealers (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Of all silicate-based sealers tested, only MTA-Fillapex exhibited promising antifungal activity. Nevertheless, care must be taken when extrapolating these results, as MTA-Fillapex exhibited poor antimicrobial activity when tested in mixed microbial cultures
Assuntos
Materiais Restauradores do Canal Radicular , Cimento de Silicato , Bactérias , Candida albicans , Candida glabrata , Candida tropicalis , Endodontia , Antifúngicos/análiseRESUMO
As espécies de Candida spp. apresentam-se como o principal patógeno fúngico humano, podendo causar infecções superficiais e invasivas. A emergência de novas espécies em infecções, apresentando alta resistência aos antifúngicos utilizados desafia pesquisadores a propor novas terapias no controle desta infecção, entre as quais podemos citar a fitoterapia realizando o uso de extratos de plantas para propor novos protocolos. Por isto, este trabalho objetiva avaliar a ação antifúngica dos extratos isolados de Quilaia (Quillaja saponaria) e Alcachofra (Cynara scolymus) sobre C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis e C. dubliniensis em formas planctônica e biofilmes monotípicos. Inicialmente foram feitas análises da ação antifúngica dos extratos de Quilaia e Alcachofra por meio do teste de microdiluição em caldo (CLSI Protocolo M27-S4), para determinar as Concentrações Inibitórias Mínimas (CIM) e as Concentrações Fungicidas Mínimas (CFM) de espécies. Os biofilmes foram formados por 48 h em poços de microplacas, os quais receberam tratamentos de concentrações dos extratos (100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL e 6,25 mg/mL), assim como foram testados os grupos controles positivo e negativo, para determinação da viabilidade celular por meio do teste MTT. Os dados foram analisados estatísticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey, com significância de 5%. Os resultados da CIM e CFM para as espécies C. albicans, C. krusei e C. glabrata foram de 12,5mg/mL para ambos os extratos, os valores para C tropicalis foi 12,5 mg/mL para o extrato de Quilaia e 25 mg/mL para Alcachofra, ambos os extratos apresentaram o mesmo valor de 6,25 mg/mL para a espécie C. dubliniensis. A ação antibiofilme do extrato de Quilaia apresentou redução fúngica do biofilme principalmente nas duas maiores concentrações (100 mg/mL e 50 mg/mL) do extrato para ambos os tempos (5 min e 24 h) quando comparados com o grupo controle negativo que não recebeu tratamento, apresentando diferenças estatísticas significativas (p<0.001). A ação antibiofilme do extrato de Alcachofra apresentou reduções dos biofilmes significativas nas cinco concentrações (100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL e 6,25 mg/mL) em ambos os tempos, na maioria das espécies, apresentando diferenças significativas (p<0.001). Diante disso, concluímos que os extratos glicólicos de Q. saponaria e C. scolymus apresentam ação antifúngica em todas as espécies de Candida spp. analisadas, sendo um potencial antifúngico para C. albicans e as espécies C. não-albicans, mas na espécie de C. krusei as reduções de biofilme só ocorrem nas maiores concentrações. Os resultados da ação antibiofilme manteve um padrão de ação, quanto maior a concentração do extrato, maior a redução, isto para ambos os extratos e para a maioria das espécies analisadas (AU)
Candida spp. They are the main human fungal pathogen and can cause superficial and invasive infections. The emergence of new species in infections, presenting high resistance to the antifungals used, challenges researchers to propose new therapies to control this infection, among which we can mention phytotherapy using plant extracts to propose new protocols. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the antifungal action of extracts isolated from Quilaia (Quillaja saponaria) and Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) on C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis in planktonic forms and biofilms monotypic. Initially, analyzes of the antifungal action of Quilaia and Artichoke extracts were carried out using the broth microdilution test (CLSI Protocol M27-S4), to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Fungicide Concentrations (MFCs) of species. Biofilms were formed for 48 h in microplate wells, which received extract concentration treatments (100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL), as well as the positive and negative control groups were tested to determine cell viability using the MTT test. The data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey tests, with a significance of 5%. The MIC and CFM results for the species C. albicans, C. krusei and C. glabrata were 12.5 mg/mL for both extracts, the values for C tropicalis were 12.5 mg/mL for the Quilaia extract and 25 mg/mL for Artichoke, both extracts presented the same value of 6.25 mg/mL for the species C. dubliniensis. The antibiofilm action of the Quilaia extract showed a fungal reduction of the biofilm mainly at the two highest concentrations (100 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL) of the extract for both times (5 min and 24 h) when compared with the negative control group that did not receive treatment, showing significant statistical differences (p<0.001). The antibiofilm action of Artichoke extract showed significant reductions in biofilms at the five concentrations (100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL) at both times, in most species, showing significant differences (p<0.001). Therefore, we conclude that glycolic extracts of Q. saponaria and C. scolymus have antifungal action on all species of Candida spp. analyzed, with antifungal potential for C. albicans and non-albicans C. species, but in the C. krusei species, biofilm reductions only occur at higher concentrations. The results of the antibiofilm action maintained a pattern of action, the higher the concentration of the extract, the greater the reduction, this for both extracts and for the majority of species analyzed(AU)
