Percepciones de paz y conflicto armado en actores escolares

El objetivo de este artículo es describir las percepciones de estudiantes y padres de familia relacionadas con el conflicto armado y la paz. Corresponde a un estudio cualitativo de nivel descriptivo enmarcado en el paradigma interpretativo-hermenéutico. Se emplearon los métodos análisis de discurso y teoría fundamentada, y se contó con la participación de 35 actores escolares de una institución educativa en Colombia, a quienes se les aplicó una entrevista en profundidad. Los datos fueron codificados y categorizados, y sistematizados a través del software Atlas Ti. Los resultados muestran siete categorías selectivas, 18 códigos axiales y 231 códigos abiertos, los cuales develan las distintas formas de percepción en torno a la paz y al conflicto armado de los actores escolares. Se sugieren gramáticas heterogéneas en torno a la paz y el conflicto armado con marcos interpretativos amplios y estrategias de escucha flexibles.

The objective of the article is to describe the perceptions of students and parents related to the armed conflict and peace. It corresponds to a qualitative study of descriptive level, framed in the interpretive-hermeneutical paradigm. Discourse analysis and grounded theory methods were used, and 35 school actors from an educational institution in Colombia participated, to whom an in-depth interview was applied. The data was coded, categorized, and systematized through the Atlas Ti software. The results show seven selective categories, 18 axial codes, and 231 open codes, which reveal the different forms of perception around peace and armed conflict of school actors. Heterogeneous grammars are suggested around peace and armed conflict with broad interpretive frameworks and flexible listening strategies.

Cartografías artísticas: jóvenes autores de la construcción del pasado reciente

(analítico) Se presentan los resultados de una investigación que buscó conocer las maneras como los jóvenes construyen sus ideas e imaginarios sobre el pasado reciente en Colombia. El proyecto fue desarrollado en la ciudad de Manizales y contó con la participación de 24 jóvenes entre los 12 y 18 años de edad. El estudio se desarrolló por medio de cartografías de experiencias que se vinculan al pasado reciente y la reconstrucción de la memoria colectiva. Se encontró que los jóvenes emplean signos que se han utilizado tradicionalmente para representar la paz y la memoria, además, que los procesos dialógicos y creativos favorecen los espacios de reflexión en los cuales se trascienden estos signos y se construyen significados más amplios que a su vez les permiten narrar experiencias de vida.

(analytical) This article presents the results of a research project that sought to understand the ways in which young people construct their ideas and imaginaries about the recent past in Colombia. The research was conducted in the city of Manizales with the participation of 24 young people between 12 and 18 years of age. The research was carried out using cartographies of experiences from the recent past and the reconstruction of collective memory. It was identified that young people use signs that have been traditionally used to represent peace and memory. Dialogue and creative processes generate reflection spaces in which these signs are transcended and broader meanings are constructed, which in turn allow them to narrate their life experiences.

(analítico) Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um projeto de pesquisa que procurou compreender as formas pelas quais os jovens constroem suas idéias e imaginários sobre o passado recente na Colômbia. O projeto foi desenvolvido na cidade de Manizales, com a participação de 24 jovens entre 12 e 18 anos de idade. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de experiências de mapeamento ligadas ao passado recente e à reconstrução da memória coletiva. Constatou-se que os jovens utilizam sinais que tradicionalmente são usados para representar a paz e a memória, e que os processos dialógicos e criativos favorecem espaços de reflexão nos quais esses sinais são transcendidos e significados mais amplos são construídos, o que por sua vez lhes permite narrar experiências de vida.

Masacre estudiantil de 1975 en El Salvador: memorias, silencios y activaciones políticas

(analítico) Se presenta un estudio de caso sobre la masacre de estudiantes de 1975 en El Salvador como expresión del fracaso del proceso de paz; en tanto la justicia transicional se redujo a leyes de amnistía que dejaron heridas abiertas por ausencia de verdad, reparación y justicia. Se presenta un breve contexto sobre los acontecimientos, un diálogo con la entrevistada y unas reflexiones finales en relación con las memorias, los silencios y las activaciones políticas. Para ello, se recurrió a una entrevista en profundidad desarrollada entre 2018 y 2019.

(analytical) This article is a case study that views the 1975 student massacre in El Salvador as an expression of the failure of the peace process, given that transitional justice was reduced to amnesty laws that left open wounds as a result of the absence of truth, reparations and justice. The article contains a brief contextualization of the events, dialogue with the interviewee and some final reflections regarding memory, silences and political activation. An indepth interview conducted between 2018 and 2019 was used for this purpose.

(analítico) Este artigo é um estudo de caso sobre a massacre de estudantes do ano 1975 em El Salvador como expressão do fracasso do processo de paz, uma vez que a justiça de transição foi reduzida a leis de amnistia que deixaram feridas abertas na ausência de verdade, reparação e justiça. São apresentados um breve contexto dos acontecimentos, um diálogo com a entrevistado e algumas reflexões finais sobre memórias, silêncios e ativações políticas. Para este efeito, foi realizada uma entrevista aprofundada entre 2018 e 2019.

Condición juvenil en tiempos de guerra: relatos desde la ruralidad colombiana / Youth condition in times of war: Stories from Colombian rurality (1995-2005) / Condição juvenil em tempos de guerra: relatos da ruralidade colombiana (1995-2005)

Resumen (analítico) El artículo analiza las implicaciones de la guerra en la configuración del ser joven rural en Colombia en La Merced (Caldas) y Vista Hermosa (Meta). Es una investigación cualitativa con enfoque narrativo, que indaga en las experiencias de tres sobrevivientes de la violencia entre los años 1995 y 2005, por medio de marcadores de juventud. De los resultados se desprende que la guerra trazó cursos de vida a los jóvenes rurales, como ser cultivadores de hoja de coca e integrantes de grupos armados, marcándose transiciones en las que se restringieron las capacidades para agenciar posibilidades de futuro fuera de los marcos de la guerra, pero también cursos de vida en resistencia vinculados a la acción colectiva con otros jóvenes.

