Baseline laboratory parameters for preliminary diagnosis of COVID-19 among children: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Clinical judgment of initial baseline laboratory tests plays an important role in triage and preliminary diagnosis among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. OBJECTIVES: To determine the differences in laboratory parameters between COVID-19 and COVID-like patients, and between COVID-19 and healthy children. Additionally, to ascertain whether healthy children or patients with COVID-like symptoms would form a better control group. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at the Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 42 pediatric patients of both sexes with COVID-19. Hematological parameters (white blood cell count, absolute lymphocyte count and platelet count) and biochemical parameters (natremia, kalemia, chloremia, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] and C-reactive protein [CRP]) were collected. The first control group was formed by 80 healthy children and the second control group was formed by 55 pediatric patients with COVID-like symptoms. RESULTS: Leukocytosis, lymphopenia, thrombocytosis, elevated systemic inflammatory index and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, hyponatremia, hypochloremia and elevated levels of AST, ALT, LDH and CRP were present in COVID patients, in comparison with healthy controls, while in comparison with COVID-like controls only lymphopenia was determined. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of leukocytosis, lymphopenia, thrombocytosis, elevated systemic inflammatory index and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, hyponatremia, hypochloremia and elevated levels of AST, ALT, LDH and CRP may help healthcare providers in early identification of COVID-19 patients. Healthy controls were superior to COVID-like controls since they provided better insight into the laboratory characteristics of children with novel betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection.

Alteration in Serum Lipid Profile in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background: Alteration in the pattern of serum lipid profile has been associated with a variety of cancers and precancerousconditions. Low levels of serum lipid serve as a prognostic marker in the early detection of oral precancerous and cancerousconditions because lipid plays an important role in new membrane biogenesis and maintains cell integrity.Aim: The aim of our study is to evaluate the alteration in serum lipid profile in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) andcompared it with control group.Materials and Methods: A total of 80 subjects were selected from the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology,RUHS College of Dental Sciences, Jaipur (GDC-Jaipur). Among 80 subjects, 40 individuals were diagnosed with squamouscell carcinoma and other 40 individuals were taken in healthy control group selected randomly from other departments. Thetotal parameters assessed include total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDLC), very LDLC, and triglycerides (TGLs). Statistical analysis was carried out by Chi-square and one-wayANOVA test to evaluate parameters.Results: There was a significant decrease in TC, HDLC, and TGL in the oral cancer group as compared with the control group.Conclusions: There was an inverse relationship between serum lipid profile and OSCC. The lower serum lipid status may beconsidered a useful prognostic biochemical indicator for initial changes occurring in the neoplastic proliferating cell.

Pharmacometabolomic prediction of individual differences of gastrointestinal toxicity complicating myelosuppression in rats induced by irinotecan

Pharmacometabolomics has been already successfully used in toxicity prediction for one specific adverse effect. However in clinical practice, two or more different toxicities are always accompanied with each other, which puts forward new challenges for pharmacometabolomics. Gastrointestinal toxicity and myelosuppression are two major adverse effects induced by Irinotecan (CPT-11), and often show large individual differences. In the current study, a pharmacometabolomic study was performed to screen the exclusive biomarkers in predose serums which could predict late-onset diarrhea and myelosuppression of CPT-11 simultaneously. The severity and sensitivity differences in gastrointestinal toxicity and myelosuppression were judged by delayed-onset diarrhea symptoms, histopathology examination, relative cytokines and blood cell counts. Mass spectrometry-based non-targeted and targeted metabolomics were conducted in sequence to dissect metabolite signatures in predose serums. Eventually, two groups of metabolites were screened out as predictors for individual differences in late-onset diarrhea and myelosuppression using binary logistic regression, respectively. This result was compared with existing predictors and validated by another independent external validation set. Our study indicates the prediction of toxicity could be possible upon predose metabolic profile. Pharmacometabolomics can be a potentially useful tool for complicating toxicity prediction. Our findings also provide a new insight into CPT-11 precision medicine.

