Physicochemical, nutritional and microbial quality of pastes and data on their consumption in Mexican university students

ABSTRACT A paste is a food of English origin adopted in Hidalgo, Mexico, over a hundred years ago. It is consumed as a convenience food and is very popular among students. The aim of this research was to determine the physicochemical, nutritional, and microbial quality of pastes as well as to obtain data on their consumption in a population of Mexican university students. The proximal composition, calories, sodium content, pH, water activity, and microbiological quality of 15 types of pastes were analyzed. Five hundred students from the largest public university in the State of Hidalgo in Mexico were surveyed to determine paste consumption. Pastes varied in their content of fat (12-25.7 g/100 g), protein (2.29-12.6 g/100 g) and carbohydrates (23.5-52.7 g/100 g). The caloric content varied from 356 to 545 kcal/paste. The salty samples contained more sodium (216-693 mg Na/100 g) compared to the sweet ones (54.9-74.1 mg Na/100 g). Samples presented large variability in microbial quality and only one sample had coliform growth. Almost all respondents (96.2%) reported consuming pastes, 49.7% consumed 1 to 2 pieces per week, while 32% consumed 3 to 4. Participants considered that pastes were fast, convenient, and cheap and mentioned consuming them for their taste and practicality. Pastes represent an important source of calories and sodium in the diet. Labeling these types of foods will provide nutritional information and could prevent excessive consumption.

RESUMEN El paste es un alimento de origen inglés adoptado en Hidalgo, México, desde hace más de cien años. Se consume como comida de conveniencia y es muy popular entre estudiantes. El objetivo fue determinar la calidad fisicoquímica, nutricional y microbiana de pastes, así como conocer datos sobre su consumo en una población de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. Se analizó la composición proximal, las calorías, el contenido de sodio, el pH, la actividad acuosa y la calidad microbiológica de 15 tipos de pastes mediante técnicas oficiales. Se encuestaron 500 estudiantes de la universidad pública más grande del estado de Hidalgo (México) para determinar su consumo de pastes. Los pastes variaron en su contenido de grasas (12-25,7 g/100 g), proteínas (2,29-12,6 g/100 g) y carbohidratos (23,5-52,7 g/100 g). El contenido calórico fue de 356 a 545 kcal/paste. Las muestras saladas contenían más sodio (216-693 mg Na/100 g) en comparación con las dulces (54,9-74,1 mg Na/100 g). Las muestras presentaron alta variabilidad en la calidad microbiológica y solo una muestra presentó crecimiento de coliformes. El 96,2% de los encuestados consume pastes, el 49,7% consume de 1 a 2 piezas por semana mientras que el 32% consume de 3 a 4. Los participantes consideraron que los pastes son rápidos, convenientes y baratos y mencionaron consumirlos por su sabor y practicidad. Los pastes representan una fuente importante de calorías y sodio en la dieta. Etiquetar este tipo de alimentos aportará información nutricional y podría evitar su consumo excesivo.

The effect of fast food calorie labels on calories ordered by college students in Quezon City

Background@#There is an increasing trend of obesity in the Philippines with approximately 28.8% of adults considered overweight and 9.6% obese. This is presumably due to a shift in eating patterns towards dining out in restaurants and fast food chains for their convenience. Excess fast food consumption results in diets that are calorie dense yet nutritionally deficient due to their high levels of fat, sugar, and salt leading to increased prevalence of associated diseases such as Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. @*Objective@#The researchers determined the effect of presenting the caloric information of fast food items on the total calories ordered among college students in private and public higher education institutions in Quezon City. @*Methodology@#A double-blind experimental research was performed with 179 students by convenience sampling. The participants were randomly assigned to a control group (without caloric labels) and an experimental group (with caloric labels). An online questionnaire was sent to each subject containing their menu and order form along with questions on their demographical data (age, sex, food allowance, BMI, physical activity). @*Results@#Using single linear regression, none of the demographic characteristics were found to be confounding variables. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the experimental group ordered significantly less calories (p-value = 0.013). @*Conclusion@#The results of the study conclude that those presented with calorie labels ordered less calories than the control.

Factores de riesgo nutricionales asociados con el desarrollo de obesidad en militares / Nutritional risk factors associated with the development of obesity in military population

Resumen Introducción: La correcta alimentación de los soldados es clave para mantener la salud y el buen rendimiento, actualmente, la obesidad constituye un problema de salud pública calificada como la "epidemia del siglo". Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo nutricionales asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en una Brigada del Ejército Mexicano. Material y métodos: Se determinó la fuerza de asociación entre los factores de riesgo nutricionales y el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad. La asociación se realizó mediante X2 y OR, y la diferencia de medias con prueba Z. Resultados: Se observó diferencia entre casos y controles en consumo de calorías (z=9.34, P<0.01), proteínas (z=10.22, P<0.01), grasas (z=8.84, P<0.0) y carbohidratos (z=7.04, P<0.01). El consumo de verduras y frutas <1 vez/semana, y el de bebidas azucaradas >1 vez/semana fueron factores de riesgo para desarrollar sobrepeso y obesidad (X2=4.406; p=0.036; OR=2.1), (X2= 5.6; p=0.018; OR=2.25), (X2=7.368; p=0.007; OR=4.5), respectivamente. El no consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías en el comedor y el que la cafetería y la calle sean el sitio de mayor consumo de calorías fueron factores de riesgo (X2=14.44; p=0.000; OR=4.3), (X2=13.74; p=0.000; OR=5.56) y (X2=6.375; p=0.012; OR =4.12), respectivamente. Conclusiones: El consumo menor o igual a una vez a la semana de verduras y frutas, el consumir bebidas azucaradas más de una vez a la semana, el consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías de la cafetería y de la calle y el no consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías en el comedor fueron factores de riesgo para desarrollar sobrepeso-obesidad.