Abstract (analytical) This article analyzes the implications of war in the configuration of rural youth in Colombia in La Merced, Caldas and Vista Hermosa, Meta. It describes qualitative research that uses a narrative approach to analyze the experiences of three survivors of violence between 1995 and 2005 through the telling of significant events that occurred during their youth. The results show that the war established specific life courses for rural youth, such as growing coca leaf and being a member of armed groups. These transitions demonstrate how their capacity to pursue possible life paths outside the frame-work of war were restricted, but also highlight life paths involving resistance to the war that were linked to collective action with other young people.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo analisa as implicações da guerra na configuração da juventude em zonas rurais da Colômbia, em La Merced, Caldas e Vista Hermosa, Meta. É uma pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem narrativa a partir da qual são analisadas as vivências de três sobreviventes de violência entre 1995 e 2005, por meio dos marcadores juvenis. Os resultados mostram que a guerra traçou rumos de vida para a juventude rural, como ser cultivadores de folha de coca e membros de grupos armados, marcando transições em que se restringiam as capacidades de encontrar possibilidades de futuro fora dos marcos da guerra, mas também, cursos de vida em resistência vinculados à ação coletiva com outros jovens.

Indigenous Territoriality: External Discourses and Native Perspectives on the Space Inhabited by Tegria's U'wa Community / Territorialidad Indígena: Discursos externos y perspectivas propias del espacio habitado por la comunidad U'wa de Tegría

ABSTRACT Tegria's community is part of the U'wa indigenous people, who have inhabited the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy since the pre-Hispanic period, in the jurisdiction of the current municipality of Cubara in Boyaca (Colombia). However, this region known as Sarare has been described from anthropological, ethnohistorical, linguistical, and to a lesser extent, geographical approaches, which have generated representations of territory that ignore the historical process of indigenous people. To account for the present territoriality, it was proposed to contrast these external discourses with the community's visions on its history of occupation and the transformations of the inhabited space, compiled through participatory methodologies that sought the collaborative construction of knowledge based on joint recognition of the place, the participant observation and the constant dialogue between indigenous and researchers. In this way, it was established that the external discourses show a territory that does not correspond to the processes of appropriation, adaptation, and reconfiguration of the space that the U'wa indigenous community has lived through and are evident in everyday settings such as the cultivation plot and the school. Therefore, it is only possible to recognize indigenous territoriality by exploring other alternatives, expressions, and perspectives that involve directly the communities and are not external to the context of the inquiry itself.

RESUMEN La comunidad de Tegría hace parte del pueblo indígena U'wa, que ha habitado desde el periodo prehispánico la ladera este de la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, en jurisdicción del actual municipio de Cubará en el departamento de Boyacá. Colombia. Esta región, conocida como el Sarare, ha sido descrita desde enfoques antropológicos, etnohistóricos, lingüísticos y, en menor medida, geográficos, que han generado representaciones del territorio que desconocen el proceso histórico del habitar indígena. Para dar cuenta de la territorialidad presente, se contrastaron estos discursos externos con las perspectivas propias de la comunidad sobre su historia de ocupación y las transformaciones del espacio habitado, recopiladas a través de metodologías participativas que buscaron la construcción colaborativa de conocimiento a partir de la observación participante y un constante diálogo de saberes. De esta forma, se estableció que los discursos externos muestran un territorio que no se corresponde con los procesos de apropiación, adaptación y reconfiguración del espacio que la comunidad indígena U'wa ha vivido y son evidentes en escenarios cotidianos como la chagra -área destinada para cultivos rotativos- y la escuela, por lo que solo es posible reconocer la territorialidad indígena mediante la exploración de otras alternativas, lenguajes y perspectivas que involucren directamente a las comunidades y no resulten ajenas ni extrañas al propio contexto de indagación.

Invenciones frente a lo traumático de la violencia: memoria afirmativa de un pueblo afrocolombiano / Invenções contra o traumático da violência: memória afirmativa de um povo afro-colombiano / Inventions against the traumatic of violence: affirmative memory of an afro-colombian people

Resumen La memoria colectiva afirmativa se compone de significados y emociones positivas que por efecto del recuerdo enlazan a una comunidad. El propósito de este estudio fue conocer la memoria afirmativa de la comunidad afrocolombiana de La Balsa, Cauca, que vivió el conflicto armado durante diez años. Es un estudio cualitativo descriptivo que utilizó la técnica de entrevistas individuales con 6 personas y grupos focales con 99 personas. Se realizó un análisis de contenido. Como hallazgos encontramos que los balseños otorgan un papel decisivo a su memoria afirmativa, que exalta sus orígenes ancestrales, familiares, sus prácticas culturales, la etno educación y procesos vigorosos de organización social, que les otorgó un nuevo lugar como agentes sociales. Se concluye que la memoria afirmativa proporciona recursos simbólicos y emocionales para que las comunidades inventen formas de resistencia ciudadana y se reparen de situaciones de violencia, como el caso de la comunidad balseña.

Resumo A memória coletiva afirmativa é composta de significados positivos e emoções que, através do efeito da memória, ligam uma comunidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a memória afirmativo da comunidade afro-colombiana de La Balsa, Cauca, que viveu o conflito armado colombiano durante dez anos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo qualitativo, que utilizou a técnica de entrevistas individuais com 6 pessoas e grupos focais com 99 pessoas. Uma análise de conteúdo foi realizada. Entre os resultados, se tem que os "balseños" concedem um rol decisivo à sua memória afirmativa, exaltando suas origens ancestrais e familiares, práticas culturais, educação étnica e processos vigorosos de organização social que lhes deu um novo lugar como agentes sociais. A principal conclusão foi que a memória afirmativa fornece recursos simbólicos e emocionais para que as comunidades inventem formas de resistência cidadã e reparem as situações de violência, como no caso da comunidade "balseña".