Application of PDCA Cycle Management Method in Improving Colostomy Bags Replacement Skills of Colostomy Patients / 现代医院

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of the use of PDCA cycle management method in colostomy bags replacement skills of colostomy patients in our gastrointestinal surgery department. Methods 81 colostomy patients from January to May 2017 were selected as control group with general colostomy nursing management method and 69 colostomy patients from June to October 2017 were selected as experimental group with PDCA cycle management method. Patients' colostomy bags replacement qualified rate and nurses' ARC procedure qualified rate are compared between control group and experimental group. Results The incidence of problems from experimental group (5. 7％) was significantly lower than that from control group (17. 5％) with statistically significant difference (x～ 2 = 66. 74, P＜0. 01); Patients' colostomy bags replacement qualified rate from experimental group (84. 1％) was significantly higher than that from control group (60％) with statistically significant difference (x ～2 = 11. 05, P＜0. 01); Nurses' ARC procedure qualified rate & excellent rate in October (100％& 75％) were significantly higher than those in June (75％ & 10％). Conclusion PDCA cycle management method can significantly improve colostomy bags replacement skills of colostomy patients, improve nurses' professional skills, improve nursing quality in our gastrointestinal surgery department.

Efficacy of applying management-by-objectives in the hospital-level nursing quality control group / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To discuss the efficacy of applying management-by-objectives(MBO) in the hospital-level nursing quality control group.Methods Goals of objective management and assessment details were set by leaders of quality control groups along with the nursing department at the beginning of the year.The nine subordinate groups performed upon the required criteria,completed the quality inspection on time and recorded group activities.At the end of the year,group leaders reported to the hospital-level nursing quality committee and head nurses about their performances,where several major honors were rewarded to the best performing groups.SPSS 17.0 software was used for data statistics.The measurement data were analyzed by paired t test data while enumeration data by chi-square test.Results Scores of assessment items were significantly raised after implementing MBO(P＜0.05).Scores of key items,such as high quality care,emergency management,nursing skill,were increased to (98.1 ± 2.2),(97.7 ±2.7),(99.6±0.6),(96.1 ±2.1)from (93.6 ±2.5)(P=0.009),(93.0 ± 2.6) (P=0.009),(96.2 ± 1.3) (P=0.000) and (89.3 ± 4.5) (P--0.000),respectively.Care complaints were sharply dropped for all inpatient wards while numbers of management innovationand process reengineering were greatly increased (x2=8.884,P=0.031).Condusion Introduction of MBO in the hospital-level nursing quality control group does facilitate the continuous improvement of care quality.

Xadrez motivacional: uma nova abordagem de estimulação das funções executivas em dependentes de cocaína/crack / Motivational Chess: a new approach of executive function stimulation in crack/cocaine dependence

INTRODUÇÃO: A dependência de cocaína/crack está associada a prejuízos neuropsicológicos, principalmente nas funções executivas, estas gerenciadas predominantemente pelo córtex préfrontal do cérebro. O jogo de xadrez é uma atividade que recruta funções executivas e tem sido empregado na reabilitação de pacientes com outros transtornos psiquiátricos; porém, nenhum estudo, até hoje, avaliou o impacto deste jogo em pacientes com dependência química. OBJETIVO: Investigar a viabilidade e o impacto de uma abordagem inovadora, o Xadrez Motivacional, com foco na estimulação das funções executivas, especialmente em memória de trabalho, planejamento e tomada de decisões. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 72 pacientes entre 18 e 45 anos que estavam internados na Enfermaria do Comportamento Impulsivo (ECIM) do IPq-HC-FMUSP com diagnóstico de dependência de cocaína/crack. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, o Grupo Intervenção (n=42), submetido ao Xadrez Motivacional (intervenções por meio de estratégias de Entrevista Motivacional e jogo de xadrez) e o Grupo Controle, (n=30) submetido a atividades recreativas. Os pacientes foram avaliados pré e pós intervenção (aproximadamente um mês de abstinência) através de testes neuropsicológicos e escalas de autopreenchimento. RESULTADOS: Foi observada melhoria significativa na maioria das funções avaliadas, em ambos os grupos (intervenção e controle), porém a participação no Grupo Intervenção associou-se com uma melhoria mais significativa em memória de trabalho verbal. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados são promissores por demonstrarem a viabilidade do Xadrez Motivacional nesta população e, principalmente, por auxiliar significativamente na melhoria da memória de trabalho no Grupo Intervenção...