Assuntos
Candida , Cynara scolymus , Quillaja , Placa Dentária , FitoterapiaRESUMO
O incremento no número de casos refratários aos tratamentos convencionais e a limitação de opções terapêuticas são alguns dos desafios encontrados no tratamento da candidose bucal, apontando para a necessidade de terapias alternativas. A utilização da tecnologia de plasma de forma indireta, pela exposição prévia de líquidos ex situ, tem mostrado resultados promissores, trazendo inúmeras vantagens para a aplicação clínica. Até o momento, pouco se conhece sobre a atividade antifúngica do líquido ativado com plasma (LAP) e não foram detectados relatos sobre sua aplicabilidade no tratamento da candidose bucal. Com base neste cenário, o objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar a atividade do líquido ativado com plasma sobre Candida albicans, principal agente etiológico da candidose bucal. Para tanto, foram determinadas as condições de obtenção do LAP com maior efeito antifúngico frente a C. albicans. O LAP foi gerado em um reator de plasma tipo arco deslizante (gliding arc). Os gases empregados incluíram argônio, ar comprimido seco e suas misturas em diversas concentrações, ajustando-se o fluxo de gás e a potência conforme necessário. Avaliou-se a eficácia antifúngica de diferentes líquidos ativados contra C. albicans, tanto em estado planctônico quanto em biofilmes, visando identificar o mais efetivo. As espécies reativas dos LAP foram caracterizadas utilizando técnicas espectrofotométricas, juntamente com a avaliação dos parâmetros físico-químicos. Os resultados dos ensaios foram submetidos a análise estatística, estabelecendo-se um nível de significância de 5% para a interpretação dos dados. Observou-se que a solução salina 0,9% ativada com plasma de argônio (S1), água destilada ativada com plasma de argônio (D1) e água destilada ativado com a mistura dos gases argônio e ar comprimido (S2) apresentaram a maior atividade antifúngica sobre células planctônicas de C. albicans quando expostas por 30 minutos ao LAP. O grupo D1 apresentou maior ação frente aos biofilmes de 24 e 48 horas e o S1 frente a biofilmes de 48 horas apenas quando exposto por 30 minutos ao LAP. Ambos os LAPs apresentaram ação antifúngica após terem sido congelados e armazenados por 1 dia após a ativação. Os grupos D1 e S1 não apresentaram perfil citotóxico nos ensaios realizados. Pode-se concluir que os LAPs apresentaram ação inibitória sobre células planctônicas e sobre biofilmes de C. albicans, sem citotoxicidade para células de mamíferos, sugerindo seu potencial como adjuvante às terapias para o controle da candidose.(AU)
The increase in the number of cases refractory to conventional treatments and the limitation of therapeutic options is due to some two challenges encountered in the treatment of oral candidiasis, pointing to the need for alternative therapies. The use of plasma technology indirectly, for the exposition of liquids ex situ, has shown promising results, providing numerous advantages for clinical application. Currently, little is known about the antifungal activity of plasma-activated liquid (LAP) and there are no reports on its applicability in oral candidiasis treatment. Based on this scenario, the objective of this project is to validate the application of plasma-activated liquid as an adjuvant in the treatment of oral candidiasis. Therefore, certain conditions for obtaining LAP have greater antifungal effect against Candida albicans. The LAP was generated in a gliding arc type plasma reactor. The gases used include argon, dry compressed and their mixtures in various concentrations, adjusting the gas flow and power as necessary. The antifungal efficacy of different liquids activated against C. albicans is evaluated, both in the planktonic state and in biofilms, aiming to identify the most effective. The relative species of LAP were characterized using spectrophotometric techniques, together with the evaluation of two physical-chemical parameters. The results of two tests were submitted to statistical analysis, establishing a significance level of 5% for the interpretation of the data. It was observed that the groups that presented the greatest antifungal activity in planktonic cells of C. albicans were the groups of 0.9% saline solution activated with argonium plasma (S1), or of distilled water activated with argonium plasma (D1). e or distilled water activated with a mixture of two argon gases and compressed air (S2). The D1 group presented against biofilms of 24 and 48 hours and the S1 against biofilms of only 48 hours. Both LAPs are presented with antifungal coating and have been frozen and stored for 1 day after activation. The groups D1 and S1 do not present a cytotoxic profile in the tests carried out. It can be concluded that the LAPs have antifungal activity on planktonic cells and on biofilms and do not present a toxicity profile for human cells, being potent adjuvants in therapies for or controlling infections caused by C. albicans (AU)
