Assess and Evaluation the Quality Of Life (Qol) Among Cancer Patients Undergoing Treatment by Using EORTC QLQ-30 Scale

Background: Cancer is a challenge for majority of population抯 health-related quality of life (HRQoL), compromising their physical health and emotional well-being. QoL is equally distributed among different social groups. The aim of this study to analyze the impact of clinical characteristics and social determinants of health on the QoL of a cohort of persons diagnosed and/or treated for cancer. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in a cohort of 155 with various stages of cancer at different stages of their disease. Data were obtained using questionnaires QLQ-C30 from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), which include a set of functional and symptomatic scales. We conducted descriptive and bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test, Anova Test and adjusted for relevant variables using logistic regression. The dependent variables were the functional scales of QoL and the independent variables were socio-demographic and clinical variables. Results: Among the participants, 80(51.6%) were male and 75(48.4%) were female and majority 66(42.6%) in between the age of 40-60 years. Large proportion of patients were diagnosed with Oral cancer 67(43.2%), and Breast cancer 23(14.8%), and the clinical stages during the beginning of therapy were maximum at stage II a 104(67.1%). The mean of global health status/QoL was 52.34 (SD= 23.34). Quality of life was found to be significantly associated with some functional scales as role functioning (P?0.001), social function, (P=0.00), and symptom scales as pain (P=0.00), loss of appetite (P=0.004) and financial impact (P=0.02) as well as associations were noted in relation to socio demographic characteristics. Women from the most disadvantaged class, and showed the poorest results for most of the function scales. In contrast, age, education, occupation and social status had differential effects depending on the function studied. The highest functional status was cognitive functioning (54.58�.68). Conclusions: The cancer diagnosis has become more prevalent and carries significant changes to the method of living with physical and emotional changes in term of quality of life (QoL) because of inconvenience, torment, disfigurement, reliance and loss of confidence. In addition, addressing the unmet needs of these patients and ensuring higher satisfaction rate are recommended to maintain adequate HRQoL.

Vulnerabilidad al estrés en pacientes adultos hipertensos / Vulnerability to the stress in hypertensive adult patients

RESUMEN Introducción: En la hipertensión, el estrés constituye un factor sicosocial de riesgo. Objetivo: establecer la relación entre vulnerabilidad al estrés con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en pacientes hipertensos adultos del Policlínico Santa Cruz. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. El universo lo conformaron 65 hipertensos, diagnosticados de enero a junio del 2019. La muestra intencional fue de 58 hipertensos. Para la recogida de información se emplearon: la Historia Clínica Individual y familiar y el Test de Vulnerabilidad al Estrés. Resultados: Predominio del 70,7 % de hipertensos en la tercera subetapa de la adultez, supremacía femenina (69,0 %); la mayoría con secundaria básica terminada (36,2 %); casados (44,8 %) y trabajadores estatales (51,7 %); predominaron los fumadores (81 %); prevaleció la hipertensión arterial grado II (69 %) y dieron cumplimiento al tratamiento el 53,4 %. La mayoría presentó vulnerabilidad al estrés (65,5%); mejor representado en la tercera subetapa de la adultez (81,6 %), mujeres (63,2 %), con secundaria básica terminada (39,5 %), casados (42,1 %), trabajador estatal (55,3 %), fumadores (76,3 %), con hipertensión arterial grado II el 76,3 %; cumplieron el tratamiento siempre el 55,3 %; presentaron nivel vulnerable al estrés el 68,4 % de los hipertensos. Existió asociación entre el nivel seriamente vulnerable al estrés y la escolaridad primaria (p= 0,007). La mayoría de los hipertensos presentaron vulnerabilidad al estrés. El nivel vulnerable al estrés predominó; mejor representado en la tercera subetapa de la adultez, en las mujeres, los fumadores, los hipertensos grado II y los que siempre cumplían con el tratamiento. Existió asociación entre el nivel seriamente vulnerable al estrés y la escolaridad primaria.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the hypertension, the stress constitutes a psychosocial risk factor. Objective: To establish the relation between vulnerability to the stress with socio-demographics and clinical variables in adult hypertensive patients of the General hospital Santa Cruz. Methods: Descriptive, transverse study. The universe was constituted of 65 hypertensive patients, diagnosed from January until June, 2019. The intentional sample was 58 hypertensive patients. For the information collection, it was used: the Individual and familiar Case history and the Test of Vulnerability to the Stress. Results: Predominance 70.7 % of hypertensive patients in the third sub-stage of the adulthood, feminine supremacy (69.0 %); the majority with secondary school finished (36.2 %); married (44.8 %) and state workpeople (51.7 %); there prevailed the smokers (81 %); the arterial hypertension grade II prevailed (69 %) and they fulfilled the treatment 53.4 %. The majority presented vulnerability to the stress (65.5 %); better represented in the third sub-stage of the adulthood (81.6 %), women (63.2 %), with secondary school finished (39.5 %), married (42.1 %), state worker (55.3 %), smokers (76.3 %), with arterial hypertension grade II 76.3 %; they always fulfilled the treatment 55.3 %; they presented vulnerable level to the stress 68.4 % of the hypertensive patients. Association existed between the level seriously vulnerably to the stress and the primary schooling (p = 0.007). Discussion: Most of the hypertensive patients presented vulnerability to the stress. The vulnerable level to the stress prevailed; better represented in the third sub-stage of the adulthood, in the women, the smokers, hypertensive grade II and those who were always fulfilled with the treatment. Association existed between the level seriously vulnerably to the stress and the primary schooling.