INTRODUCTION: Crack cocaine dependence is associated with neuropsychological impairments, mainly in executive functions, managed predominantly by the prefrontal cortex. The game of chess is an activity that recruits executive functions and has been used in the rehabilitation of patients with other psychiatric disorders, but no study to date has evaluated the impact of this game on patients with substance dependency. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and impact of an innovative approach, Motivational Chess, focusing on executive function stimulation, especially in working memory, planning and decision making. METHODS: The study enrolled 72 patients between 18 and 45 years who were admitted in the Impulsive Behavior Ward (ECIM) of IPq-HC-FMUSP diagnosed with crack/cocaine dependence. Patients were divided into two groups, the intervention group (n=42) underwent Motivational Chess (interventions using Motivational Interviewing strategies and chess game) and the control group (n=30) was submitted to recreational activities. Patients were assessed pre and post intervention (approximately one month of abstinence) using neuropsychological tests and self-report scales. RESULTS: We found significant improvement in most of the functions evaluated in both groups (control and intervention), but participation in the intervention group was associated with a more significant improvement in verbal working memory. CONCLUSION: These results are promising to show the feasibility of this approach of cognitive stimulation in this population and mainly to aid significantly improve of working memory...

The promotion of older adults' sense of coherence through Person-Centered Therapy: A randomized controlled pilot study

El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue explorar si una intervención individual de terapia centrada en la persona (TCP) en personas adultas mayores puede promover su sentido de coherencia, en comparación con un grupo control (lista de espera). Se plantea que los participantes asignados al azar a TCP informarían mejoras en SDC de pre y post-intervención en comparación con el grupo control. Un grupo de 87 participantes de 65 a 86 años (M = 72.4; DE = 5.15) fue evaluado con la Escala de Sentido de Coherencia (ESDC) y el cuestionario sociodemográfico en tres momentos diferentes: al inicio del estudio (t1), post-tratamiento (t2) y a los 12 meses de seguimiento (t3). Los resultados indicaron que los participantes en TCP evidenciaron un aumento significativo en cuanto a su SDC (16.7%), mientras que en el grupo control se encontró una disminución significativa (-2.7%), entre el inicio del estudio y el momento de seguimiento. El tamaño del efecto en el grupo TCP fue alto (n²p= .776). En concreto, tanto en la post-intervención como en el momento del seguimiento, los participantes que se sometieron a TCP tenían un SDC significativamente mayor (M = 3.84, DE = .219). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el grupo de intervención y el grupo control en la post-intervención y en el seguimiento. Se concluye que los cambios en SDC fueron positivos y mantenidos, por lo tanto, los resultados sugieren que la TCP es favorable a la mejora de SDC. Por otra parte, ya que la SDC se asocia con el bienestar relacionado con la salud de las poblaciones de mayor edad, hay que enfatizar el desarrollo de SDC en la vejez.