Abstract The affirmative collective memory is composed of positive meanings and emotions that, as a result of memory, link a community. The purpose of this study was to know the affirmative memory of the Afro-Colombian community of La Balsa, Cauca, which lived through the armed conflict for ten years. It is a descriptive qualitative study that used the technique of individual interviews with 6 people and focal groups with 99 people. A content analysis was carried out. We find that the balseños give a decisive role to their affirmative memory, which exalts their ancestral and family origins, their cultural practices, ethno-education and vigorous processes of social organization, which gave them a new place as social agents. It is concluded that affirmative memory provides symbolic and emotional resources for the communities to invent forms of citizen resistance and recover from situations of violence, such as the case of the "Balseña" community.

Cantando a dor do outro: o caso Zuzu Angel e a canção como testemunho na obra de Chico Buarque / Singing someone else's pain: Zuzu Angel's story and the song as a historical testimony in Chico Buarque's work / Cantando el dolor del otro: el caso de Zuzu Angel y la canción como testimonio en el trabajo de Chico Buarque

Neste artigo, discutimos a estetização do testemunho histórico sob a forma da canção popular em duas obras do compositor Francisco Buarque de Holanda: Angélica (1981) e Pedaço de mim (1978). Ambas se inspiram no caso Zuzu Angel, uma famosa estilista de moda, amiga do compositor, que teve seu filho morto pela ditadura civil militar em 1971, e faleceu num controverso acidente de carro em 1976. Partindo das reflexões de autores como Benjamin, Agamben, Halbwachs, Seligmann-Silva e Blacking, procuramos discutir como a canção popular pode ser uma forma peculiar tanto de expressar a natureza do trauma, como de trazer à tona aspectos específicos de uma suposta verdade testemunhal.

In this article we discuss the aesthetization of historical testimony in two songs by composer Francisco Buarque de Holanda: Angélica (1981) and Pedaço de mim (1978), both inspired in the story of Zuzu Angel, a Brazilian fashion stylist whose son was killed by the government during Brazilian civil military dictatorship in 1971. Zuzu Angel died in a mysterious car accident in 1976. We cite authors such as Benjamin, Agamben, Halbwachs, Seligmann-Silva and Blacking to discuss how a popular song can be a peculiar way to express the nature of the trauma and to bring to light specific features of an alleged testimonial truth.

En este artículo, discutimos la estetización del testimonio histórico en forma de canción popular en dos obras del compositor Francisco Buarque de Holanda: Angélica (1981) y Pedaço de mim (1978), ambas inspiradas en el caso de Zuzu Angel, una famosa estilista brasileña cuyo hijo fue asesinado por la dictadura civil militar en 1971, y murió en un controvertido accidente automovilístico en 1976. De las reflexiones de autores como Benjamin, Agamben, Halbwachs, Seligmann-Silva y Blacking, buscamos discutir como la canción popular puede ser una forma peculiar tanto de expressar la naturaliza del trauma como de sacar a la luz aspectos específicos de la supuesta verdad de um testimonio.

Desastres, memorias y bienestar de lugar en Dichato, Chile / Disasters, memories and well-being of the place in Dichato, Chile

Resumen El trabajo que se presenta entrega aportes para comprender el impacto de desastres naturales o antrópicos, como terremotos, maremotos, huracanes, terrorismo, entre otros, producidos por efectos de la acción de fenómenos naturales o acciones humanas, en personas. Su objetivo es comprender el impacto del terremoto 8.8 ° y tsunami del 27 de febrero de 2010, en Dichato, localidad costera al sur de Chile, a partir de la necesidad de generar conocimiento sobre los alcances traumáticos de lo consignado en el bienestar en ese lugar. Se trabajó a partir de los relatos de habitantes sobrevivientes sobre su trayectoria de vida en el lugar, en quienes emerge el recuerdo y superposición de la experiencia traumática de la vivencia del terremoto y tsunami mencionados, a lo que fue la dictadura militar de Augusto Pinochet de 1973-1990, como acontecimiento desastroso equivalente en sus vidas. Los resultados amplían la comprensión de desastre, más allá de sus alcances materiales, individuales o de corto plazo. Concluimos que el impacto socio-histórico-emocional, el daño al sujeto social y su bienestar de lugar, son aspectos que deben considerarse ante las transformaciones y cambios en el lugar de vida, conociendo y comprendiendo las respuestas colectivas que puedan emerger.

Abstract In this article, we provide contributions to understand the impact of natural or anthropic disasters, like earthquakes, tsunamis, terrorism, and so on, caused by the effects of natural disasters or human actions over people. Our objective is to understand the impact of the 8.8° earthquake and tsunami of February 27th, 2010, in Dichato, in the south coast of Chile. The interest is to generate knowledge about the effects of traumatic events in the well-being of the people who live in that place. The social and health sciences need to integrate other methods inn their research, in order to study the impact of traumatic events on the well-being of people. We worked with surviving inhabitants that told us about their lives in that place and their life stories. In these accounts, there was some remembrances and emotional superpositions between the traumatic experiences of the earthquake and the tsunami, and the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet from 1973-1990 in Chile, considered as a similar disastrous event in their lives. The results expand the understanding about disasters, beyond its material, individual or short-term scope. We conclude that the socio-historical emotional impact, social suffering and well-being of the place are aspects that should be considered in the face of transformations and changes in the place of living, knowing and understanding the collective responses that can emerge.