Clinical Variables and Genetic Risk Factors Associated with the Acute Outcome of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review / 대한뇌졸중학회지

Stroke is a complex disease and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among the adult population. A huge variety of factors is known to influence patient outcome, including demographic variables, comorbidities or genetics. In this review, we expound what is known about the influence of clinical variables and related genetic risk factors on ischemic stroke outcome, focusing on acute and subacute outcome (within 24 to 48 hours after stroke and until day 10, respectively), as they are the first indicators of stroke damage. We searched the PubMed data base for articles that investigated the interaction between clinical variables or genetic factors and acute or subacute stroke outcome. A total of 61 studies were finally included in this review. Regarding the data collected, the variables consistently associated with acute stroke outcome are: glucose levels, blood pressure, presence of atrial fibrillation, prior statin treatment, stroke severity, type of acute treatment performed, severe neurological complications, leukocyte levels, and genetic risk factors. Further research and international efforts are required in this field, which should include genome-wide association studies.

Factores pronósticos en hipertensión pulmonar Nuestra experiencia

Introducción. La hipertensión pulmonar (HP) es una enfermedad multifactorial de elevada morbimortalidad. Si bien su evolución clínica ha mejorado en los últimos años gracias al avance en su diagnóstico y tratamiento, disponemos de escasa información, en nuestra región, acerca de los factores clínicos y pronósticos vinculados con dicha entidad. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia y las características de los factores pronósticos adversos en nuestra población con diagnóstico reciente de HP. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de HP (menos de 7 días desde el diagnóstico) confirmado por cateterismo cardíaco derecho (CCD) con presión de arteria pulmonar media (PAPm) ≥ 25 mm Hg, entre Marzo de 2012 y Diciembre de 2016, por diferentes servicios especializados en insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) e HP. Se obtuvieron los siguientes datos personales y variables clínicas: síntomas y clase funcional (CF); grupo de HP (G); parámetros hemodinámicos directos: PAPm, presión de oclusión arterial pulmonar (POAP), presión en aurícula derecha (PAD) e índice cardíaco (Ic); datos funcionales: distancia en caminata de 6 minutos (DC6M); variables ecocardiográficas: función sistólica del ventrículo derecho (FSVD), desplazamiento sistólico del plano del anillo tricuspídeo (siglas en inglés, TAPSE), presión sistólica en arteria pulmonar (PSAP) y derrame pericárdico (DP). Los factores de mal pronóstico analizados fueron: historia de IC, síncope, CF avanzada (III/IV), DC6M < 350 metros, presencia de DP, TAPSE ≤ 15 mm, PAD ≥ 12 mm Hg e Ic ≤ 2,2 L/min/m². Resultados. Se incluyeron 107 pacientes, el 74% fue de sexo femenino, con una edad media de 58,8 (± 19) años, el 33% ≥ 70 años. El tiempo medio al diagnóstico fue de 24 meses desde la presencia del primer signo o síntoma referido. La distribución por grupde HP fue: GI (64%), GII (15%), GIII (9%), GIV (6%) y GV (6%). Dentro del GI se destacó la esclerodermia como etiología preponderante (29%). La CF de presentación fue: CF II del 41%, CF III del 35%, CF IV del 20%, CF I del 4%. Las variables clínicas destacadas fueron: historia de IC (72%), síncope (23%) y angina (19%). La DC6M tuvo una media de 320 (±148) m, siendo≤ 350 m en el 47% de los casos. Los parámetros hemodinámicos por CCD fueron: PAPm de 48,3 (±16) mm Hg; PAD 9,7 (±5,2) mm Hg y ≥14 mm Hg en un 27% con un Ic de 2,78 L/min/m² (≤ 2,2-23%). La evaluación ecocardiográfica constató deterioro de la FSVD en el 79% de los casos (42%: leve, 18%: moderado y 19%: severo) con un TAPSE medio de 17,8 (±4) mm y ≤ 15 mm en un 37%; en el 25% se observó DP. Conclusiones. En nuestra población con diagnóstico reciente de HP, se presenta un elevado porcentaje de pacientes añosos y de factores de mal pronóstico. Estos hallazgos remarcan la necesidad de un diagnóstico precoz y terapéuticas de inicio temprano.

