Anaerobic biodegradation of benzo(a)pyrene by a novel Cellulosimicrobium cellulans CWS2 isolated from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil

Abstract Cellulosimicrobium cellulans CWS2, a novel strain capable of utilizing benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) as the sole carbon and energy source under nitrate-reducing conditions, was isolated from PAH-contaminated soil. Temperature and pH significantly affected BaP biodegradation, and the strain exhibited enhanced biodegradation ability at temperatures above 30 °C and between pH 7 and 10. The highest BaP removal rate (78.8%) was observed in 13 days when the initial BaP concentration was 10 mg/L, and the strain degraded BaP at constant rate even at a higher concentration (50 mg/L). Metal exposure experimental results illustrated that Cd(II) was the only metal ion that significantly inhibited biodegradation of BaP. The addition of 0.5 and 1.0 g/L glucose enhanced BaP biodegradation, while the addition of low-molecular-weight organic acids with stronger acidity reduced BaP removal rates during co-metabolic biodegradation. The addition of phenanthrene and pyrene, which were degraded to some extent by the strain, showed no distinct effect on BaP biodegradation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the five rings of BaP opened, producing compounds with one to four rings which were more bioavailable. Thus, the strain exhibited strong BaP degradation capability and has great potential in the remediation of BaP-/PAH-contaminated environments.

Molecular Cloning and Sequencing of AlkalophilicCellulosimicrobium cellulans CKMX1 Xylanase Gene Isolated from Mushroom Compost and Characterization of the Gene Product

ABSTRACT A xylanolytic bacterium was isolated from mushroom compost by using enrichment technique. Results from the metabolic fingerprinting, whole-cell fatty acids methyl ester analysis and 16S rDNA sequencing suggested the bacterium to be Cellulosimicrobium cellulans CKMX1. Due to the xylanolytic activity of this bacterium, isolation and characterization of the xylanase gene were attempted. A distinct fragment of about 1671 bp was successfully amplified using PCR and cloned into Escherichia coli DH5α. A BLAST search confirmed that the DNA sequence from the amplified fragment was endo-1, 4-beta-xylanase, which was a member of glycoside hydrolase family 11. It showed 98% homology withCellulosimicrobium sp. xylanase gene (Accession no. FJ859907.1) reported from the gut of Eisenia fetida in Korea. In silicophysico-chemical characterization of amino acid sequence of xylanase showed an open reading frame encoding a 556 amino acid sequence with a molecular weight of 58 kDa and theoretical isolectric point (pI) of 4.46 was computed using Expasy's ProtParam server. Secondary and homology based 3D structure of xylanase was analysed using SOPMA and Swiss-Prot software.

Production, purification and application of extracellular chitinase from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans 191 / Produção, purificação e aplicação da quitinase extracelular de Cellulosimicrobium cellulans 191

This study concerned the production, purification and application of extracellular chitinase from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans strain 191. In shaken flasks the maximum yield of chitinase was 6.9 U/mL after 72 h of cultivation at 25ºC and 200 rpm. In a 5 L fermenter with 1.5 vvm aeration, the highest yield obtained was 4.19 U/mL after 168 h of fermentation at 25ºC and 200 rpm, and using 3 vvm, it was 4.38 U/mL after 144 h of fermentation. The chitinase (61 KDa) was purified about 6.65 times by Sepharose CL 4B 200 gel filtration with a yield of 46.61 percent. The purified enzyme was able to lyse the cell walls of some fungi and to form protoplasts.

O presente estudo visou a produção, purificação e aplicação da quitinase extracelular da linhagem Cellulosimicrobium cellulans 191. A maior produção de quitinase em frascos agitados foi 6,9 U/mL após 72 h de fermentação a 25ºC e 200 rpm. Em fermentador de 5 L utilizando aeração de 1,5 vvm, a maior atividade da enzima foi 4,19 U/mL após 168 h de fermentação a 25ºC e 200 rpm; e com 3 vvm, foi obtido 4,38 U/mL após 144 h de fermentação. A quitinase (61 KDa) foi purificada cerca de 6,65 vezes em coluna de filtração em gel Sepharose CL 4B 200 com um rendimento de 46,61 por cento. A enzima purificada foi capaz de lisar a parede celular de alguns fungos e formar protoplastos.

Production of alkaline protease from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans / Produção de protease alcalina porCellulosimicrobium cellulans

Cellulosimicrobium cellulans is one of the microorganisms that produces a wide variety of yeast cell walldegradingenzymes, β-1,3-glucanase, protease and chitinase. Dried cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as carbon and nitrogen source for cell growth and protease production. The medium components KH2PO4, KOH and dried yeast cells showed a significant effect (p<0.05) on the factorial fractional design. A second design was prepared using two factors: pH and percentage of dried yeast cells. The results showedthat the culture medium for the maximum production of protease was 0.2 g/l of MgSO4.7H2O, 2.0 g/l of(NH4)2SO4 and 8% of dried yeast cells in 0.15M phosphate buffer at pH 8.0. The maximum alkaline protease production was 7.0 ± 0.27 U/ml over the center point. Crude protease showed best activity at 50ºC and pH 7.0-8.0, and was stable at 50ºC.

Cellulosimicrobium cellulans é um microrganismo que produz uma variedade de enzimas que hidrolisam a parede celular de leveduras: β-1,3-glucanase, protease e quitinase. Célulasdesidratadas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foram usadas como fonte de carbono e nitrogênio para o crescimento celular e produção de protease. Os componentes do meio de cultura: KH2PO4, KOH e células de levedura desidratadas mostraram efeitos significativos (p<0,05) no planejamento experimental fracionário. Um segundo planejamento foi preparado usandodois fatores: pH e porcentagem de células de levedura desidratadas. Os resultados mostraram que o meio de cultura para a produção máxima de protease foi 0,2 g/L de MgSO4.7H2O;2,0 g/L de (NH4)2SO4 e 8% de células de levedura desidratadas em tampão fosfato 0,15M e pH 8,0. A produção máxima de protease alcalina foi 7,0 ± 0,27 U/mL no ponto central. A proteasebruta apresentou atividade ótima a 50ºC e pH 7,0-8,0; e foi estável a 50ºC.

The Biologic Characteristics of a Strain of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans and Its Utilization of Several Kinds of Benzoic Compounds / 微生物学通报

A strain of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans Ha8 was studied on its morphological, biological characteristics and its utilization of several kinds of benzoic compounds, the results showed this strain was Gram-positive, the long rod-shaped cells were changed into short rod-shape gradually. pH value from pH 6.0 to pH 9.0 and the temperature from 20 ℃ to 40 ℃ were good for its growth. It could not only hydrolyze protein and starch, use cellulose and pectin, decomposite chitin, liquify gelatin and fix nitrogen, but also use phenol, xylene, benzoic, cinnamic acids and diphenlamine as the sole carbon resource for its growth. It could tolerate 0 mmol/L~30 mmol/L, 0 mmol/L~8 mmol/L, 0 mmol/L~30 mmol/L, 0 mmol/L~15 mmol/L and 0 mmol/L ~ 40 mmol/L of benzoic acids, phenol, xylene, cinnamic acids and diphenlamine seperately, but could not use 2,4-dinitrophenol, o-Nitrophenol, 2-Methoxyphenol, aminobenzenesulfonic acid, catechol and o-Phenanthroline as its sole carbon resource.