Abstract Introduction: Correctly feeding soldiers is key to maintaining health and good performance. Obesity is currently a public health problem classified as the "epidemic of the century". Objective to identify the nutritional risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in a Mexican Army Brigade. Material and methods: The strength of association between nutritional risk factors and the development of overweight and obesity was determined. The association was made using X2 and OR, and the difference in means with the Z test. Results: Different differences between cases and controls in the consumption of calories (z = 9.34, P <0.01), proteins (z = 10.22, P <0.01), fats (z = 8.84, P <0.0) and carbohydrates (z = 7.04, P <0.01). Consumption of vegetables and fruits <1 time / week and consumption of sugary drinks> 1 time / week were risk factors for developing overweight and obesity (X2 = 4,406; p = 0.036; OR = 2.1), (X2 = 5.6 ; p = 0.018; OR = 2.25), (X2 = 7.368; p = 0.007; OR = 4.5), respectively. Failure to consume the highest amount of calories in the dining room and the fact that the cafeteria and the street are the site of the highest calorie consumption were risk factors (X2 = 14.44; p = 0.000; OR = 4.3), (X2 = 13.74; p = 0.000; OR = 5.56) and (X2 = 6.375; p = 0.012; OR = 4.12), respectively. Conclusions: Consumption less than or equal to once a week of vegetables and fruits, consumption of sugary drinks more than once a week, consumption of the greatest number of calories in the cafeteria and the street and non-consumption of the greatest amount of calories in the dining room were risk factors for developing overweight-obesity.

Adquisición alimentaria en la crisis de 2008 y en 2016 en hogares rurales-urbanos de México / Food acquisition during the crisis of 2008 and 2016 in rural-urban households in Mexico

En 2008 México enfrentó una crisis alimentaria que impactó la adquisición de comestibles, ocho años después se acentuó la tendencia de los alimentos, que son más energéticos y menos nutritivos, ocasionando problemas en la salud de la población. Objetivo: Identificar la adquisición de alimentos y su equivalente en calorías en el 2008 y 2016 en hogares rurales y urbanos del sureste de México. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal, retrospectivo y comparativo de dos muestras independientes a partir de bases de datos de las Encuestas Nacionales de Ingreso Gasto en Hogares en México de 2008 y 2016. Se trabajó con un total de 5.840 hogares de los cuales, 3.522 fueron urbanos y 2.318 rurales. Las variables consideradas fueron: encuestas, tipos de hogares y adquisición de alimentos equivalentes en calorías. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba paramétrica t de Student para muestras independientes, medias, desviación estándar y homogeneidad de varianzas, se tomó como significativo una p < ,05 Resultados: los alimentos de mayor adquisición calórica en ambos años y hogares fueron, cereales y productos de origen animal y los menos, verduras y frutas (p < ,001). Los hogares rurales, incrementaron significativamente (p < ,001) los cereales para el 2016, así como en los urbanos, disminuyó en aceites y carnes procesadas (p < ,001). Conclusión: después de la crisis alimentaria del 2008 se observaron cambios alimentarios en hogares rurales, atribuyéndosele más a la transición alimentaria que a la crisis, las familias adquirieron nuevos hábitos alimentarios(AU)

In 2008 México faced a food crisis that impacted the acquisition of groceries, eight years later the trend of foods, which are more energetic and less nutritious, was accentuated, causing problems in the health of the population. Objective: Identify food acquisition and its calorie equivalent in 2008 and 2016 in rural and urban households in southeastern México. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective and comparative study of two independent samples was conducted from databases of the National Household Spending and Income Surveys in Mexico in 2008 and 2016. A total of 5,840 households were worked on, of which 3,522 were urban and 2,318 rural. The variables considered were: surveys, types of households and acquisition of calorie-equivalent foods. For statistical analysis, Student's t parametric test was used for independent samples, mean, standard deviation and variance homogeneity, a p < ,05 was taken as significant. Results: The foods with the highest caloric acquisition in both years and households were cereals and products of animal origin and the least vegetables and fruits (p < ,001). Rural households significantly increased cereals for 2016 (p < ,001), as well as in urban households, decreased in oils and processed meats (p< ,001). Conclusion: After the 2008 food crisis, dietary changes were observed in rural households, with more attributed to the food transition than to the crisis, families acquired new eating habits(AU)

Proximate, mineral and fatty acid compositions of healthy recipes used in Fit, Eat, Active, Training (F.E.A.T) programme