Introduction. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a multifactorial disease with high morbidity and mortality. Although its clinical evolution has improved in recent years due to the advance in its diagnosis and treatment, we have little information about clinical and prognostic factors associated with this entity. Purpose. To determine the prevalence and characteristics of adverse prognostic factors in our population with a recent diagnosis of PH. Material and methods. Patients with a recent diagnosis of PH (less than 7 days after diagnosis) confirmed by right heart catheterization (RHC) with mPAP ≥ 25 mm Hg, between March 2012 and December 2016, by different specialized services in heart failure (HF) and PH were included. The following personal data and clinical variables were obtained: symptoms and functional class (FC); HP group (G); hemodynamic parameters: mPAP, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP), right atrial pressure (RAP) and cardiac index (CI); functional data: 6-minute walk distance (6MWD); echocardiographic variables: right ventricle systolic function (RVSF), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) and pericardial effusion (PE). Poor prognosis factors analyzed were: history of HF, syncope, advanced FC (III/IV), 6MWD <350 meters, presence of PE, TAPSE ≤ 15 mm, RA ≥12 mm Hg and CI ≤ 2.2 L/min/m². Results. One hundred seven patients were included, 74% female, with a mean age of 58.8 (± 19) years, 33%≥ 70 years. The mean time to diagnosis was 24 months from the presence of the first sign or symptom recorded. Distribution by HP G was: GI (64%), GII (15%), GIII (9%), GIV (6%) and GV (6%). Considering GI, sclerodermia was the predominant etiology (29%). FC of presentation was: FC II 41%, FC III 35%, FC IV 20%, FC I 4%. Among the clinical variables, history of HF was present in 72% of patients, syncope in 23% and angina in 19%. Mean 6MWD was 320 (± 148) m, ≤ 350 m in 47% of the patients. The direct hemodynamic parameters by RHC were: mPAP 48.3 (± 16) mm Hg; RAP 9.7 (± 5.2) mm Hg and ≥14 mm Hg in 27%, CI 2.78 L/min/m² (≤ 2.2-23%). Echocardiographic analysis showed Impaired RVSF in 79% of cases (42% mild, 18% moderate and 19% severe) with a mean TAPSE of 17.8 (± 4) mm and ≤ 15 mm in 37%; PE was present in 25% of patients. Conclusions. In our population with recent diagnosis of PH, there is a high percentage of elderly patients and poor prognosis factors. This findings remark the need for early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.