Narrativas colectivas y memorias del conflicto armado colombiano: Sentidos y prácticas de abuelas y madres de niñas y niños de la primera infancia / Collective Narratives and Memories of the Colombian Armed Conflict: Meanings and Practices of Grandmothers and Mothers of Early Childhood Children

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como fin comprender las narrativas colectivas y memorias sobre paz y conflicto armado presentes en las familias que han vivido el desplazamiento forzado, y en sus hijos e hijas de la primera infancia. Particularmente, el artículo se focaliza en los relatos de las madres y abuelas de estas niñas y estos niños alrededor del conflicto armado, sus tránsitos y la resignificación presente, abriendo futuros posibles de paz. Este artículo presenta los resultados del trabajo de campo realizado en los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil localizados en Manizales (Caldas) y Villa Rica (Cauca) de Colombia. El estudio se desarrolló a través de talleres que propiciaron la emergencia de narrativas colectivas como base para la comprensión de las memorias y la transformación orientada a la paz. Mediante el análisis categorial de narrativas se concluyó que las familias han sufrido los efectos por el conflicto armado, como el desplazamiento forzado, la muerte de familiares, el miedo ante la propia muerte o la de otros cercanos, junto con la pérdida de sus territorios y de prácticas sociales y culturales asociadas a la ruralidad. Sin embargo, los tránsitos del territorio de origen al territorio de acogida también han favorecido aprendizajes y el surgimiento de prácticas de solidaridad, que les han permitido construir nuevos sentidos de sus historias para promover prácticas orientadas a la construcción de paz y a la apertura a posibilidades futuras. Las familias han encontrado en las relaciones, en la resignificación de los territorios y en el contacto con la naturaleza, modos de resistir a las violencias y de aportar a la construcción de la paz.

Abstract The present research aimed to comprehend the collective narratives and memories about peace-building and armed conflict present within families who have lived forced displacement, as well as those of their children in early childhood. The article focus is on life stories of the children's mothers and grandmothers, about armed conflict, its transits, and the new meanings of the experiences lived, opening possibilities for alternative futures of peace. The study took place through fieldwork, which used workshops to collect collective narratives in order to comprehend memories and transform practices towards peace-building. The results and conclusions came after categorical narrative analysis. We concluded that families have suffer negative effects due to armed conflict, such as forced displacement, lost of family members, fear to lose own's life or the one of other family members, as well as the lost of territories and of social and cultural practices associated to rurality. The transit from the origin territory to the host territory have also prompt learnings and solidarity practices. This has allowed families the co-creation of new meanings in the present to promote peace-building practices and the emergence of future possibilities. Families have found, in their meaningful relations, in the new meanings given to the territories, and in the contact with the environment, ways to resist to violence and to contribute to peace-building processes.

Colonialidade do saber e conflitos de memórias no espaço público / Coloniality of knowledge and conflict of memories in the public space

A colonialidade do poder e do saber pode transcender a relação da Europa com os países colonizados, passando a se constituir como um padrão de relações reproduzido em diversos sistemas políticos. O eurocentrismo é uma perspectiva cognitiva-epistêmica não exclusiva dos europeus e nem do período colonial, pertencendo também aos que tenham sido educados pela sua hegemonia. Este relato de pesquisa tem por objetivo abordar a concepção e organização de um Memorial em uma comunidade quilombola, observando-se o processo de construção da memória coletiva em torno de um mito fundacional de origem. Na metodologia seguiu-se a abordagem qualitativa utilizando o método da história oral. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo temática valendo-se do software Atlas Ti na codificação, categorização e monitoração da produção de sentidos. Observa-se que durante a construção do Memorial determinados grupos sociais dominantes utilizam o poder simbólico, social e político para fazer prevalecer sua representação de passado numa perspectiva epistemológica eurocêntrica, evitando a polissemia de vozes. O guiamento do Memorial provoca, porém, um conflito de memórias a partir de relatos testemunhais que subvertem a temporalidade histórica da escravidão, imputando novas formas identitárias ao processo de construção da memória.(AU)

The coloniality of power and knowledge can transcend the relationship of Europe with the colonized countries, becoming a pattern of relations reproduced in various political systems. Eurocentrism is a non-exclusive cognitive-epistemic perspective of Europeans and neither of the colonial period, also belonging to those who have been educated by their hegemony. This research report aims to approach the conception and organization of a memorial in a quilombola community observing the process of construction of the collective memory around a founding myth of origin. In the methodology followed the qualitative approach using the oral history method. The data were analyzed through the thematic content analysis using Atlas Ti software in the coding, categorization and monitoring of the production of meanings. It is observed that during the construction of Memorial certain dominant social groups use the symbolic, social and political power to make their representation of the past prevail in a Eurocentric epistemological perspective, avoiding the polysemy of voices. The Memorial guide, however, provokes a conflict of memories, based on witness accounts that subvert the historical temporality of slavery, imputing new identity forms to the process of memory construction.(AU)

La memoria comunicativa y los temas de la memoria colectiva de la crisis de 2001 en Argentina, según generaciones, ideología política y afectación / Communicative memory and the themes of the collective memory of the 2001 crisis in Argentina, across generations, political ideology and degree of personal damage

Resumen El desarrollo de estudios en torno a la memoria colectiva da lugar a la consideración de nuevas elaboraciones y distinciones en su composición. De estas últimas, hay dos que son relevantes al presente estudio. La primera, en relación a la fuente del recuerdo, distingue entre una memoria comunicativa y una memoria cultural. La segunda, en relación al tipo de recuerdo, distingue entre la memoria colectiva semántica vivida (MCSV) y la memoria colectiva semántica distante (MCSD). También se considera la forma de afectación que han tenido los hechos sobre los participantes y la autocategorización ideológica/política de los participantes. El presente estudio aborda cómo los factores tipo de recuerdo, afectación e ideología influyeron en el contenido del recuerdo colectivo de la crisis de 2001, considerando a los temas/ideas principales. 80 participantes respondieron a una tarea de recuerdo libre. Se llevaron a cabo múltiples Análisis de la Varianza (ANOVAs). Los resultados muestran que los distintos grupos (MCSV y MCSD; Afectados Directamente e Indirectamente; Derecha e Izquierda) comparten los mismos contenidos, caracterizados por una descripción de hechos y por una ausencia de contextualización de los mismos. Las pocas diferencias tienden a mostrar un clima emocional y social de la época, ofrecido por aquellos participantes con recuerdos vividos y afectados indirectamente. No se encontraron diferencias en función de la autocategorización ideológica/política. Esta falta de diferencias se explicaría por las características propias de una memoria a predominio comunicativo, como la de la crisis de 2001, que no promovería la elaboración de contextos en la memoria colectiva.