Assuntos
Candida albicans , Gases em PlasmaRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar a expressão fenotípica de fatores de virulência em biofilmes de Candida albicans frente a extratos glicólicos de plantas. Material e Métodos: Os biofilmes de Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) obtidos a partir de incubação de 48 horas foram expostos por 5 minutos e 24 horas a diferentes concentrações de extratos glicólicos de Hamamelis virginiana e Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L e Stryphnodendron barbatiman M, a fim de verificar a ação antifúngica da proteinase, fosfolipase e hemolisina. Resultados: Todos os extratos foram eficazes na redução do biofilme. Em contato por 5 minutos. os extratos reduziram 50% do biofilme. Após 24 horas. o extrato de Persea americana apresentou o biofilme em 90%, seguido de Cynara scolymus, que o interrompeu em 85%. Houve mudança na intensidade da proteinase após 5 minutos e 24 horas, com uma atividade enzimática média de 0,69 em comparação com o controle de 0,49. Cynara scolymus foi o extrato com maior concentração média de 100 mg/ml; a intensidade da fosfolipase foi alterada com Stryphnodendron barbatiman sendo mais efetivo em 24 horas em relação ao controle (p< 0,0001). A secreção de hemolisina foi modificada por Hamamelis virginiana (12,5 mg/ml) após 5 minutos de exposição e em 24 horas. todos os extratos foram capazes de causar alterações na secreção. Conclusão: Os extratos testados apresentam potencial antifúngico em biofilmes de Candida albicans, implicando em redução significativa dos fatores de virulência. Assim, estes podem ser indicados como uma ferramenta terapêutica alternativa para reduzir a morbidade dessas infecções, já que em ambos os tempos de exposição investigados, eles foram capazes de reduzir a secreção enzimática do fungo (AU)
Objective: Analyze the phenotypic expression of virulence factors in Candida albicans biofilms against plant glycolicextracts. Material and Methods: The biofilms of Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) obtained from incubation for 48 hours were exposed for 5 minutes and 24 hours to different concentrations of glycolic extracts of Hamamelis virginiana and Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L and Stryphnodendron barbatiman M, in order to verify the antifungal activity of the proteinase, phospholipase and hemolysin. Results: All extracts were effective in reducing biofilm. In contact for 5 minutes. the extracts reduced 50% of the biofilm. After 24 hours, the Persea americanaextract showed the biofilm at 90%, followed by Cynara scolymus, which interrupted it at 85%, There was a change in proteinase intensity after 5 minutes and 24 hours. with an average enzymatic activity of 0.69 compared to the control of 0.49. Cynara scolymus was the extract with the highest mean concentration of 100 mg/ml; the phospholipase intensity was changed with Stryphnodendron barbatiman being more effective in 24 hours compared to the control (p< 0.0001). The hemolysin secretion was modified by Hamamelis virginiana (12.5 mg/ml) after 5 minutes of exposure, and in 24 hours. all extracts were capable to cause changes in secretion. Conclusion: The tested extracts have antifungal potential in Candida albicans biofilms, implying a significant reduction in virulence factors. Thus, these can be indicated as an alternative therapeutic tool to reduce the morbidity of these infections, as in both investigated exposure times. they were able to reduce theenzymatic secretion of the fungus (AU)
Assuntos
Candida albicans , Extratos Vegetais , Fatores de Virulência , Infecções , AntifúngicosRESUMO
In the current context of emerging drug-resistant fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, discovery of new antifungal agents is an urgent matter. This research aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide against fluconazole-resistant clinical strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The antifungal activity of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide was evaluated in vitro by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), inhibition of biofilm formation and its rupture, sorbitol and ergosterol assays, and association between this molecule and common antifungal drugs, amphotericin B and fluconazole. The test product inhibited all strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, with a MIC ranging from 128 to 256 µg.mL-1, and a MFC of 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. It also inhibited up to 92% of biofilm formation and rupture of up to 87% of preformed biofilm. 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide did not promote antifungal activity through binding to cellular membrane ergosterol nor it damages the fungal cell wall. Antagonism was observed when combining this substance with amphotericin B and fluconazole. The substance exhibited significant antifungal activity by inhibiting both planktonic cells and biofilm of fluconazole-resistant strains. Its combination with other antifungals should be avoided and its mechanism of action remains to be established.