Introdução. A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) é uma doença multifatorial, com alta morbimortalidade. Embora sua evolução clínica tenha melhorado nos últimos anos devido ao avanço em seu diagnóstico e tratamento, temos pouca informação, em nossa região, sobre os fatores clínicos e prognósticos associados a essa entidade. Objetivos. Determinar a prevalência e as características de fatores prognósticos adversos em nossa população com diagnóstico recente de HP. Materiais e métodos. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico recente de HP (menos de 7 dias após o diagnóstico), confirmados por cateterismo cardíaco direito (CCD) com a pressão da artéria pulmonar média (PAPm) ≥ 25 mm Hg entre Março de 2012 e Dezembro de 2016, por diferentes serviços especializados em insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e HP. Foram obtidos os seguintes dados pessoais e variáveis clínicas: sintomas e classe funcional (CF); Grupo HP (G); parâmetros hemodinâmicos diretos: PAPm, pressão de oclusão arterial pulmonar (POAP), pressão atrial direita (PAD) e índice cardíaco (Ic); dados funcionais: distância de caminhada de 6 minutos (DC6M); variáveis ecocardiográficas: função sistólica do ventrículo direito (FSVD), excursão sistólica do plano anular da tricúspide (TAPSE), pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) e derrame pericárdico (DP). Os fatores analisados de prognóstico pobre foram: história de IC, síncope, CF avançado (III/IV), DP6M<350 metros, a presença de DP, TAPSE ≤ 15 mm, PAD ≥12 mm Hg e Ic ≤ 2,2 L/min/m². Resultados. Foram incluídos 107 pacientes, sendo o 74% do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 58,8 (± 19) anos, o 33% ≥ 70 anos. O tempo médio para o diagnóstico foi de 24 meses a partir da presença do primeiro sinal ou sintoma referido. A distribuição por grupo de HP foi: GI (64%), GII (15%), GIII (9%), GIV (6%) e GV (6%). No GI, a esclerodermia foi destacada como a etiologia predominante (29%). A apresentação CF: CF II 41%, CF III 35%, CF IV-20%, CF I 4%. As variáveis clínicas destacadas: história de IC em 72%, síncope 23% e angina 19%. A DC6M teve uma média de 320 (± 148) m, sendo ≤ 350 m em 47% dos casos. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos pelo CCD foram: PAPm 48,3 (± 16) mm Hg; PAD 9,7 (± 5,2) mm Hg e ≥14 mm Hg em 27% com Ic 2,78 L/min/m² (≤ 2,2-23%). A análise ecocardiográfica mostrou FSVD diminuída em 79% (42% leve, 18% moderada e 19% grave) com um TAPSE média de 17,8 (± 4) mm e ≤ 15 mm em o 37%; em o 25% foi observado DP. Conclusões. Em nossa população com diagnóstico recente de HP, há um alto percentual de pacientes idosos e fatores de mau prognóstico. Esses achados destacam a necessidade de diagnóstico precoce e início terapêutico precoce.

Relación entre estados emocionales y variables clínicas en pacientes con dolor crónico lumbar / Connection between emotional states and clinical variables in patient with chronic lumbar pain

Introducción: el dolor lumbar crónico es una de las causas de sufrimiento en el mundo, y las emociones influyen en la respuesta del individuo ante la enfermedad. Objetivo: relacionar los estados emocionales de ansiedad, depresión e ira en pacientes con dolor crónico lumbar con algunas variables clínicas (tiempo de evolución, intensidad y persistencia). Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo-correlacional, policlínico de Cartagena, entre septiembre de 2012 y abril de 2013. Universo: 30 pacientes, muestra: 25 pacientes escogidos por muestreo intencional. Técnicas empleadas: entrevista estructurada, escala analógica visual, Idare, Staxi-2, Inventario de Beck. Resultados: distinguen como variables identificativas el sexo masculino y la configuración del vínculo de pareja (84 por ciento), ocupación: trabajadores (76 por ciento), la edad: adultos jóvenes (52 por ciento), con niveles medios de escolaridad (40 por ciento). En las variables clínicas predominó tiempo de evolución de 13 a 24 meses (56 por ciento), con una intensidad leve del dolor (48 por ciento) y persistencia intermitente (84 por ciento). Los estados emocionales mostraron porcentajes medios de ansiedad estado (60 por ciento), altos de ansiedad rasgo (56 por ciento), niveles de depresión moderados (40 por ciento), nulos de ira estado, moderados como rasgo (48 por ciento), y expresiones elevadas de esta (52 por ciento). Conclusiones: la presencia de porcentajes altos de sintomatología ansiosa, depresión e ira manifiestas en la muestra estudiada se asemejó a lo descrito en la literatura. La ansiedad e ira como rasgo de la personalidad no guardó relación con las variables clínicas estudiadas, se hallaron asociaciones entre intensidad y persistencia del dolor con la depresión y ansiedad e ira como estado y entre tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y la ira estado(AU)