@#Introduction: Many people are seeking knowledge and skills about preparing healthy meals at home. This study aimed to determine the content of nutrients in 60 healthy dishes prepared for the recipe book Mudah, Sihat, Sedap used in the F.E.A.T nutrition intervention programme. The recipe book was developed as an educational material to guide participants in preparing healthy meals at home. Methods: A needs assessment survey was done to identify food preferences for breakfast, lunch and dinner of obese and overweight respondents. Recipes for these foods were then modified to reduce the calorie, fat, and sugar contents, while adding in fibre sources. Proximate analysis was done based on standard methods of AOAC, while total carbohydrate and calorie contents were calculated using the differentiation and Atwater methods, respectively. Mineral content was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, while fatty acids content was analysed by gas chromatography using the FAME method. Results: Proximate analysis results showed that Kobis Goreng had the most calories (305 kcal/100g) (p<0.05) in all categories. Mineral analysis showed that sodium was significantly highest (p<0.05) in Asam Pedas Daging (554 mg/100g). For fatty acid analysis, Masak Lemak Telur Itik had the highest amount of MUFA (45.1%), Masak Lemak Sotong had the highest amount for SFA (71.8%), and Masak Lemak Cili Api Udang had the highest amount of PUFA (33.7%). Conclusion: This study successfully modified original recipes of selected cuisines used in the recipe book, which contained lower calories compared to original recipes. The calorie and nutrient values for each recipe will be included as nutrition composition information in the recipe book.

The effect of food intake on the pk of rhein released from diacerein

Diacerein is a symptomatic slow-acting drug used for treating osteoarthritis. This drug is completely metabolized into the active metabolite rhein before reaching the systemic circulation. This study evaluated the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of rhein released from diacerein in healthy Chinese subjects. This was a single-center, randomized, single-dose, open-label, two-period, cross-over study. Twenty-four healthy subjects were randomly selected to receive a single oral dose of 50 mg diacerein capsule in either fasted or fed state on two separate visits. Plasma samples were analyzed with LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using WinNonlin software. In the fasted and fed states, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of diacerein capsule were as follows: Cmax were (4471 ± 936), (3225 ± 755) ng/mL, t1/2 were (4.22 ± 0.42), (4.19 ± 1.05) h, tmax were (2.61 ± 1.25), (3.81 ± 1.29) h, AUC0-24 h were (24223 ± 4895), (24316 ± 5856) h·ng/mL, and AUC0-∞ were (24743 ± 5046), (25170 ± 6415) h·ng/mL. The absorption rate of diacerein capsule was obviously delayed by food intake but the absorption degree remained unaffected.

Protein calorie intakes and growth profiles in ashram school students in Nashik district in Maharashtra

Background: Tribal ashram schools provide accommodation, food, and other services from 1st to 12th standards to children from marginalized sections of the society. Nutrition and growth are important aspects of this age group. Objectives: This study aims to estimate average macronutrient intakes in private and public ashram schools and to compare the growth of tribal with urban children and national standards. Methods: This is a cross-sectional cluster-based study in Nashik district of Maharashtra in ashram schools with an urban day school for comparison. The study was conducted from November 2017 to February 2018. The study includes 1510 students in four rural ashram schools and 322 urban school day scholars. Daily food amounts used by the school kitchens were analyzed. Height and weight of students were recorded with standard methods. Excel was used to estimate nutrient intakes and Epi Info for analysis of growth parameters. Results: Protein intakes were 76.5 g/student (2.9–3.1 g/kg body weight), with staples contributing 42%–50% and legumes and pulses contributing 22%–25%. Energy intakes were 2519 kcal/student (100–120 kcal/kg body weight) with oils contributing 13%. Boys ate 1.5–2 times than girls going by average intake of Chapattis. Height and weight of students at entry and exit age, respectively, of 7 and 15 years were significantly lower than urban students, ICMR and IAP standards. However, entry-level stunting had reduced by 15 years by 40%–50% in girls and boys. Conclusions: Macronutrient intakes in the ashram schoolchildren were sufficient, but growth gap persisted till adolescence. Protein quality in private schools needs improvement.

Energy density of ethnic cuisines in Singaporean hawker centres: a comparative study of Chinese, Malay and Indian foods

@# Introduction: A major focus in the prevention and management of obesity has been in the self-monitoring of foods consumed to reduce total energy intake. The present study used a novel instrument called the Calorie Answer™ to measure the energy content of various local foods in Singapore. The study aimed to build a database on energy density of commonly consumed Chinese, Malay and Indian foods to facilitate appropriate food choices by the consumer. Methods: The first part consisted of measuring the energy density of 15 popular local foods purchased from 8 different hawker centres. In the second part, 46 additional local foods were analysed, again using the Calorie Answer™ instrument. Results: Despite the different locations from which the foods were purchased, the energy content of the same foods was remarkably similar with a coefficient of variation (CV) of <15% for all foods. There was a higher average energy density of Indian foods compared to Chinese and Malay foods (Welch test, p=0.027). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the energy density of commonly consumed foods from different locations was remarkably similar. The average energy density of Indian foods was significantly higher than that of Chinese and Malay. Knowledge of the energy density of foods is essential information that is needed in the battle against being overweight and obesity. The application of the Calorie Answer™ may be used as a means to collate data on the energy density of foods consumed in other countries in the ASEAN region.