No atual contexto de patógenos fúngicos resistentes emergentes tais como Candida albicans e Candida parapsilosis, a descoberta de novos agentes antifúngicos é uma questão urgente. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antifúngico da 2-cloro-N-fenilacetamida contra cepas clínicas de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis resistentes a fluconazol. A atividade antifúngica da substância foi avaliada in vitro através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), concentração fungicida mínima (CFM), ruptura e inibição da formação de biofilme, ensaios de sorbitol e ergosterol, e associação entre esta molécula e antifúngicos comuns, anfotericina B e fluconazol. O produto teste inibiu todas as cepas de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis, com uma CIM variando de 128 a 256 µg.mL-1, e uma CFM de 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. Também inibiu até 92% da formação de biofilme e causou a ruptura de até 87% de biofilme pré-formado. A 2-cloro-N-fenilacetamida não promoveu atividade antifúngica pela ligação ao ergosterol da membrana celular fúngica, tampouco danificou a parede celular. Antagonismo foi observado ao combinar esta substância com anfotericina B e fluconazol. A substância exibiu atividade antifúngica significativa ao inibir tanto as células planctônicas quanto o biofilme das cepas resistentes ao fluconazol. Sua combinação com outros antifúngicos deve ser evitada e seu mecanismo de ação deve ser estabelecido.
Assuntos
Técnicas In Vitro , Candida albicans , Fluconazol , Candida parapsilosis , AntifúngicosRESUMO
Abstract Adhesion to dentin is a first step for a successful microbial root canal colonization. Cell hydrophobicity seems to have some influence in the Candida species adhesion to surfaces. Objective to measure cell surface hydrophobicity and to investigate the adherence ability to human dentin among Candida albicans strains isolated from root canal and lingual dorsum via an in vitro study. Methodology adhesion was quantified in function of dentin area covered by blastospores and/or hyphae presence detected by epifluorescence microscope. Cell surface hydrophobicity was estimated by assessing the percentage migration of cells from an aqueous phase to a hydrocarbon phase. Contact angles were measured by the sessile drop technique on the dentin surface using a contact angle measurements apparatus. We also examined the correlation between adhesion ability and hydrophobicity. Results although there was some intra-species variation in cell surface hydrophobicity, most isolates were characterized by moderate hydrophobicity. There was no significant difference in this parameter when the isolation niche was considered. Both root canal and lingual dorsum yeasts were able to adhere to dentin. No association was found between the strains' site of isolation and adhesion. Moreover, cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion ability were not correlated. Conclusion although hydrophobicity can influence Candida albicans virulence in many ways, this study suggests that this parameter by itself was not a good predictor of adhesion to dentin.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to verify oral candidiasis, identify the causative species, and investigate the antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolated from liver transplant patients. Methods A descriptive analysis of 97 patients who underwent liver transplantation was conducted at a hospital. Two clinical examinations (Collections A and B) of the oral cavity were performed. Oral material was collected from all patients, inoculated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and incubated at 35℃ for 48 hours. Samples were identified by molecular sequencing of the internal trascribed space region of rDNA. Results An antifungal susceptibility test with fluconazole, amphotericin B, and micafungin was performed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute yeast broth microdilution method. Among the patients, 15 presented with oral candidiasis: eight in Collection A and seven in Collection B. The primary type of candidiasis was atrophic, followed by pseudomembranous candidiasis. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans (nine), followed by Candida glabrata (three), Candida tropicalis (two), and Candida dubliniensis (one). Regarding susceptibility to fluconazole, of the 15 samples, 11 were susceptible, three were susceptible in a dose-dependent manner, and one was resistant. Conclusion The most commonly identified type of candidiasis was atrophic, with C. albicans and C. glabrata being the most prevalent causative species. One fluconazole-resistant isolate each of C. tropicalis and C. albicans were identified.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (SH) protocol in reducing Candida spp. levels in complete dentures (CD) and palate and denture stomatitis (DS) remission. Material and Methods: Twelve CD wearers diagnosed with Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) had their initial situation (Candida spp. levels and DS score) recorded (baseline). Then, participants were instructed to soak dentures once a day (10 minutes) in 0.5% SH. Candida spp. levels and DS scores were reassessed after 15, 30, and 60 days of SH denture cleanness. Biofilms from the denture base and palate were seeded in CHROMagar Candida. After incubation, colony-forming units were calculated. The palate was photographed at each time point, and DS was assessed according to Newton's classification. Data of Candida spp. levels were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak test, and DS scores data were accessed by Friedman's 2-way ANOVA by ranks (α=0.05). Results: 0.5% SH significantly reduced Candida spp. levels after treatment compared to baseline (p<0.001) for both sites. Although at baseline, Candida spp. counts were higher on the denture base (p<0.001), no significant differences were observed between the collected areas within the other time points (p<0.05). Also, 0.5% SH effectively reduced clinical signs of DS after treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: The protocol tested effectively decreased Candida spp. levels on the denture base and palatal mucosa and effectively reduced the signs of DS.