Función del profesional en enfermería en la atención del acoso escolar en niños, niñas y adolescentes / Role of the nursing professional in the attention of bullying in children and adolescents / Papel do profissional de enfermagem na atenção do bullying em crianças e adolescentes

Actualmente se ha incrementado y visualizado el fenómeno del acoso escolar o bullying (por su traducción al inglés); sin embargo,\r\nllama la atención que esta práctica ha existido durante mucho tiempo, pero solo ahora se evidencian las consecuencias que genera\r\nen los niños, niñas y adolescentes; además, según diversos estudios, puede conducir a suicidios en esta población. Diversas profesiones\r\nhan profundizado en el tema; a pesar de ello, no se ha visto avance en el manejo y prevención del acoso, y ha aumentado\r\nel número de casos que llegan a instituciones de salud relacionados con los daños físicos y psicológicos en quienes lo padecen.\r\nPara la enfermería es un reto poder abordar esta situación y proponer estrategias de intervención para su manejo y prevención no\r\nsolo en la víctima y victimario, sino también en la familia, las escuelas e instituciones de salud en los diferentes niveles de atención,\r\nya que cuenta con las herramientas para diseñar intervenciones en el manejo de la comunidad y del paciente institucionalizado.

Currently the phenomenon of bullying has increased and\r\nvisualized, however, it is striking that this practice has existed\r\nfor a long time, but it is up until now where the consequences\r\nthat it generates in the children and adolescents are shown,\r\nwhere, according to various studies, can generate suicides in\r\nthis population. Various professions have deepened the issue;\r\ndespite this, there has not been progress in the management\r\nand prevention of harassment and it has increased\r\nthe number of cases that reach health institutions related to\r\nphysical and psychological damage that are caused in the\r\nchild victim of bullying. It is a challenge for nursing to tackle\r\nthis situation and propose possible intervention strategies for\r\nits management and prevention, not only in the victim and\r\nvictimizer, but also in the family, schools, and health institutions\r\nin the different levels of care, since it has the tools to\r\ndesign interventions in the management of the community\r\nand the institutionalized patient.

Atualmente, o fenômeno do bullying está cada vez maior e\r\nvisível; no entanto, é impressionante que esta prática exista\r\nhá muito tempo, mas só agora que suas consequências em\r\ncrianças e adolescentes que, de acordo com vários estudos\r\npodem gerar suicídios nesta população, estão evidentes. Várias\r\nprofissões se aprofundaram no assunto. Porém, não houve\r\nprogresso na gestão e prevenção de assédio e o número de\r\ncasos que chegam a instituições de saúde relacionados ao\r\ndano físico e psicológico causado à criança vítima de assédio\r\nescolar aumentou. É um desafio para a enfermagem abordar\r\nesta situação e propor possíveis estratégias de intervenção\r\npara a sua gestão e prevenção, não só na vítima e perpetrador,\r\nmas também na família, escolas e instituições de saúde nos\r\ndiferentes níveis de cuidados, uma vez que tem as ferramentas\r\npara conceber intervenções no manejo da comunidade e do\r\npaciente institucionalizado.

Measuring children activity repertoire: is the paediatric activity card sort a good tool for Brazilian therapists? / Medindo o repertório de atividades de crianças: paediatric activity card sort é uma boa ferramenta para terapeutas ocupacionais brasileiros?

Introduction: The primary Brazilian occupational therapists goal is to enable their clients to participate in the activities of everyday life. Thus, it is important that therapists have tools that capture their clients' activities repertoires. The Paediatric Activity Card Sort (PACS) is a client-centred tool designed to capture the activity repertoire of children. However, the PACS is based on the activities of Canadian children, leading to questions regarding its use in other countries. Objective: To determine the acceptability and applicability of the PACS with Brazilian children. Method: Sixty children between 5 and 14 years participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used to gather sociodemographic information. Behavioural observations were used to judge the acceptability of the PACS. Item responses and their relation to sociodemographic variables were used to examine applicability. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographics and item responses. Differences in the PACS scores between gender, race, presence of siblings, parents' educational levels and marital status were assessed using non-parametric statistics. Results: Reported participation in PACS activities ranged from 95.7% (personal care) to 15.1% (sports). Eleven PACS activities had a participation rate of less than 10% and a number of new activities, not included in the PACS, were identified. Differences were found among gender and presence of siblings. Conclusion: With adjustments for the Brazilian context the PACS can be a useful tool to capture children activity suggesting the potential usefulness of a Brazilian PACS.

Psychosocial Interventions for Children and Adolescents after a Disaster: A Systematic Literature Review (1991–2015)

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic literature review is to analyze the psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents after disasters. METHODS: We conducted a review of the extant research literature from 1991 to 2015 via a comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed and PsyclNFO databases. The keywords employed in this research included: ‘child’, ‘adolescent’, ‘youth’, ‘disaster’, ‘posttraumatic’, ‘psychosocial’, ‘therapy’ and ‘intervention’. The researchers followed the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 850 articles were screened for their eligibility and fifty-nine were found to meet the study criteria. The final data analysis was performed based on the disaster type, study design, type of intervention, sample size, age, school grade, number of sessions, setting of intervention delivery, providers, approach and parent involvement. RESULTS: Countries worldwide have experienced various kinds of disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, vessel accidents, tornados, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, war, fire, terrorism, and traffic accidents. The types of psychosocial intervention that were conducted after these disasters included: psychological first aid, psychological debriefing, psychoeducation, trauma focused cognitive behavior therapy, eye movement desensitization reprocessing, prolonged exposure therapy, group play therapy and arts therapy, project interventions, school-based interventions and web-based interventions. CONCLUSION: The findings of the systematic literature review suggest that an appropriate psychosocial intervention could be utilized as evidence-based mental health treatment for children and adolescents after disasters.

Saúde mental infantojuvenil e desafios do campo: reflexões a partir do percurso histórico / Child and adolescent mental health and field challenges: reflections from the historical path

Por meio de uma revisão de obras e estudos de referência sobre o tema, este texto reflexivo tem como objetivo discutir o campo da saúde mental infantojuvenil no Brasil, abarcando seu processo de constituição até o momento atual. Para tanto enfoca o desenvolvimento inicial do campo fundado a princípio na psiquiatria infantil; apresenta considerações a respeito da relevância do movimento da Reforma Psiquiátrica e delineia as atuais políticas de saúde mental para esse grupo. Busca problematizar os modos com que atualmente tem sido realizada a atenção em saúde mental para crianças e adolescentes que se encontram em experiência de sofrimento psíquico, principalmente para aqueles que se encontram em situação de maior gravidade. Sugere-se que as políticas e ações de cuidado a serem estabelecidas possam sanar uma dívida histórica no que tange à resposta e ao cuidado das questões de maior complexidade colocadas pelas situações de sofrimento que impedem o exercício da autonomia para essas crianças e adolescentes.