Analysis of lipid and calories in 305 breast milk samples from neonatal intensive care unit / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the lipid and calorie content in breast milk samples from neonatal intensive care unit of the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, and to explore the correlation between the lipid and calorie content of breast milk and perinatal factors, so as to provide ideas and methods for individualized feeding of neonates.@*Methods@#A total of 305 breast milk samples from 183 neonatal mothers in Fifth Me-dical Center of Chinese People′s Liberation Army were tested for fat and calorie by adopting Creamatocrit dynamic breast milk analyzer. All breast milk samples were sent to the breast milk bank of neonatal intensive care unit within 24 hours after collection and refrigeration. Breast milk samples were rewarmed at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes and then determined by the same nurses in the same environment from 1000 to 1100 Am daily. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis and P<0.05 was used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#The fat content of 305 breast milk samples from 183 infants was (45.65±26.76) g/L and the caloric content was(762.61±206.64) kcal/L(1 kcal=4.184 kJ). There was no significant difference between colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk in terms of fat (F=2.053, P=0.130) and calorie(F=0.830, P=0.437)content.There was no significant difference in colostrum (fat: F=1.119, P=0.331, calorie: F=2.928, P=0.058), transitional milk (fat: F=0.530, P=0.590, calorie: F=1.377, P=0.257), and mature milk (fat: F=0.612, P=0.545, calorie: F=1.101, P=0.337) in terms of fat content and calorie content among different gestational weeks newborns.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that mothers with pregnancy complications were important factors affecting breast milk lipid and calorie content.Mothers with hypertension during pregnancy are important factors affecting the lipid content of mature milk.@*Conclusions@#Breast milk calorie content may be higher than the industry-standard 670 kcal/L, and Creamatocrit dynamic breast milk analyzer can be used to determine the content of breast milk calories and fat, which can be more accurate assessment of neonatal calories and fat intake.Whether the mother is complicated with complications or not during pregnancy is an important factor affecting the colostrum fat and caloric content.

Relationship between dietary calorie structure and dementia in middle?aged and elderly women / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To study the relationship between dietary calorie structure and dementia in middle?aged and elderly women. Methods Data for the present study were obtained from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation(SWAN). Dietary intake was estimated using the 1995 Dietary Frequency Questionnaire. Mann?Whitney U test was used to compare the difference of mean values between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between dietary calorie structure and dementia. Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to examine if there was a non?linear relationship between them. Results The racial composition of the dementia group was significantly different from that of the control group(χ2=32.720, P<0.001). The serum triglyceride level in the dementia group was significantly higher than that in the control group(Z=-1.966, P=0.049). The daily intake of protein calories in the dementia group was lower than that in the control group(control group: 15.70%(13.39%-17.96%), dementia group: 15.18%(13.02%-17.52%), Z=-3.521, P<0.001), while the sweet calories in dementia group were higher than those in the control group(control group: 12.15%(6.38%-21.31%), dementia group: 14.09%(6.38%-21.31%), Z=-3.521, P=0.001). In the unadjusted model, protein calorie and alcohol calorie were inversely correlated with dementia, OR and 95% CI were 0.961%(0.939%-0.983%) and 0.983(0.965-1.000), respectively. Sweet calories were positively correlated with dementia risk, OR and 95% CI were 1.010(1.003-1.017). This relationship persisted after adjusting for age. After adjusting the age, race, and TG of the confounding factors, the relationships of protein calorie and sweet calorie with dementia remained intrinsic after adjusting the confounding factors adequately; the OR and 95% CI were 0.966(0.943-0.989) and 1.010(1.003-1.016), respectively. Restricted cubic spline regression showed that the risk of dementia decreased rapidly and then stabilized with the increase of protein calorie proportion. With the increase of the proportion of sweets in calories, the risk of dementia first increased rapidly, then slowed down, and then decreased. The risk of dementia increased rapidly with the increase in sweetener/protein calories, and then reached plateau stage. Conclusions This study found a negative correlation between the proportion of protein calories in the daily diet and the risk of dementia. Sweet calories were positively correlated with dementia risk. However, as this was a cross?sectional study, the causal relationship between protein and sweet intake and dementia could not be determined.

Influencia de la actividad física y el consumo calórico sobre la adiposidad visceral en adultos de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador / Influence of physical activity and calorie intake on visceral adiposity in adults of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador

Introducción: El índice de adiposidad visceral (VAI) es un método sencillo y costo-efectivo en la determinación de adiposidad visceral. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la relación entre el VAI con diversos factores de riesgo cardiovascular, variables sociodemográficas y hábitos psicobiológicos en la población adulta de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 318 individuos adultos seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio y multietápico, a quienes se les realizó evaluación clínica, evaluación antropométrica y de laboratorio. El VAI se determinó utilizando las fórmulas propuestas que emplean circunferencia abdominal, el índice de masa corporal, los triacilglicéridos y HDL-C. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística múltiple para determinar los principales factores asociados a adiposidad visceral en sus valores más elevados. Resultados: En los 318 individuos, el promedio del VAI fue 2,57 (1,66-3,94), con valores más elevados para el sexo femenino. En el modelo de regresión logística múltiple, los factores de riesgo significativos para VAI moderado-alto fueron: la edad (> 60 años: OR = 3,87; IC del 95%: 1,15-12,96; p = 0,03), el consumo calórico, la glucemia alterada en ayuno y la actividad física en ocio. Conclusión: El VAI es un método útil para definir a aquellos sujetos con adiposidad visceral en nuestra región. La edad, el consumo calórico diario y la glucemia alterada en ayuno son los principales factores asociados con los valores más elevados delíndice, mientras que la actividad física durante el ocio representó un factor protector para clasificar a los sujetos en los estadios más avanzados.