Abstract Among the distinctions in the field of collective memory studies, there is one that refers to the source of the memories, and is growing in force and importance: that is, the distinction between communicative and cultural memories. Another important distinction refers to the type of memories that constitute collective memories, and is the one between Lived Semantic Collective Memory and Distant Semantic Collective Memory. Another two important factors are the ideology of the rememberer and how was the rememberer affected by the crisis. The present study aims to investigate how the last three factors (type of memory, being affected or not, and ideology) influenced the content of collective recall of the 2001 crisis, considering themes/main ideas as dependent variables. As national memories allow us to study collective memory, the present study is focused on the memories Argentinians have of the economic, political and social crisis of 2001. This is considered the most profound economic and financial crisis in Argentina´s recent history. After years of economic recession, the crisis was triggered by an economic measure called "corralito," which almost completely froze bank accounts and thereby prevented people from withdrawing their money. Demonstrations and protests followed, which contributed to the resignation of President Fernando de la Rúa after he declared a state of siege. Police action resulted in more than 30 deaths. Institutional and political chaos and a succession of five Presidents in one week followed De la Rúa's resignation. Despite its magnitude, there is not a cultural memory constituted around this event. For example, there are only a few books, films, memorials or monuments on this event, it has received little attention in High School history curricula, and there is not a national commemorative day. That is why it is considered an event around which people have predominantly a communicative memory. Conversely, the 1976 coup d´état and the military dictatorship that followed has led to the development of a cultural memory (for example, there are many books, movies, monuments or memorials, and a national commemorative day). In the present study, participants´ memories about the 2001 crisis are considered. Eighty participants responded to a free-recall task about the crisis. Two groups of forty participants were conformed, one with Lived Semantic Collective Memory and the other with Distant Semantic Collective Memory. At the same time, half of the members of each of these groups were directly affected by the crisis, and the other half was indirectly affected. The political ideology of the participants in terms of right and left is also considered. The dependent variables were the themes or main ideas that constitute the participants recall of the 2001 crisis. Multiple Anova´s were performed. Results showed that participants with Lived Semantic Collective Memories and indirectly affected remembered themes/main ideas which offered information regarding the social and emotional climate of that period or, in the case of those with Lived Semantic Collective Memories, a themes/main idea that assigned responsibilities for the crisis. We found no differences as a function of ideology. But most importantly, results show a predominant lack of differences in the themes/main ideas remembered by different groups. Overall, the recall is mostly composed of themes/main ideas that are mostly descriptive of the different facts that took place during the 2001 crisis. There are no differences for themes/main ideas that offered a more contextualized recall. In general, results are explained in terms of the kind of memories promoted by communicative memories, which are less elaborated, more emotional and composed mostly of facts. In contrast, cultural memories seem to offer a more contextualized version, with causes and consequences that explain the facts.

Memória coletiva e teoria das representações sociais: confluências teórico-conceituais / Collective memory and social representations theory: a theoretical-conceptual confluence

Este artigo objetiva apresentar os principais aspectos teóricos e conceituais de duas teorias: Memória Coletiva, termo cunhado por Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945) e a Teoria das Representações Sociais, pensada pelo psicólogo Serge Moscovici (1928-2014), bem como de que maneira esses dois campos se confluem, tendo em vista a influência sociológica de Émile Durkheim (1858-1917). Esse estudo reúne elementos teórico-conceituais do pensamento durkheimiano, que pode ampliar a discussão acerca das articulações entre as duas perspectivas teóricas apresentadas. Sob esse enfoque epistemológico, a discussão entre Memória Coletiva e Teoria das Representações Sociais tem sido pouco enfatizada nas produções científicas que se propuseram a concatenar as duas teorias, o que imprime originalidade ao presente trabalho. É perceptível uma relação de similaridade entre o processo de ancoragem moscoviciano com os quadros sociais da memória, sendo que ambos dependem de processos relacionais para construção social das práticas cotidianas e da capacidade de teorização da realidade social.

This paper aims to present the main theoretical and conceptual aspects of two theories: Collective Memory, a term coined by Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945) and Social Representations Theory, developed by the psychologist Serge Moscovici (1928-2014), and how both fields converge, considering the sociological influence of Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). This study brings together theoretical and conceptual elements of Durkheim´s thought, which can broaden the discussion about the connections between the theoretical perspectives presented. Under this epistemological approach, the discussion between Collective Memory and Social Representations Theory has been little emphasized in the scientific productions that have proposed to concatenate the two theories, which brings originality to the present work. It is noticeable the similarity between the anchoring process of Moscovici and the social frames of memory, both of which depend on relational processes for the social construction of daily practices and the ability to theorize social reality.

