Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index Applied to Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic / Índice de Qualidade de Vida de Ferrans e Powers Aplicado a Estudantes de Enfermagem Durante a Pandemia de COVID-19

COVID-19 pandemic can have a significant impact on an individual's physical and emotional well-being. However, it is important to note that not all experiences of the pandemic are negative. This study aims to evaluate the perception of quality of life of students enrolled in a nursing course during the COVID-19 pandemic by administering a global questionnaire. A quantitative, exploratory, cross-sectional, and descriptive study to investigate perception of quality of life of students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants comprised 80 students graduating with a nursing qualification between 2020 and 2021. The Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index was used in the study. The mean scores are reported as follows: health/functioning domain (22.06), socioeconomic domain (21.40), psychological/spiritual domain (23.34), and family domain (23.06), with an average general quality of life index of 22.46. After evaluating the domains, it was found that there was a higher perception of the psychological/spiritual domain and lower perception of the socioeconomic domain. The results supported the internal consistency reliability of the entire Quality of Life (QLI; alpha=0.95) and the four subscales (alpha=0.88, 0.71, 0.92, and 0.80). The study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic did not have an impact on the perceived quality of life among students.(AU)

Pandemia de COVID-19 pode ter um impacto significativo no bem-estar físico e emocional de um sujeito. No entanto, é importante notar que nem todas as experiências da pandemia são negativas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a percepção da qualidade de vida de estudantes matriculados em um curso de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19 por meio da aplicação de um questionário global. Estudo quantitativo, exploratório, transversal e descritivo para investigar a percepção da qualidade de vida de escolares durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Participaram 80 estudantes concluintes do curso de enfermagem entre 2020 e 2021. O Índice de Qualidade de Vida de Ferrans e Powers foi utilizado no estudo. Os escores médios foram relatados da seguinte forma: domínio saúde/funcionamento (22,06), domínio socioeconômico (21,40), domínio psicológico/espiritual (23,34) e domínio família (23,06), com média geral do índice de qualidade de vida de 22,46. Após a avaliação dos domínios, constatou-se maior percepção do domínio psicológico/espiritual e menor percepção do domínio socioeconômico. Os resultados apoiaram a confiabilidade da consistência interna de toda a Qualidade de Vida (QLI; alfa=0,95) e as quatro subescalas (alfa=0,88, 0,71, 0,92 e 0,80). O estudo sugere que a pandemia de COVID-19 não teve impacto na qualidade de vida percebida entre os estudantes.(AU)

Salud mental en tiempos de pandemia / Mental health in pandemic times

La enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) es una emergencia de salud pública catalogada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como pandemia, la cual ha generado múltiples síntomas deletéreos en la salud mental a escala global, derivados, en parte, de la incertidumbre sobre la calidad y precisión de los informes ofrecidos al respecto y, en gran medida, por la imposibilidad de saber cuándo el mundo volverá a la normalidad. Por tales razones, con este manuscrito se pretende revelar la importancia de la salud mental de la población durante la pandemia, para lo cual se brindan estrategias de prevención e intervención que contribuyan a superar los desafíos propios a los cuales se han enfrentado los individuos y que inevitablemente, en la mayoría de los casos, han sido abordados de forma inadecuada.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emergency of public health classified by the World Health Organization as pandemic, which has generated multiple deleterious symptoms in mental health at global scale, derived, partly, of the uncertainty about the quality and precision of the reports offered in this respect and, in great extent, for the impossibility of knowing when the world will return to normality. For such reasons, with this manuscript it is sought to reveal the importance of the population mental health during the pandemic, for which strategies of prevention and intervention are offered that contribute the challenges faced by individuals and that inevitably, in most of the cases, have been approached in an inadequate way.

Early laboratory hematological parameters associated with COVID-19 mortality in an Amazonian population of Peru

Introduction: COVID-19 has a significant impact on the hematopoietic system and hemostasis. Leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia are associated with increased severity and even death in COVID-19 cases. Objective: The aim is to examine the laboratory results of COVID-19 patients from a hospital in the Peruvian Amazon and their clinical prognosis. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out whose purpose was to identify the laboratory tests of patients with COVID-19 and mortality in a hospital in Ucayali, Peru during the period from March 13 to May 9, 2020, selecting a total of 127 with Covid-19. Mean and the standard deviation was described for age, leukocytes, neutrophils, platelets, RDW-SD; median and interquartile range for the variables lymphocyte, RN / L, fibrinogen, CRP, D-dimer, DHL, hematocrit, monocytes, eosinophils. Results: No differences were observed in this population regarding death and sex (OR: 1.31; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.87), however, it was observed that, for each one-year increase, the probability of death increased by 4% (PR: 1.04, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.05). The IRR (Incidence Risk Ratio) analysis for the numerical variables showed results strongly associated with hematological values such as Leukocytes (scaled by 2500 units) (IRR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13), neutrophils (scaled by 2500 units) (IRR: 1.08; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13), on the contrary, it is observed that the increase of 1000 units in lymphocytes, the probability of dying decreased by 48% (IRR: 0.52; 95% CI 0.38 to 071). Conclusions: Parameters such as leukocytes,neutrophils and D-dimer were statistically much higher in patients who died.