Introduction: The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a simple and cost effective method for the determination of visceral adiposity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between VAI and different cardiovascular risk factors, sociodemographic variables, and psychobiological habits in the adult population of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 318 adult individuals selected by multistage random sampling, who underwent a clinical, anthropometric and laboratory evaluation. VAI was determined using the proposed formula that used abdominal circumference, body mass index, triglycerides, and HDL-Cholesterol. A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the main factors associated with the highest values of visceral adiposity. Results: The mean VAI was 2.57 (1.66-3.94) in the 318 individuals studied, with higher values for females. In the multiple logistic regression model, significant risk factors for moderatehigh VAI were: age (>60 years: OR = 3.87, 95% CI: 1.15-12.96, P=.03), calorie intake, impaired fasting glucose, and leisure time physical activity. Conclusion: VAI is a useful method to define those subjects with visceral adiposity in our region. Age, daily calorie intake, and impaired fasting glucose are the main factors associated with higher index values, while leisure time physical activity was a protective factor for classifying subjects in the more advanced stages.

LC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Levetiracetam in Human Plasma and Its Application in Pharmacokinetic Study of Extended-Release Tablets at Fasted And Fed States / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of levetiracetam to investigate the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam extended-release tablets at fasted and fed states. METHODS: The separation was achieved on a Waters Symmetry C18 column (3.9 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-5 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate and 0.3% formic acid aqueous solution (10/90, V/V). Two subjects were randomly assigned to receive single oral dose of levetiracetam extended-release tablets 1 000 mg after being fasted and fed by a randomized crossover design. The plasma concentrations of levetiracetam were measured by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: The calibration curve of levetiracetam in human plasma was linear over the concentration rang of 0.100 0-80.00 μg·mL-1. Under fasted and fed conditions, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of levetiracetam were as follows:ρmax were 20.50 and 19.09 μg·mL-1, AUC0-48 h were 345.4 and 336.3 μg·h·mL-1, tmax were 4.5 and 7.0 h, respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is proved to be convenient, accurate and sensitive, and suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of 1 000 mg levetiracetam extended-release tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers after being fasted and fed. The result suggests that high fat and calories diet has effect on the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam extended-release tablets, with tmax being delayed.

Estudio venezolano de nutrición y salud: patrón de consumo de alimentos. Grupo del estudio latinoamericano de nutrición y salud / The venezuelan study of nutrition and health: food consumption patterns. Latin american study of nutrition and health study group

Los patrones de consumo se utilizan para identificar el tipo y variedad de alimentos que consume una población de manera habitual. La pregunta que se intenta responder en este trabajo es la siguiente: ¿qué es lo que usualmente comen los venezolanos y en qué cantidades? Se utilizan los resultados del Estudio Venezolano de Nutrición y Salud (EVANS), 2015, para identificar un patrón general de alimentación y relacionarlo con la ingesta de energía y macronutrientes. Además, se aplican técnicas estadísticas para identificar distintos subpatrones, que dependen de diversos factores sociodemográficos como región y clase social. Se encontró un patrón general de la población venezolana, con un promedio de 911 gramos y 1.925 kcal, inferior a la referencia nacional de 2.300 kcal. Además se obtuvieron 5 patrones de consumo diferenciados según su composición nutricional. El patrón 1 con altos niveles de adecuación, presente en apenas 6% de la población, y el 5 con una marcada inadecuación por déficit en todos los nutrientes, presente en 35% de los participantes en el estudio. Dos patrones intermedios, cuyo consumo parece estar influido por factores de tipo geográfico. El patrón 3, característico de los llanos y la región occidental, en el que resalta un alto consumo de carne, grasas y cereales; y un patrón 4, más característico de la región oriental y Guayana, con predominio de pescado y frutas. El patrón 2, más característico de la región andina y central, presenta un nivel adecuado de consumo en casi todos los nutrientes. Los patrones muestran diferencias geográficas y la existencia de una alta vulnerabilidad alimentaria en 35% de la población cuyo consumo calórico promedio alcanza niveles de sobrevivencia(AU)

Food patterns identify the type and variety of foods consumed regularly by the population. The research question in this study is: what are the foods Venezuelans usually eat and amounts consumed? The results of the Venezuelan Nutrition and Health Study (EVANS) 2015, were analyzed to identify a general eating pattern and study a relationship to the intake of energy and macronutrients. In addition, statistical analysis were applied to identify different sub patterns, which depend on various sociodemographic factors such as region and social class. An average of 911 grams and 1,925 kcal was reported, lower than the national reference of 2,300 kcal. In addition, 5 different consumption patterns were obtained according to their nutritional composition. The pattern 1 with high levels of adequacy, is present in only 6% of the population, on the other hand the pattern 5 which present a severe inadequacy by deficit in all nutrients, is consumed by 35% of the participants in the study. The consumption of two intermediate patterns, seems to be influenced by geographical factors. The pattern 3, typical of the plains and the western region, which highlights a high consumption of meat, fat and cereals; and a pattern 4, more characteristic of the eastern and southern regions, with a predominance of fish and fruits. The last pattern, the number 2, show characteristics of the Andean and central region, and presents an adequate level of consumption in almost all nutrients. In conclusion all the patterns show geographical differences and most relevant the existence of a high vulnerability food intake in 35% of the population whose average caloric consumption reaches survival levels(AU)

Comparación del contenido calórico de la leche materna fresca y congelada utilizando el método del crematocrito, en población residente de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia / Comparison of calorie content of fresh and frozen milk usig the crematocrito method, in high altitude resident population, La Paz, Bolivia