EL PEI, un instrumento pedagógico que al reflexionar sobre la memoria colectiva del conflicto armado posibilita un aprendizaje en torno al dolor y sufrimiento / The Institutional Educational Project (PEI): A Pedagogical Instrument that when Reflecting about the Collective Memory of the Armed Conflict, Enables Learning Around Pain and Suffering

Resumen Al interpretar el Proyecto Educativo Institucional (PEI) a partir de las categorías de subjetividad política y memoria colectiva del conflicto armado, encontramos que: i) la escuela haciendo uso de los 5 componentes del PEI puede hacer pedagogía de la memoria sobre las dimensiones del conflicto armado, ii) la escuela puede resignificar los actos cívicos creando activi dades pedagógicas que comporten nuevos sentidos sobre la violencia de pais al motivar la reflexión en los sujetos educativos, iv) es posible una educación desde el lenguaje poético como grito y silencio de las víctmas, v) haciendo pedagogía de la memoria del conflicto armado, la escuela puede propiciar la unión en la comunidad educativa en torno al dolor y sufrimiento, posibilitando una reelaboración imaginativa del dolor físico a sufrimiento, constituyéndose este, en un tipo de enseñanza y apredizaje.

Abstract In interpreting the Institutional Educational Project (PEI) from the political subjectivity and the collective memory categories of the armed conflict, we find that i) the school, by using the 5 components of the PEI, can do pedagogy of the memory on the dimensions of the armed conflict; ii) the school can re-signify civic acts, by creating pedagogical activities, which bring new senses about country violence, by motivating reflection in educational subjects; iii) an education is possible from the poetic language, like victims' cry and silence; iv) in the pedagogy of the memory of the armed conflict, the school can foster the union in the educational community around pain and suffering, by enabling an imaginative reprocessing of physical pain to suffering, which becomes a sort of teaching and learning.

Herencia de sentimientos en Chile posdictadura / Legacy of feelings in post-dictatorship Chile / Herança de sentimentos no Chile pós-ditadura / Héritage de sentiments au Chili post dictature

Este artículo propone una reflexión sobre la transmisión de sentimientos entre generaciones como consecuencia de la violencia política. Asentados en el marco de la teoría psicoanalítica, se busca entender la herencia de sentimientos como manifestación de la memoria colectiva en Chile posdictadura.

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a transmissão de sentimentos entre gerações como consequência da violência política. Assentado no marco da teoria psicanalítica, o artigo procura entender a herança de sentimentos como manifestação da memória coletiva no Chile pós-ditadura.

This paper proposes a reflection on the transmission of feelings from one generation to another as a consequence of political violence. Based on the approaches of the psychoanalytic theory, this paper aims to understand the legacy of feelings as a manifestation of the collective memory in post-dictatorship Chile.

Cet article propose une réflexion sur la transmission de sentiments à travers les générations comme conséquence de la violence politique. À l'aide de la théorie psychanalytique, on cherche à comprendre l'héritage de sentiments comme manifestation de la mémoire collective au Chili post-dictature.

Der vorliegende Artikel soll dazu dienen, Denkanstöße über die Folgen der politischen Gewalt und die daraus resultierende, generationsübergreifende Gefühlsübertragung zu liefern. Aus der Sicht der psychoanalytischen Theorie soll versucht werden, die Gefühlserbschaft zu verstehen, und zwar als Ausdrucksform eines Kollektiv-gedächtnisses im heutigen Chile.

Los niños y las niñas recuerdan: memoria colectiva y participación en Memorial Paine, Chile / Children remember: Collective memory and participation at Memorial Paine, Chile / As crianças lembram: Memória coletiva e participação no Memorial Paine, Chile

Resumen (analítico): En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la relación entre memoria colectiva, infancia y participación, a partir de una intervención pedagógica organizada en un memorial de Santiago de Chile. Utilizamos una metodología cualitativa, teniendo como principales resultados que las memorias de las niñas y los niños se producen en una relación de co-construcción con los sujetos adultos, atravesadas por relaciones de poder que permiten distintas dinámicas de participación. Estos vínculos pueden reproducir memorias centradas en la víctima, en lo familiar y en el duelo, así como memorias transformadoras de la resistencia y la lucha social, en las cuales cobra importancia la apropiación e identificación de las nuevas generaciones con el lugar de memoria. Concluimos con una reflexión sobre la agencia de las niñas y los niños en el campo de la memoria y los derechos humanos.

Abstract (analytical): The purpose of this article is to reflect on the relationship between collective memory, childhood and participation in a pedagogical intervention that occurred in a memorial in Santiago, Chile. The authors used an ethnographical qualitative methodology, with the results showing that children's memories are developed in co-construction with adults, a process influenced by power relations between participants and that enable different dynamics of participation. These links may reproduce memories that are focused on the victim, their family circles and mourning, as well as transformative memories of resistance and social struggle in which the appropriation and identification of children with the memorial become important. The authors conclude by reflecting on the agency of children in the fields of memory and human rights.

Resumo (analítico): Neste artigo reflexionamos a relação entre lembrança coletiva, infancia e participação, a partir de uma intervenção pedagógica organizada em um memorial da regiao metropolitana do Chile. Utilizamos o método qualitativo do tipo etnográfico, tendo como principais resultados que as lembranças das crianças se produzem numa relação conjunta com os adultos, cruzadas por relações de poder que permitem diferentes dinâmicas de participação. Estes vínculos podem reproduzir lembranças centradas na vítima, na familia e no luto, assim como lembranças transformadoras centradas na resistencia e na luta social, nas quais cobra importancia a apropriação e identificação das crianças, no lugar da lembrança. Concluimos com uma reflexão sobre a ação das crianças no campo da lembrança e dos direitos humanos.

Recordar la dictadura chilena visitando lugares de memoria / Lembrar da ditadura chilena visitando locais de memória / Remembering the chilean dictatorship by visiting places of memory

Resumen En el marco de los estudios sobre lugares de memoria vinculados a las violaciones a los derechos humanos cometidas por la dictadura cívico-militar en Chile (1973-1990), este artículo presenta el análisis de visitas a dos lugares de memoria de Santiago de Chile - Villa Grimaldi y Londres 38 - realizadas por personas de distintos grupos etarios. El análisis aborda la interacción de los visitantes con el lugar, considerando los afectos y percepciones que provoca la visita, y la interpelación que estos lugares hacen a las memorias que los visitantes construyen sobre el pasado reciente. Los resultados muestran que, si bien existe acuerdo en la condena a las violaciones a los derechos humanos y la importancia de una cultura de la memoria y los derechos humanos, se produce una distancia entre las generaciones al valorar conflictos del pasado que refieren a distintos momentos históricos.

