Interprofessional Undergraduate Analytical Study on Anger Management

Introduction:Anger has been defined in many ways from “a negative, phenomenological (or internal) feeling state”to “a basic emotion in which the function is to provide the organism with motivated capacities to overcome obstacles”.Anger has been the subject of many discourses and its vehemence in many religions and cultures. The study aimed to determine the ability of anger management among different gender and factors associated with anger management. Methods: This is a cross-sectional prospective study. The validated ‘Quality of Life’ questionnaire from University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United Sates of Americaand Novaco Anger Scale from Mental Health America of Northern Kentucky & Southwest Ohio (WHOQOL-BREF) were used for students’ perception on anger management. Quantitative data were analyzed using Epi Info Version. 7 Software. Results:The total of 358 students participated in this study. There is a significant association between anger management among different ethnicity.Conclusion: Gender was not a significant factor in anger management, it was probably due to equal opportunity among male and female in acquiring education, application for scholarships and usage of education facilities. Gender equality had a big impact in enhancing the good anger management properties

Consideration on cardiotoxicity and clinical safety evaluation method of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

Traditional Chinese medicine has developed for thousands of years, and its clinical application has unique advantages. It is generally believed that Chinese medicine (CM) has few toxic and side effects and it is safe. However, in recent years, more and more clinical cases and basic research reports about hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity of CM have been reported. Therefore, we also increasingly concerned about the toxicity of Chinese materia medica (CMM). Cardiotoxicity assessment is an important index that must be considered before clinical trials of drugs. It also plays an important role in the research and development of new Chinese medicines and the standardized application of clinical safety of CM. Then, how to identify the cardiotoxicity of CMM, grasp the clinical characteristics, detection indicators, evaluation methods, and diagnostic elements are the main problems we are facing. In this paper, we summarized many researches and pre-clinical evaluation techniques of cardiotoxicity of CMM in recent years, and discussed and considered the clinical evaluation methods of cardiotoxicity of CMM.

Review of the recent Supreme Court decision on the causal relationship of occupational diseases

A theoretical study advocated for alleviating the worker's responsibility of burden of proof to establish the causality of an occupational disease, since such a responsibility is unfair to the worker. The recent judgment has adopted some of these arguments for alleviating the worker's responsibility of burden of proof, and the judgment is significant since it is the first Supreme Court decision to recognize the causality of occupational diseases. The judgment expressly confirms that it is more proactive to recognize the causal relationship between work and certain diseases, and to provide compensation for industrial accidents to employees who are exposed to harmful substances at all times. In addition, the judgment also confirms that coverage of industrial safety and health risks is in accordance with the original purpose and function of the industrial accident insurance system, which aims to share risks through public insurance.

Reliability of the Evaluation Methods Used to Assess a Causal Relationship between Dietary Supplement Intake and Changes in Adverse Events / 医薬品情報学

<b>Objective: </b>This study aimed to confirm whether the methods for assessing the reported causal relationship between dietary supplement intake and adverse events are reliable in the clinical setting.<br><b>Design: </b>The relationships between supplement intake and adverse events were assessed using two algorithms proposed in our previous report, and causal relationships were evaluated.<br><b>Methods: </b>Twelve raters with a high probability of handling adverse event information examined 200 records of dialogues with supplement users.  Each rater independently assessed the causal relationship using the two algorithms.  The relationships between supplement intake and adverse events were assessed for all 200 cases.  Variability in the evaluation among raters was analyzed for each occupation and the whole group of raters.  The distributions of evaluation were analyzed, and inter-rater reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Fleiss’ kappa coefficient.<br><b>Results: </b>All events of 200 cases seemed to be slight and within the range of variation in daily life.  Almost all cases were classified into two categories as “Possible” and “Lack of Information” by each rater.  The ICC values for all raters, pharmacists, dieticians, and health care workers were 0.644, 0.573, 0.678, and 0.694, respectively, and the kappa coefficients using the two algorithms were 0.466, 0.426, 0.468, and 0.519 and 0.481, 0.478, 0.465, and 0.517, respectively.  There were moderate levels of agreement based on the kappa coefficients and ICC values.<br><b>Conclusion: </b>The two algorithms proposed in our previous report may be reliable in the clinical setting.  Their reliability could be enhanced by establishing a unified method of accumulation and recording adverse events for supplement intake, which should be evaluated by more raters using more cases of adverse events.