Sense of Coherence (SOC) derived from the salutogenic approach and seems to be a health promoting resource, which strengthens resilience and develops a positive subjective state of health. Older adults' SOC is often challenged by specific issues in later adulthood such as grieving for losses, illness, feelings of worthless and solitude, retirement, disability and death, which require distinctive consideration. To our best knowledge, there are no previous studies that indicated the relation between a person-centered therapy (PCT) and older adults' SOC. Therefore, this study aims to explore if a brief eight-session individual PCT intervention on older adults can promote their SOC, as compared with a control group (waiting list). Specifically, this is a randomized controlled pilot study designed to explore the promotion of SOC through an individual-based PCT intervention. We posited that participants randomized to PCT would report improvements in SOC from the pre- to the post-intervention moments when compared to those on the waiting list. The Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OtLQ) and demographics were assessed at the baseline (t1), post-treatment (t2) and at the 12-month follow-up (t3), in a group of 87 participants between 65 - 86 years (M = 72.4; SD = 5.15), from community and health centers in the Great Lisbon area, in Portugal. Participants were mostly women (59.8%), married (65.5%) and professionally inactive (63.2%). The Cronbach's Alpha coefficients for SOCS were .878, .989, and .988, in the three moments, respectively. Inclusion criteria determined their eligibility to participate in the study. No participant with a compromised cognitive function integrated the sample. All potential participants were given a brief description of the study and gave their informed consent. After the baseline assessment, participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. The eight-session intervention was conducted in an adequate setting and with a weekly frequency. Comparisons between the three assessments (t1, t2 and t3) for the two groups were done using Repeated Measures ANOVA. Post-hoc Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test for mean differences was used to compare the three assessments for the SOC, in each group (PCT and waiting list). After the intervention, a significant increase of 17.3% (M = 3.86, SD = .218) was observed in the participants who did the PCT. The SOC evidence dat follow-up (t3) (M = 3.84, SD = .219) by these participants was significantly higher (16.7%) in comparison to the baseline score (M = 3.29, SD = .245). Conversely, participants in the control group experienced a minor decrease between baseline (M = 3.28, SD = .236) and follow-up (M = 3.19, SD = .244) (- 2.7%). The effect size in the PCT group was high (n²p = .776). Significant differences between the intervention group and the control group were found at the post-intervention and follow-up. Findings also showed that participants in PCT experienced an increment in the three dimensions of SOC. The highest increase was observed in the Comprehensibility dimension (71.2%). Manageability and Meaningfulness sub-scales showed an increase of 32.9% and 12.1%, respectively. Changes in SOC were positive and maintained, thus, findings suggest that PCT is favorable to enhancing SOC. In particular, for the participants who did PCT, the significant increase of their SOC was mainly due to the high increase of the comprehensibility of events. This study contributed to filling a gap in gerontological literature and this intervention has the potential to offer a reasonably low-cost self-regulatory approach to the SOC. In this context, PCT is also a personal resource to promote SOC, in late adulthood. Moreover, since SOC is associated with health-related well-being among older populations, SOC development in old age should be stressed.

Low dose ketamine for painless labour- A comparative study of 100 patients.

Background: The phencyclidine derivative Ketamine is widely used as intramuscular and intravenous anaesthetic agent. In contrast to other anaesthetics, ketamine has potent analgesic properties in sub-anaesthetic doses. Recent studies indicate that analgesia produced by ketamine is mediated through opiate receptors and N-methyl D aspartate receptors. As systematically administered ketamine is unlikely to produce the respiratory depression, it seemed to offer an obvious advantage over the narcotics in which major drawback is respiratory depression. Aims & Objective: (1) To study the following parameters in pregnant women given ketamine v/s pregnant women not given analgesic - (a) Maternal outcome in form of duration of labour, mode of delivery, complication of third stage of labour. (b) Foetal outcome in form of Apgar score at 1 min and 5 min. (2) To study pharmacological effect of ketamine on mother (3) To evaluate patient’s satisfaction about this method. Material and Methods: The present study was Randomized controlled trial, conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Smt. SCL Municipal General Hospital affiliated to NHL Medical College Ahmedabad over a span of 3 yrs. from 2010 to 2012. Study included primigravida and multigravida. 100 women fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken for the study. Study population divided into Control Group (no drug administered) and Study group (intravenous ketamine administered). Results: The duration of 1st and 2nd stage was remarkably shortened in study group. 64% of parturient in study group delivered within 3 hours of entering the active phase of labour compared to only 10% in control group. In study group 98% delivered vaginally only 2% required instrumental delivery. There was no inhibition of bearing down reflex by ketamine, no maternal exhaustion in study group. In present study ketamine had no effect on APGAR score at 1 min & at 5 min. 30% had marginal rise in pulse rate with range of 10-15 beats /min. 16% had risen in B.P. not beyond 15-20 mm of Hg. 10% cases had nausea but no vomiting. 90% of cases had excellent pain relief & 8% had satisfactory pain relief, while 2% had no pain at all. Conclusion: The low dose intravenous ketamine suits best to this situation as it provides effective analgesia in low doses, safe without significant maternal and foetal complications, does not prolong duration of labour and there is no increase in rate of instrumental delivery or caesarean section rate. Since it reduces maternal pain thereby reducing the maternal exhaustion the patients on ketamine are very co-operative during labour, easy to administer and monitor without the help of an expertise and cost effective. KEY-WORDS: Normal Labour; Intravenous Ketamine; Study Group; Control Group