Introduction: Chronic lumbar pain is one of the suffering causes worldwide, and emotions influence the individual's response to the disease. Objective: To relate the emotional states of anxiety, depression and anger in patients with chronic lumbar pain with some clinical variables (time of evolution, intensity and persistence). Methods: Observational, descriptive-correlational study at Cartagena Polyclinic between September 2012 and April 2013. Universe: 30 patients, sample: 25 patients, selected by intentional sampling. Techniques employed: structured interview, visual analogue scale, Idare, Staxi-2, Beck Inventory. Results: Male sex and engagement configuration (84 percent) appear as identification variables, occupation: workers (76 percent), age: young adults (52 percent), mean schooling (40 percent) were identified as identification. The clinical variables predominated in the evolution period from 13 to 24 months (56 percent), with mild pain intensity (48 percent) and intermittent persistence (84 percent). Emotional states showed average percentages of state anxiety (60 percent), high trait anxiety (56 percent), moderate depression (40 percent), and mild anger status, moderate as trait (48 percent), (52 percent). Conclusions: The presence of high percentages of anxious symptoms, depression and anger manifested in the sample studied was similar to that described in the literature. Anxiety and anger as a personality trait was not related to the clinical variables studied, associations were found between intensity and persistence of pain with depression and anxiety and anger as a state and between time evolution of disease and anger state(AU)

Valor de las variables clínicas para el pronóstico de la mortalidad por insuficiencia cardíaca aguda / Value of clinical variables for predicting mortality from acute heart failure

INTRODUCCIÓN: establecer un pronóstico ha constituido siempre una gran responsabilidad médica. OBJETIVO: identificar la influencia de variables clínicas en el pronóstico de la mortalidad de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda. MÉTODOS: estudio de las variables clínicas en 256 pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, en el momento de su admisión a la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios del Hospital "Miguel Enríquez"", desde 2007 al 2010. Los pacientes fueron ubicados, de forma aleatoria, en dos grupos: estimación y validación. Se construyó un modelo matemático en el grupo de estimación que fue probado en el de validación. Se realizó la validación interna (Hosmer-Lemeshow C 7,937 p= 0,440, área bajo la curva 0,970); la validación externa confirma ajuste adecuado Hosmer-Lemeshow (C 9,644 p= 0,291) con área bajo la curva 0,80. RESULTADOS: el APACHE II, las formas clínicas síndrome coronario agudo con insuficiencia cardiaca e insuficiencia cardiaca con HTA y presencia de síncope, influyeron de forma independiente sobre el pronóstico de mortalidad por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (p < 0,05, OR < 1). CONCLUSIONES: las variables clínicas empleadas, junto al APACHE II, resultaron eficaces para la predicción de la mortalidad de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda.

INTRODUCTION: a prognosis has always been a major medical liability. OBJECTIVE: identify the influence of clinical variables in predicting mortality in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS: a study of clinical variables in 256 patients with acute heart failure was conducted, at the time of their admission to the Intermediate Care Unit of Miguel Enriquez Hospital, from 2007 to 2010. Patients were positioned at random into two groups: estimation and validation. A mathematical model was constructed to estimate the group that was tested in the validation. Internal validation (Hosmer-Lemeshow C 7,937 p = 0.440, 0.970 AUC) was performed, the external validation confirms Hosmer-Lemeshow (C 9,644 p = 0.291) with 0.80 AUC proper fit. RESULTS: APACHE II, SCA clinical forms with IC and IC with hypertension and syncope, independently influenced the prognosis of mortality from acute heart failure (p <0.05, OR <1). CONCLUSIONS: the clinical variables employed by APACHE II were effective for predicting mortality in patients with acute heart failure.