El estudio del valor calórico de la leche materna es de gran importancia en las primeras etapas de crecimiento del niño. El uso del crematocrito, permite determinar el aporte energético de la leche materna. PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: ¿Cuál será el contenido calórico de leche materna, a partir de un volumen preciso de leche, medido a través de la técnica del crematocrito, en muestras de leche fresca y congelada, en población de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia, gestión 2015?. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Determinar el contenido calórico de leche materna, a partir de un volumen preciso, medido a través de la técnica del crematocrito, en muestras de leche fresca y congelada, en población de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia, gestión 2015. METODOLOGÍA: estudio descriptivo transversal, en 43 muestras de leche materna fresca y 43 muestras de leche post congelación entre - 8a -20°C, provenientes de muestras de leche de madres en niños menores de 2 años, de zonas periurbana de la ciudad de La Paz, a 3700 metros de altitud. RESULTADOS: La diferencia promedio del valor de crematocrito medido en muestras de leche materna fresca y congelada, es de 1.4 ± 1.2%, y la diferencia en contenido calórico es de 90.2 kcal. Conclusiones: Se ha demostrado que existe una disminución del contenido de grasa y el aporte calórico en muestras de leche materna congelada en comparación con muestras de leche fresca, esta reducción fue mayor en las muestras con mayor cantidad de tiempo de congelación.

The study of the caloric value of breast milk is ofgreat importance in the early stages ofgrowth of the child. The crematocrito usage permits, to determine the energy contribution of breast milk. RESEARCH QUESTION: What will be the calorie content of breast milk from a precise volume of milk, measured by the technique of crematocrito in samples of fresh and frozen milk in population of high altitude, La Paz, Bolivia, term 2015. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: To determine the calorie content of breast milk from a precise volume, measured by the technique of crematocrito in samples of fresh and frozen milk in population of high altitude, La Paz, Bolivia, term 2015. METHODOLOGY: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study, 43 samples of fresh milk and 43 milk samples after freezing at - the 8th -20 ° C, from milk samples from mothers in children under 2 years of periurban areas of the city of La Paz, at 3700 meters altitude. RESULTS: The average difference of crematocrito value measured in samples of fresh and frozen breast milk is 1.4 ± 1.2 percent, and the difference in calorie content is 90.2 kcal. CONCLUSIONS: It has been shown that there is a decrease in fat and caloric intake in samples of frozen breast milk samples compared to fresh milk, this reduction was greater in samples with greater amount of freezing time.

Cross sectional study on nutritional status among elderly people in the rural community of Pondicherry.

Introduction: Food intake is diminished among old age people due to ill health, disability, co-morbid condition. Hence the quality of life of elderly affects nutrition & protein deficiency contributes to high percentage of DALY. Objectives: To know the calorie deficiency and nutritional status among elderly people Material and methods: This was a cross sectional and community based study done on 300 elderly people among 17079 in rural village of Puducherry during march and April 2015. Data were collected by two methods (questionnaire,basic anthropometry measurement) at their residence. Data was analysed for calorie deficiency and body mass index. Results: There were equal number of men and women. Sixty percent of the subjects were aged between 60-70 years and 7% were aged more than 80 years. Caloric deficit was more in males than females and 35% of them were either overweight or obese according to body mass index. Conclusion: There were no serious micro nutrient deficiency individuals but more than 35% are already obese/ overweight and 50% are suffering from age related problems. The rehabilitation service of old age group is strongly recommended in order to give quality of life.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cohort study focusing on treatment response to nutritional counseling / A doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica: um estudo de coorte com foco na resposta ao tratamento com orientação nutricional

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the leading cause of liver pathology. The mainstay of management is weight loss. Our aim was to evaluate responses to nutritional counseling in long-term patients with this condition. METHODS: A prospective cohort study with consecutive inclusion of 105 subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who received individualized low-calories diet counseling (1400 to 1600 kcal/day according to gender) every three months for 24 months. Weight loss of 5% or more was considered as a therapeutic response. RESULTS: Out of 105 patients, 45 (42.9%) did not return for a second evaluation. Mean age was 55 ± 9 years, 81.6% were women and mean body mass index was 31.9 (23.8-44.9) kg/m2. Follow-up time was 6.5 (3.2-26.9) months and median appointment number was 3 (2-11). Metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia were more common in women. The number of subjects who lost more than 5% weight was: 5/20 (25%) at 6-months; 3/15 (33%) at 12 months; 3/18 (17%) at 18 months and 4/13 (31%) at the end of follow up. The median body weight loss at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to nutritional counseling is poor in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Only a very small proportion of patients reached the targeted body loss of weight on long term.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica éa principal causa de patologia hepática. Essencial para seu manejo éa perda de peso. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar as respostas a aconselhamento nutricional em pacientes crônicos com esta condição. METODOS: Estudo prospectivo de coorte com inclusão consecutiva de 105 indivíduos com doenca hepática gordurosa não alcoólica que receberam dieta individualizada de baixa caloria (1400-1600kcal/dia, de acordo com o sexo) e aconselhamento a cada 3 meses, durante 24 meses. A perda de peso de 5% ou mais foi considerada como resposta terapêutica adequada. RESULTADOS: Dos 105 pacientes, 45 (42,9%) não voltaram para uma segunda avaliação. A média de idade foi de 55 ± 9 anos, 81,6% eram mulheres e o índice de massa corporal foi de 31,9 (23,8-44,9) kg/m2. O tempo de seguimento foi de 6,5 (3,2-26,9) meses e número médio de entrevistas foi de 3 (2-11). A síndrome metabólica e a hipercolesterolemia foram mais comuns em mulheres. O número de indivíduos que perderam mais de 5% em peso foi: 5/20 (25%) em 6 meses; 3/15 (33%) aos 12 meses; 3/18 (17%) e aos 18 meses 4/13 (31%) no final do seguimento. A perda de peso corporal média aos 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses diminuiu significativamente. CONCLUSÕES: A adesão ao aconselhamento nutricional épobre em pacientes com doenca hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Apenas uma pequena proporcão de pacientes que atingiu a perda de peso corporal programada a longo prazo.