Os principais delineamentos na Epidemiologia: ensaios clínicos (parte I) / The major designs in Epidemiology: clinical trial (part I)

Um estudo experimental tem como objetivo principal conduzir um ou mais tratamentos ou intervenções de modo a modificar, de alguma forma, um processo de doença. Para as comparações, pelo menos dois grupos devem ser formados, diferenciando-se pelos tratamentos. Geralmente um grupo intervenção e outro controle. Além disso, os sujeitos devem ser alocados de forma aleatória aos grupos, de preferencia adotando-se o "cegamento", pois previne certos vieses. Sob todas as circunstâncias, a ética na pesquisa deve prevalecer. Contudo, estes são apenas tópicos de um assunto muito amplo. Para contemplar os principais assuntos do tema, dois artigos foram estruturados, buscando-se sintetizar as principais informações sem comprometer o rigor científico. Neste primeiro artigo serão apresentadas as principais informações para iniciar um ensaio clínico (AU)

A clinical trial study aims to conduct one or more treatments or interventions in order to change, somehow, a disease process. For comparisons, at least two groups should be formed, differing by treatments. Usually an intervention group and a control group. In addition, the subject must be allocated randomly to groups, preferably adopting the "blinding" because it prevents certain biases. Under all circumstances, the research ethics should prevail. However, these topics are just a very a broad topic. To address the main issues of the topic, two articles were structured, trying to summarize the principal information without compromising the scientific rigor. In this first article the main information to start a clinical trial will be presented (AU)

The effect of a Lucia jig for 30 minutes on neuromuscular re-programming, in normal subjects

The Lucia jig is a technique that promotes neuromuscular reprogramming of the masticatory system and allows the stabilization of the mandible without the interference of dental contacts, maintaining the mandible position in harmonic condition with the musculature in normal subjects or in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). This study aimed to electromyographically analyze the activity (RMS) of the masseter and temporal muscles in normal subjects (control group) during the use of an anterior programming device, the Lucia jig, in place for 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes to demonstrate its effect on the stomatognathic system. Forty-two healthy dentate individuals (aged 21 to 40 years) with normal occlusion and without parafunctional habits or temporomandibular dysfunction (RDC/TMD) were evaluated on the basis of the electromyographic activity of the masseter and temporal muscles before placement of a neuromuscular re-programming device, the Lucia jig, on the upper central incisors. There were no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles in the different time periods. The Lucia jig changed the electromyographic activity by promoting a neuromuscular reprogramming. In most of the time periods, it decreased the activation of the masticatory muscles, showing that this device has wide applicability in dentistry. The use of a Lucia jig over 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes did not promote any statistically significant increase in muscle activity despite differences in the data, thus showing that this intra-oral device can be used in dentistry.

A PARADIGM SHIFT FOR DESIGNING HEALTH-RELATED INTERVENTION STUDIES IN EXERCISE SCIENCE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION / 体力科学