Resumo No marco dos estudos sobre os lugares de memória vinculados às violações dos direitos humanos cometidos pela ditadura cívico-militar no Chile (1973-1990), este artigo apresenta a análise de visitas a dois lugares de memória de Santiago do Chile - Villa Grimaldi y Londres 38 - realizadas por pessoas de diferentes faixas etárias. O estudo aborda a interação dos visitantes com o lugar, considerando os sentimentos e as percepções que a visita provoca e a interpelação que estes lugares fazem às memórias que os visitantes constroem sobre o passado recente. Os resultados mostram que, embora haja acordo na condenação das violações dos direitos humanos e na importância de uma cultura de memória e dos direitos humanos, um distanciamento entre as gerações aparece ao avaliar conflitos do passado que se referem a diferentes momentos históricos.

Abstract In the framework of the studies on places of memory related to human rights violations committed by the Chilean military-civic dictatorship (1973-1990), this article presents the analysis of visits to two places of memory of Santiago de Chile - Villa Grimaldi and London 38 - made by people of different age groups. The analysis addresses the interaction of the visitors with the place, considering the affections and perceptions that the visit caused, and the interpellation that these places cause to the memories that the visitors build on the recent past. The results show that, although there is an agreement on the condemnation of human rights violations and the importance of a culture of memory and human rights, there is a distance among the generations when assessing past conflicts that refer to different historic moments.

Blumenau e as memórias de maria: as enchentes da década de 1980 a partir de experiências de vida / Blumenau and the memories of maria: the floods of 1980 decade from life experiences / Blumenau y las memorias de maría: las inundaciones de la década de los 80 a partir de experiencias de vida

Este artigo traz as memórias de Maria acerca das grandes enchentes de 1983 e 1984 ocorridas em Blumenau-SC. O objetivo é evidenciar os acontecimentos que não estão impressos na história "oficial" da cidade. Esta pesquisa segue metodologia qualitativa com base em história oral. Os dados foram captados por entrevista em profundidade. Como conclusão, percebese que Maria, por vezes, assume o papel de protagonista e, por vezes, de testemunha ocular, trazendo uma memória que imprime não somente os acontecimentos das tragédias, mas o resgate das raízes da cultura alemã. Apesar de Maria evidenciar a dura realidade que viveu no período, em suas falas, parece não fazer parte delas. O sofrimento do outro se mostra maior. Isso é evidenciado quando reproduz narrativas que giravam de boca em boca e pelo rádio, tomando uma dimensão maior do que sua própria experiência em relação às tragédias

This paper brings forth the memories of Maria from the great floods, which occurred in the city of Blumenau in 1983-84. Our aim is to put events in the foreground, which as of yet, have not been etched into the "official" city history. This study follows qualitative methods based on Oral History. Data having been collected through in-depth interviews. It is possible to conclude that Maria acts at times as a protagonist and as an eye-witness at other times, bringing a memory that prints out not only the tragedy of the events, but also the later rescuing of German cultural and heritage roots. Although Maria puts forward evidence of the harsh reality she lived through at the time, she seems distanced from them in her discourse. The suffering of others shown as greater. This can be seen when radio and word-of-mouth accounts are reproduced, taking greater dimensions than her own tragic experience

Este artículo trae las memorias de María sobre las grandes inundaciones de 1983 y 1984 ocurridas en Blumenau-SC. El objetivo es mostrar los hechos que no están impresos en la historia "oficial" de la ciudad. Esta investigación sigue metodología cualitativa con base en historia oral. Los datos han sido captados por entrevista en profundidad. Como conclusión, se observa que María, en ocasiones, asume el papel de protagonista y, otras veces, de testigo ocular, trayendo una memoria que imprime no solamente los sucesos de las tragedias, sino el rescate de las raíces de la cultura alemana. Aunque María muestra la dura realidad que vivió en este periodo, en su narración no parece formar parte de ella. El sufrimiento del otro se muestra mayor. Esto se manifiesta cuando se reproducen narrativas que iban de boca en boca y por la radio, tomando una dimensión mayor que su propia experiencia en relación con las tragedias

La cuestión malvinas: construcción de la memoria colectiva social / The malvinas´subject: the construcion of the social memory

El enfoque construccionista social considera que las producciones discursivas transmiten no solo las ideas, conocimientos u opiniones personales, sino también elementos de la memoria construida conjuntamente con los pares de su generación. Objetivo: El objetivo de la investigación es identificar narrativas construidas sobre la cuestión Malvinas en estudiantes del un instituto militar. Metodología: se realizó un estudio cualitativo exploratorio con cuatro focus groups de 12 integrantes cada uno. Se propuso recordar sobre Malvinas, en base a: soberanía, contexto político, la guerra, los veteranos y los caídos en la guerra. Resultados: Se elaboraron las primeras categorías emergentes a partir de las narrativas construidas sobre los temas propuestos. Las versiones de la historia se presentan como una traba para la organización retórica de la contienda, sus participantes y sus héroes, dificultando las conmemoraciones de la guerra y de sus víctimas.

The social constructionist approach considers that the discursive productions not only convey ideas, knowledge or personal opinions, but also memories elements built together by generation´s peers. Objective: the aim of this research is to identify the narratives built about the Malvinas subject in students of a military institute. Methodology: An exploratory qualitative study was carried with four focus group of 12 members each. It was proposed to remember about Malvinas, based on: sovereignty, political context, the war, the war veterans and the casualties. Results: Emergent categories were developed from the narratives based on the discussed subjects proposed. The different versions of history present as an impediment the rhetoric organization of the contest, its participants and its heroes, making difficult the commemorations of the war and its victims.