Influencia de la preeclampsia en la calidad del calostro en puérperas atendidas a 2 720 metros sobre el nivel del mar

Objetivo: Determinar si la preeclampsia influye en los componentes (proteínas, lípidos, agua, crematocrito y contenido calórico) de la leche materna (calostro) de puérperas. Diseño: Investigación de tipo transversal, comparativa. Institución: Departamento de Ginecoobstetricia, Hospital Regional de Cajamarca, Perú. Participantes: Puérperas atendidas a 2 720 m.s.n.m. Métodos: En 25 puérperas con preeclampsia y 25 puérperas sin preeclampsia se recolectó calostro y se determinó el porcentaje de agua, proteínas, grasas y contenido calórico. Los datos fueron analizados con SPSS 21.0 y se comparó los resultados mediante la T de student pareada. Principales medidas de resultados: Porcentaje de agua, proteínas, grasas y contenido calórico del calostro. Resultados: El porcentaje de agua de no preeclámpticas fue 83,7+/- 1,1, y el de preeclámpticas 88,0+/-0,5. con p <0,01; el porcentaje de proteínas de no preeclámpticas fue 2,2+/-0,2, y el de preeclámpticas 1,9+/-0,3, con p<0,01; el porcentaje de grasas de no preeclámpticas fue 1,8+/-0,1 y el de preeclámpticas 2,1+/- 0,2, con p<0,01; el crematocrito de no preeclámpticas fue 3,9 +/-1,4 y el de preeclámpticas 5,0+/- 2,0, con p< 0,05; el valor calórico en kcal/mL de no preeclámpticas fue 52,1+/- 4,6, el de preeclámpticas 55,9+/- 6,8, con p< 0,05. Conclusiones: La preeclampsia influyó en los componentes del calostro, en la muestra estudiada a 2 720 m.s.n.m.

Objective: To determine preeclampsia influence on components (proteins, lipids, water, and caloric content of crematocrit) of colostrum in postpartum women. Design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Setting: Gynecology and Obstetrics service, Hospital Regional de Cajamarca, Peru. Participants: Puerperal women attended at 2 720 meters above sea level. Methods: Colostrum was collected from 25 puerperal preeclamptic women and 25 non-preeclamptic puerperae; percentage of water, proteins, fat and caloric content were determined. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and results compared using paired student T. Main out-come measures: Percentage of water, proteins, fat and caloric content in colostrum. Results: Non-preeclamptic water percentage in colostrum was 83.7 + / - 1.1, and in preeclamptic 88.0 + / -0.5, p <0.01; non-preeclamptic protein percentage was 2.2 + / -0.2, and in preeclamptic 1.9 + / -0.3, p <0.01; non-preeclamptic fat percentage in colostrum was 1.8 + / -0.1, and in preeclamptic 2.1 + / - 0.2, p <0.01; non-preeclamptic crematocrit was 3.9 + / -1.4, and in preeclamptic 5.0 + / - 2.0, p <0.05; caloric value in kcal / mL in non-preeclamptic was 52.1 + / - 4.6, and 55.9 + / - 6.8 in preeclamptic, p <0.05. Conclusions: Preeclampsia influenced colostrum components in the population studied at 2 720 meters above sea level.

Dieta e inflamación / Diet and inflammation

La inflamación puede definirse como una respuesta local al daño celular, que se caracteriza por aumento del flujo sanguíneo, vasodilatación capilar, infiltración de leucocitos y la producción local de mediadores de inflamación por parte del huésped. La inflamación es parte de la respuesta y es necesario el retorno a la homeostasis luego de daño producido por un agente infeccioso, daño físico o estrés metabólico. Cuando persiste el estímulo que dispara el proceso, la inflamación puede hacerse crónica y contribuir a la patogénesis de enfermedades como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y la hipertensión. En estas enfermedades, ácidos grasos saturados, lipoproteínas y agregados proteicos disparan la respuesta inmunitaria y producen inflamación, que al no poder ser fácilmente eliminados, perpetúan la respuesta y contribuyen con la persistencia de la enfermedad. Los patrones de consumo saludable se han asociado con bajas concentraciones de marcadores de inflamación. Entre los componentes de una dieta saludable el consumo de cereales integrales, pescado, frutas y verduras se asocian con menor inflamación. La vitamina C, E y los carotenoides disminuyen la concentración de marcadores de inflamación, mientras otros nutrientes como los lípidos, tienen efectos opuestos: los ácidos grasos saturados y los transmonosaturados son pro-inflamatorios, mientras que los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, especialmente los de cadena larga, son antiinflamatorios. También se revisan los productos de glicosilación avanzada y su papel en la producción de inflamación de bajo grado(AU)