Over the past two decades, a strong movement toward objective research (i.e., evidence-based medicine) has emerged in the fields of exercise science and physical education. It is now well-recognized that randomized, controlled trials (RCTs), when appropriately designed, represent the gold standard in medical studies and are usually considered of greatest evidentiary value for assessing the efficacy of interventions. RCTs are particularly effective for evaluation of drugs, devices, and procedures. In order to improve quality of reporting of RCTs, the consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT) statement was developed in 1996 and use of the CONSORT statement has improved the reporting quality of RCTs over the past several years. However, RCTs are often not practical or not ethical for evaluating many public health interventions. Having a control group (no exercise, no diet, and/or no lifestyle modification) in intervention-based studies using unhealthy humans is definitely undesirable. There are viable options that should be used. For example, a trial having three groups (e.g., 1-day per week exercise group, 3-day per week exercise group, and 5-day per week exercise group) would be of more value for people with lifestyle-related diseases than having one group that does nothing. With these in mind, a paradigm shift in terms of designing health-related intervention studies for the fields of exercise science and physical education is proposed in this article.

Effect of Multiple Interventions for Ketogenic Diet on Intractable Epilepsy in Children / 中国康复理论与实践

@#https://www.cjrtponline.com/CN/abstract/abstract1669.shtml

Protective effects of propofol on renal injury during liver ischemia-reperfusion / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the remote renal injury after liver ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) and the renal protection afforded by propofol.Methods 72 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:normol control group, I/R group and propofol group .The animals were killed after 60 minutes ischemia of liver followed by reperfusion for 4 h,2 h. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were detected,and renal histopathologic lesion were observed.ResultsIn I/R group,the serum level of BUN and Cr increased significantly compared with the baseline before liver I/R,while propofol could decrease the serum level of BUN and Cr significantly.ConclusionPropofol can reduce the renal injury during liver I/R.

Clinical Study on Acute Glomerulonephritis in Children

A clinical study was done on 199 cases of Acute Glomerulonehritis, who had been admitted to the department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital during the five years period from January 1976 to December 1980. The following results were obtained. 1) Males were affected more frequently than females by a 2:1 ratio, and the highest incidence was noted in children between 4 and 6 years of age, with a seasonal peak in Autumn and Winter. 2) The 57.8% of the total patients had history of preceding infections. The upper respiratory tract infection was most common, which was 51.3% of the total patients, and the skin infection was identified in 4.0% of the total patients. 3) The most common chief complaint was edema. Blood pressure of greater than 90mmHg in diastolic pressure was noted in approximately half of the patients. 4) Chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly in21.9%, pulmonary edema in 12.8%, and pleural effusion in 9.1%. 5) The percentage of positive beta-hemolytic streptococcal culture was 12.3%, and Anti-Streptolysin O titer of greater than 333 Todd units was noted in 64.5%. 6) The mean value of serum C3 concentrationin the Acute Glomerulonephritis Group as a whole was lower than that of the Control Group and the difference was statistically significant(p<.001). 7) Gross hematuria and edema disappeared in most of the patients within 2 weeks after the onset of the symptoms, and the elevated blood pressure returned to normal within 2 weeks after admission. 8) Microscopic hematuria and proteinuria disappeared in most of the patients within 3 months after admission.

The Incidence of HBs Antigenemia in Glomerular Desease and Control Group in Children

HBsAg, HBcAb and HBsAb were examined with radio-immunoassay in 265 patients with glomerular disease, who were admitted to wards or visited to outpatient clinics of department of pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, from Jan., 78 to Oct. 80, and in 576 control group, with other than liver disease and without history of transfusion. The incidence in glomerular disease was 10.2%(27 of 265 patients)-nephrotic syndrome 9.2%(12 of 130); acute glomerulonephritis 7.3%(5 of 68), recurrent hematuria 7.7%(2 of 26), H-S nephritis 25%(3 of 12), chronic renal failure 21%(3 of 14), and the others 13.3%(2 of 15), while the incidence of HBs antigenemia in control group was 5.03%(29 of 576 patients)-male 5.5%(21 of 362), female 4.2%(8 of 214). The overall incidence of HBs antigenemia in renal disease was statistically higher than that of control group(p<0.05), though the respective incidences of the above each renal disease group were somewhat higher than that of control group, however they were not statistically significant, The incidence of positive rate of HBsAb and/or HBcAb in control group was 26.7%(56 of 209), and that in renal disease was 23%(18 of 578).