Reliability and validity of the scale of hurting factors participation for mental disorders / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To test reliability and validity on the scale of hurting factors participation for mental disorders (SHFP-MD).Methods 402 cases were retrospectively evaluated by SHFP-MD from 13 forensic psychiatric appraisal agencies in China,and all cases were involved causal relationships in mental injury from July 2010 to June 2012.42 cases were evaluated a month later again.13 raters evaluated respectively for five cases.52 cases involved causal relationship of mental impairment were evaluated prospectively in January 2013 to June 2014.The validity of the scale was tested by experts assessed as a criterion level of relationship.Results ①The retest correlation coefficient on all items of SHFP-MD were between 0.746-0.989,and the time reliability of test-retest on the full scale score was 0.970 interval of one month.Raters reliability between 0.57 to 1.00; overall average reliability was 0.84 (P＜0.01).②The total coincidence rate was 90.4％-91.0％ between the demarcation scores of SHFP-MD and the grade identification of forensic psychiatrists respectively and prospectively(P＞0.05).Conclusion SHFP-MD has good reliability and validity,and met the basic requirements of scale assessment.

A review on the effects of health insurance on health status / 中国卫生政策研究

This paper reviews studies on the relationship between health insurance and health status both at home and abroad. First, we put forward three viewpoints on their relationship;Second, based on different data, we review the studies from three different perspectives; Third, we review the recent studies at home. The paper draws the conclusion as following:(1) most studies on observational data prove that there is relationship between health in-surance and health status. To establish the causal relationship between them, we must overcome the endogeneity of health insurance. ( 2 ) Different studies have different conclusions, which are caused by different methodology and subjects. (3)The conclusions cannot be generalized to whole populations. Future studies should focus on the effect of different health insurance on different populations.

A Longitudinal Study on the Causal Association Between Smoking and Depression / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyze the causal relationship between smoking and depression using longitudinal data. METHODS: Two waves of the Korea Welfare Panel collected in 2006 and 2007 were used. The sample consisted of 14 426 in 2006 and 13 052 in 2007 who were aged 20 and older. Smoking was measured by smoking amount (none/ or = two packs). Depression was defined when the summated CESD (center for epidemiological studies depression)-11 score was greater than or equal to 16. The causal relationship between smoking and depression was tested using logistic regression. In order to test the causal effect of smoking on depression, depression at year 2 was regressed on smoking status at year 1 only using the sample without depression at year 1. Likewise, smoking status at year 2 was regressed on depression at year 1 only using those who were not smoking at year 1 in order to test the causal effect of depression on smoking. The statistical package used was Stata 10.0. Sampling weights were applied to obtain the population estimation. RESULTS: The logistic regression testing for the causal relationship between smoking and depression showed that smoking at year 1 was significantly related to depression at year 2. Smoking amounts associated with depression were different among age groups. On the other hand, the results from the logistic regression testing for the opposite direction of the relationship between smoking and depression found no significant association regardless of age group. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed some evidence that smoking caused depression but not the other way around.

Smoking and lung cancer: foundation of modern epidemiology / 한국역학회지

Since its introduction to western world in 16th century, smoking has been one of the most popular parts of human life. Its health hazards, however, has rarely been evaluated before mid 20th century. After early suggestion of association with lip cancer and pipe smoking, which was falsely associated with the heat of the pipe smoking, association between rapidly increasing incidence of lung cancer and increasing popularity of smoking habit in the western world has been suggested in late 1940s. Initial case-control studies, in spite of its proneness to various biases, aroused the relevance of the relationship. It was supported by following well-designed case-control studies and new method, cohort studies in both coast of the Atlantic. Consistency of the results of epidemiologic studies and additional support from animal experiments made the causal relationship to be accepted from scientific community, and finally from public and governments. Establishment of criteria of causal relationship was also established in the process of investigation of the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Smoking is most common cause attributable to lung cancers in most of the world. It is also responsible for the many cancers, including larynx, bladder, oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, stomach, liver, and myeloid leukemia; and cardiovascular disorders, respiratory disorders, and other degenerative disorders. Passive (or environmental tobacco) smoking has also been found to be hazardous. Establishment of causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer has been a landmark in the development of epidemiologic methods and concepts, which played the key role in the evaluation of risk factors and preventive intervention on the chronic degenerative disorders.