Los temas de la memoria colectiva del golpe de estado de 1976 en Argentina en función de la ideología y las generaciones / Themes of the collective memory of the coup d'etat of 1976 in Argentina as a function of ideology and generations

El recuerdo del Golpe de Estado de 1976 en Argentina ofrece una oportunidad para estudiar los procesos de formación y composición de la memoria colectiva. En el trabajo que se informa se estudió cómo los contenidos del recuerdo del golpe son afectados por dos factores: las generaciones que lo recuerdan y la ideología política de los participantes. Con este objetivo, se solicitó a 52 participantes argentinos y de ambos sexos que completaran una tarea de Recuerdo Libre entorno a los hechos del Golpe de Estado de 1976. Se dividió la muestra en dos grupos de 26 sujetos, uno estuvo compuesto por personas que vivieron durante esos años (mayores de 48 años) y el otro, por personas de una generación que no vivió aquella época (menores de 30). Se consideró también la ideología política de los participantes (Izquierda o Derecha). Se utilizó un enfoque de análisis descriptivo, centrado en analizar el contenido del recuerdo, considerando qué temas / ideas principales lo conformaban. Los resultados muestran una mayoría de temas comunes al recuerdo de los distintos grupos. Estos elementos comunes conformarían una memoria nacional del golpe. También muestran que la generación y la ideología política promueven temas / ideas principales propios de cada grupo. Aquellos de la generación mayor recordaron más temas / ideas principales de tipo contextual y emocional / afectivo. Los de la generación menor recordaron en mayor medida los hechos acontecidos durante la dictadura. Los sujetos del grupo de Izquierda recordaron temas / ideas principales vinculados a la violencia de Derecha y más aspectos contextuales que los del grupo de Derecha. Se propone que hay un sistema de memoria nacional que operaría en los sujetos y que es afectado por las metas y objetivos de cada grupo.

Argentina, as well as others Latin American countries, lived through a military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983. Because of the magnitude of its consequences, it is a period of the Argentinean history that is still discussed by its citizens and that has a place in the educational curricula of the country now. Moreover, its current importance is evident, for example, as shown in the ongoing trials for the responsibilities of the crimes committed by the militaries so many years ago, and the frequent news of people recovering their stolen identity after being born in captivity during those years and being raised by families that appropriated them. A collective memory of the events taking place over those years is in the process of constitution and development. As people talk about it, as new information is spread on the news, as justice works over those committing the terrible crimes during that period in Argentina, a collective memory of the 1976 coup d’état takes shape. One aim of the present work was to contribute to the study of the collective memory of the coup d´état of 1976 in Argentina. Even though this issue has received attention in previous studies, an empirical approach towards it that focuses on the discourse of the memories of the participants, conforms a new contribution. Another aim of this study was to contribute to the study of collective memory from a psychological perspective. Recalls of the coup d´état of 1976 in Argentina offer one of those opportunities to study the processes of formation and constitution of collective memory. In the present study, we are interested in studying how the contents of the recall of the coup d´état are affected by two specific factors: generations and ideology. Our interest is to study how similar and different are the memories for those events for different generations of citizens. We are basically considering those who lived through those years and those who learned about those same events indirectly, through books, documentary, news, etc. We are also interested in studying how much political ideology can affect the recall of those events. In that, we considered the basic ideological distinction between left and right. The dependent variable was a concrete aspect of the content of the recall: the -mes / main ideas. A total of 52 subjects participated in the study. The sample was divided in two groups, one of which was constituted by subjects who lived-through those years. This was the older generation group. The other group conformed the younger generation and was integrated by subjects that didn’t live through those years because they were not yet born. At the same time, people from the left and right ideologies composed each of these two groups. Participants completed a Free Recall Test, where we asked them to recall all of what they could remember about the events around March 24, 1976. We focused on analyzing the content of there call, considering the themes / main ideas that configured it. There are common elements of the recall that seem to configure a national memory of the coup d´état. However, generations and political ideology promoted themes / main ideas typical of each group. Those of the older generation remembered more contextual and emotional / affective themes / main ideas. Those of the younger generation remembered more facts that took place during the military dictatorship. People with a left wing ideology remembered more themes / main ideas related to the ‘Right wing violence’ and more contextual aspects than those with a right wing ideology. A national memory system that would operate in the citizens and that is affected by the goals of each group is proposed.

Memoria colectiva y posicionamientos diferenciales: figuras de la historia argentina en estudiantes de psicología / Collective memory and differential positioning: figures of argentina history in psychology students

En los últimos años, se ha dado especial interés en el área de la memoria colectiva al estudio de la historia desde la perspectiva de las Representaciones Sociales quedando ésta establecida como un objeto representacional de relevancia. En esta línea, el presente trabajo plantea los objetivos de analizar los personajes de la historia argentina que un grupo de 144 estudiantes de psicología mencionan como más importantes, e indagar en posicionamientos diferenciales en función de aspectos como la religión y el posicionamiento ideológico. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el enfoque estructural o la teoría del núcleo central de las representaciones sociales (Abric, 2001). Los resultados muestran la fuerte presencia de un sesgo científico y bélico en los participantes. En términos de anclaje o posicionamientos diferenciales, se observan diferencias al agrupar a los participantes en función de su auto posicionamiento ideológico.

In recent years, there has been a particular interest in the area of collective memory in studying history from the perspective of Social Representations Theory due to its relevance as a representational object. In this vein, the overall objective of this paper is to analyze the characters of Argentina’s history that a group of 144 psychology students cited as most important, and explore differential positioning related to religion and ideological positioning. For data analysis the structural approach, or the central nucleus theory of social representations (Abric, 2001), was used. The results show the strong presence of a scientific and military bias in participants. In terms of anchoring or differential positioning, differences show up when grouping participants according self- ideological positioning.