Infección por helicobacter pylori asociada con neoplasias gástricas malignas en el estado de Guerrero, México. 2001-2011 / Infection by helicobacter pylori associated with gastric malignant in Guerrero state, Mexico. 2001-2011

Introducción: La asociación entre Helicobacter pylori y las neoplasias gástricas malignas ha sido ampliamente demostrada, en relación con esto, la OMS determinó que el microorganismo es agente carcinógeno comprobado del grupo I. En México la prevalencia de infección por esta bacteria es alta. Objetivo: Evaluación de la relación entre variables sociodemográficas, clínicoendoscópicas e histopatológicas con los diferentes tipos de neoplasias gástricas malignas en pacientes Helicobacter pylori positivos y negativos. Pacientes y métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación en la región Sur de México, de tipo retrospectiva, descriptiva e inferencial; se estudiaron 214 casos con adenocarcinoma gástrico y linfoma asociado a mucosas (MALT, por sus siglas en inglés), diagnosticados en el período 2001-2011, de los cuales 99 presentaron Helicobacter pylori. Se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas para evaluar la posible relación entre variables. Procedimientos: Media aritmética y desviación estándar, porcentajes y sus errores. Técnicas: Prueba de Chi² para tablas de contingencia, correlación de rango de Spearman, estimación de parámetros poblacionales, comparación de porcentajes relacionados. Resultados: Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre el diagnóstico histológico y edades, serotipo sanguíneo, antecedente de familiares con cáncer y la sintomatología (dispepsia y signos de alarma). Y asociaciones muy significativas entre la presencia de Helicobacter pylori con vivos, fallecidos y el diagnóstico histológico. Se determinó que el adenocarcinoma difuso aparece entre 48,8% y 62,4% con una probabilidad de 95% en la población con esta característica, igualmente el porcentaje de neoplasia/tumor dentro del diagnóstico endoscópico oscila entre 68,4% y 80,6% con una probabilidad de 95%. El intervalo de confianza con 99% de certeza para la edad en que se manifiestan estas enfermedades se mueve entre 56 y 62 años. Conclusiones: Queda demostrado que las características sociodemográficas, clínicoendoscópicas e histológicas de los pacientes con adenocarcinoma y linfoma MALT influyen en el diagnóstico final, evolución y pronóstico. La presencia de Helicobacter pylori en estos pacientes fue determinante para su sobrevivencia.

Introduction:The association between Helicobacter pylori and the gastric malignant has been extensively demonstrated, in relation to this, the WHO determined that the microorganism is a carcinogen agent proved from group I. In Mexico the prevalence of infection by this bacterium it is high Objective: Evaluation of the relationship between the socio-demographic, clinical-endoscopic and histopathological variables with the different kinds of gastric malignant in Helicobacter pylori positive and negative patients. Patients and methods: An investigation was carried out to determine the kind of association in a population of the south region of Mexico. The type of research is retrospective, descriptive and inferential, 214 cases with gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma associated to the mucosal (MALT) were studied, they were diagnosed from 2001 to 2011, of which 99 had Helicobacter pylori. Statistical techniques to evaluate the possible relationship between variables were used. Procedures: Arithmetic mean and standard deviation, percentages and its errors. Techniques: Chi square test for contingency tables, correlation of Spearman´s range, population parameter estimation, related percentage comparison. Results: It was found meaningful associations between the histologic diagnostic and ages, blood serotype, antecedent of relatives with cancer and the symptomatology (dyspepsia and alarm signs), and very meaningful association between the presence of Helicobacter pylori with alive, deceased and the histologic diagnostic. It was determined that diffuse adenocarcinoma appears between a 48,8% and 62,4% with a probability of the 95% in the population with this characteristics, likewise, the percentage of neoplasm/toumor within endoscopic diagnosis ranges between 68,4% and 80,6% with a 95% probability. The interval of confidence with the 99% of certainty for the age in which these illnesses appear it moves between 56 and 62 years. Conclusions: It has been proved that the socio-demographic, clinical-endoscopic and histologic characteristics of these patients with adenocarcinoma and lymphoma MALT have an influence in the final diagnostic, evolution and prognostic. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in these patients was determining for their survival.

The Effects of Sociodemographic Factors on Psychiatric Diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have reported that ethnic differences influence psychiatric diagnoses. Some previous studies reported that African Americans and Hispanics are diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders more frequently than Caucasians, and that Caucasians are more likely to be diagnosed with affective disorders than other ethnic groups. We sought to identify associations between sociodemographic factors and psychiatric diagnosis. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the medical records of all psychiatric inpatients (ages over 18 years) treated at Kern county mental hospital (n=2,051) between July 2003 and March 2007 for demographic, clinical information, and discharge diagnoses. RESULTS: African American and Hispanic males were more frequently diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders than Caucasians, whereas Caucasian females were more frequently diagnosed with affective disorders than females in the other ethnic groups, suggesting that patient ethnicity and gender may influence clinical diagnoses. Demographic variables, that is, a lower education, failure of marriage, homelessness, and low quality insurance, were found to be significantly associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders after adjusting for clinical variables. And, the presence of a family psychiatric history, failure of marriage, not-homelessness, and quality insurance were found to be associated with a diagnosis of affective disorders. CONCLUSION: Our results show that these demographic factors, including ethnicity, have effects on diagnoses in psychiatric inpatients. Furthermore, these variables may help prediction of psychiatric diagnoses.