Inflammation could be defined as a local response to cell damage, characterized by increased blood flow, capillary vasodilation, leukocyte infiltration and local production of inflammation mediators by the host. Inflammation is part of the response and the return to homeostasis after an insult by a pathogen, physical damage or metabolic stress is also required. When the stimulus that triggers the response is not eliminated, inflammation could become chronic and contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. In these diseases saturated fatty acids, lipoproteins and protein aggregates trigger the immune response and produce inflammation. If they are not properly eliminated, the response is maintained and the disease continues. Healthy consumption patterns have been associated with low levels of inflammation markers. Some of the components identified as part of a healthy diet include whole grains, fish, fruits and vegetables. Vitamins C and E, as well as carotenoids, diminish the concentration of markers of inflammation, while other nutrients have opposite effects: saturated, as well as trans-monosaturated fatty acids are pro-inflammatory whereas polyunsaturated fatty acid, especially long chain, are anti-inflammatory. Advanced glycation end products and their role in inflammation are also reviewed(AU)

Consumo de macronutrientes en niños preescolares venezolanos con diagnóstico de caries severa en la infancia temprana / Macronutrients consumption by venezuelan preschool children diagnosed with severe early childhood caries

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el consumo de macronutrientes y calorías en niños preescolares venezolanos con Caries Severa de la Infancia Temprana (CSIT). Para ello, se examinaron 32 niños entre 4 y 5 años de edad con diagnóstico de CSIT, quienes asistieron al Postgrado de Odontología Infantil de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Se consideró un niño con CSIT aquel que presentaba lesiones cariosas, comprometiendo casi todos los dientes, incluyendo los incisivos inferiores, afectando toda la superficie dentaria. Para determinar el consumo de macronutrientes se utilizó una encuesta, en la cual se registró el tipo y cantidad de alimento ingerido durante 24h por tres días. A partir de estos datos se calculó el consumo de proteínas, grasas, hidratos de carbono totales, tipo de hidrato de carbono, así como las calorías provenientes de dichos macronutrientes. Igualmente, se realizó un cuestionario para determinar su condición socioeconómica. Los resultados indicaron que el 100% de los niños evaluados pertenecían a un estrato socioeconómico bajo con un consumo promedio de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, grasas y calorías totales de 151,2± 44,3; 31,5± 9,6; 28,8±10,9 g/día y 962.6±274,4 kcal/día, respectivamente. Al evaluar el tipo de hidrato de carbono los resultados indicaron que los niños consumían dulces retentivos en un 67,7%, dulces sólidos pegajosos en un 20,6% y azúcar en solución en un 11,8%. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto al consumo de macronutrientes y energía, de acuerdo a la edad y género. Los resultados de este estudio indican que los niños con CSIT evaluados presentaron una baja ingesta de proteínas y un consumo promedio de calorías por debajo de los valores recomendados

The purpose of this study was to determine the intake of macronutrients and the amount of calories consumed by a group of Venezuelan children with severe early childhood caries (in spanish CSIT). For this study, 32 children, 4 and 5 years of age, with severe early childhood caries coming from families with a low social-economical status, were selected. A child with severe early childhood caries was considered when almost all the teeth were affected including the lower incisors. The severe condition indicated that the majority of the surfaces were affected by the diseased. Protein, fat, carbohydrates, type of carbohydrate and total calories consumption of each child were determined over three days using a 24 hours recall method. At the same time a questionnaire to determine the social-economical conditions was implemented. The results showed that 100% of the children came from low social-economical status with an average carbohydrates, proteins, fats and calories consumption of 151.2± 44.3; 31.5± 9.6, 28.8± 10.9 g/day and 962.6± 274.4 Kcal/day, respectively. When the type of carbohydrate was analyzed the result showed that 67.7% children ingested retentive sweet, 20.6% solid sticky sweet and 11.8% sugar in solution. When the macronutrients and calories consumption were evaluated according to age and gender, no differences were observed. The results of this study indicate that the evaluated children presented a low daily intake of proteins and a mean consumption of calorie below the recommended values

Comparison of nutritional status by energy level of night snack in Korean adults: using the data from 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This study aims to investigate the nutritional status of night eaters using the data from 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 3,903 subjects aged 20 and above were divided into 3 groups by using 24-hr recall data according to the night snack calorie intake: non-night snack, night snack less than 500 kcal and 500 kcal and more. Their data were analyzed to find out the difference on the socio-demographic, anthropometric, blood pressure, blood parameters and dietary characteristics. Among the subjects, non-night eaters were 66.0%, night eaters of less than 500 kcal were 28.4% and 500 kcal and above were 5.6%. Male adults, young-aged, higher educated, higher income earner, breakfast skipper and frequent dine-outer (3 times and more a day) were found more in the night eaters with 500 kcal and above. Night eaters above 500 kcal showed higher waist circumference, Glu-FBS, Glu-PP120 and also showed higher daily intake of fat and alcohol per 1,000 kcal and food groups of meat & eggs, beverages and alcohol drinks (p < 0.05), while they showed the lowest carbohydrate energy ratio of 58.3 +/- 13.7 among the three groups. These results suggest that habitual night snack intake above 500 kcal could lead to abdominal obesity and diabetes due to higher intake of meat, fat and alcohol.