Geriatric Mental Health in a Tertiary Care Centre: Socio-Demographic and Clinical variables.

Background: Nearly 50% of the aged have some physical ailment and are in need of active health care. Geriatric psychiatry is a sub-specialty of psychiatry, which deals with psychopathology occurring in the elderly and the various aetiological factors which cause the mental disorders in old age. Method: This is a descriptive study with sampling in a tertiary centre where the diagnoses were made based on the tenth edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD- 10) and were evaluated for sociodemographic and clinical variables as well as general medical conditions. Results: Mean age of the patients was 69.81 years, male constituted 73.58% and female 26.42%, Hindu were 56.60% and Islam 43.40%. Mean duration of stay in psychiatry ward was 5.7 days. 77.36% of patients were discharged on advice, 15.09% were transferred to another department, 1.89% absconded, 1.89% referred to another hospital and 3.77% referred to another department. 9.62% patients had general medical conditions alone and 40.38% had psychiatric disorders alone while 50% had combined psychiatric disorders with general medical conditions. 42.31% patients had organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders; 3.85% had mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use; 26.92% had schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders; 28.85% had mood [affective] disorders; 5.77% patients had neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders. Conclusion: Within the limitations of nongeneralizability of findings, present study throws light in important areas of geriatric mental health including general medical conditions.

Clinical Study of Clozapine Treatment and Predictors of Response in Schizophrenia / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVES: To search for the predictive clinical variables of the schizophrenic patients who responded to clozapine, the authors studied retrospectively the clinical variables of the schizophrenics who were treated with clozapine at least for 6 months at outpatient and inpatient department of Inha University Hospital. METHODS: Thee subjects were schizophrenic patients who satisfied DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and were treated with clozapine at least for 6 months at outpatient and inpatient department. 41 schizophrenic patients were used with clozapine, but 13 patients were excluded because of insufficient length and data, so 28 patients were analyzed finally. All ssubjects are divided into responder and non-responder by the CGI scores. Using SAS package program, all data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, Mantel-Haenczel chi test and multiple regression test. RESULTS: Among the total 28 schizophrenic patients(male 18, female 10), 15 schizophrenics were responded with clozapine treatment. Age of onset, number of negative symptoms and clinical subtypes were significantly different from two groups and gender, mode of onset, number of hospitalizations, duration of hospitalization, family history of psychosis, maximal dose of clozapine and duration of clozapine treatment did not show significant difference between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggest that there is some schizophrenic patients who responded well with clozapine treatment. The characteristics of the responding group were older age of onset, a few negative symptoms and paranoid subtype.

Cognitive Function and Its Clinical Significance in Schizophrenic Patients / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the cognitive function in schizophrenic pathents. We also examined the correlation of cognitive imparirment with other clinical variables. METHODS: A total of 25 partients and 19 normal controls completed Vienna Test System, a computerized neuropsychological test. These included Cognitrons test, continuous attention test, standard progressive matrices. We separately assessed the patient group on the positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(EPS scale). The other clinical variables included in this study were age, sex, education level, disease duration, clinical subtype, medication state and genetic factor. RESULTS: Schizophrenic patients had poorer performance than normal controls on the tests of cognitrone, continous attention, and stand progressive matirces, independent of sex, genetic factors, EPS scale scores, PANSS scores, disease duration. The cognitive impairment in schizophrenics was mainly associated with their education levels and clinical subtypes. CONCLUSION: Inlight of our results, it seemd that some schizophrenics perform poorly on cognitive tsasks, and this poor performance may be associated with education levels and clinical subtypes. The more careful evaluation of cognitive function in schizophrenic patients would be needed for their proper management.