Introducción: COVID-19 tiene un impacto significativo en el sistema hematopoyético y la hemostasia. La leucocitosis, la linfopenia y la trombocitopenia se asocian con una mayor gravedad e incluso la muerte en los casos de COVID-19. Objetivo: examinar los resultados de laboratorio de pacientes con COVID-19 de un hospital de la Amazonía peruana y su pronóstico clínico. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico cuyo propósito fue identificar las pruebas de laboratorio de pacientes con COVID-19 y mortalidad en un hospital de Ucayali, Perú durante el periodo del 13 de marzo al 9 de mayo del 2020, seleccionando un total de 127 con COVID-19. Se describió la media y la desviación estándar para edad, leucocitos, neutrófilos, plaquetas, RDW-SD; mediana y rango intercuartílico para las variables linfocito, RN/L, fibrinógeno, PCR, dímero D, DHL, hematocrito, monocitos, eosinófilos. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en esta población en cuanto a muerte y sexo (OR: 1,31; IC 95% 0,92 a 1,87), sin embargo, se observó que, por cada aumento de un año, la probabilidad de muerte aumentaba un 4% (RP: 1,04). , IC del 95%: 1,03 a 1,05). El análisis de RIR (Razón de incidencia de riesgos) para las variables numéricas mostró resultados fuertemente asociados con valores hematológicos como Leucocitos (escala de 2500 unidades) (RRI: 1.08, 95% CI 1.03 a 1.13), neutrófilos (escala de 2500 unidades) (RRI: 1.08; IC 95% 1.03 a 1.13), por el contrario, se observa que al aumento de 1000 unidades en linfocitos, la probabilidad de morir disminuyó en un 48% (TIR: 0.52; IC 95% 0.38 a 071). Conclusiones: Parámetros tales como los leucocitos, los neutrófilos y el dímero D fueron estadísticamente mucho más altos en los pacientes que fallecieron.

El enigma del coronavirus - Reinfecciones por COVID-19, COVID prolongado - Vacunas bivalentes La gestante - Derechos humanos y Ética

Al finalizar el segundo año de la pandemia COVID-19, da la impresión que el coronavirus enigmático nos estuviera otorgando cierto respiro. Sin embargo, las cifras de infectados han iniciado un ascenso en el hemisferio norte, donde se aproxima un invierno fuerte, ya con nevadas. Pero también se observa este nuevo incremento en el hemisferio sur, como en el Perú, cuando estamos en primavera. El SARS-CoV-2 continúa diferenciándose en multitud de variantes y subvariantes, algunas de la cuales tienen mayor facilidad de evadir la inmunidad humana y aquella alcanzada con las vacunas de ARNm, y también podrían no responder a los tratamientos con anticuerpos monoclonales. La información clínica actual está orientada a la expectativa sobre si las vacunas existentes pudieran al menos minorizar las hospitalizaciones, el ingreso a cuidados intensivos y las muertes. Se sigue aprendiendo sobre los efectos clínicos de la infección por el SARS-CoV-2, la ocurrencia de reinfecciones y los daños físicos y mentales a largo plazo, buscándose la prevención de la infección, las reinfecciones y el COVID prolongado.

At the end of the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, it seems that the enigmatic coronavirus is giving us some respite. However, the number of people infected has started to rise in the northern hemisphere, where a strong winter with snowfall is approaching. But this new increase is also observed in the southern hemisphere, as in Peru, when we are in spring. SARS-CoV-2 continues to differentiate into a multitude of variants and subvariants, some of which are more easily able to evade human immunity and that achieved with mRNA vaccines, and also may not respond to monoclonal antibody treatments. Current clinical information is oriented to the expectation that existing vaccines could at least reduce hospitalizations, intensive care admission and deaths. Learning about the clinical effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the occurrence of reinfection, and long-term physical and mental harm continues, with prevention of infection, reinfection, and prolonged COVID being sought.

El enigma del coronavirus - ¿El final de la pandemia COVID-19? - La mujer, la gestante y el feto - Vacunas Futuro

El Director General de la OMS Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ha dicho recientemente que 'El fin de la pandemia está cerca. Todavía no hemos llegado, pero el final está a la vista'. Y el presidente de los EE. UU. Joe Biden, con alrededor de 400 muertes por día en los EE. UU., ha repetido dicha aseveración. Por lo que podemos leer en la literatura, aún no estaríamos en tal situación y pudiera haber un buen trecho por recorrer. Si bien se conoce más acerca del virus y su capacidad de transformación en variantes y subvariantes de manera de ingresar con más facilidad al huésped, algunas de estas transformaciones son motivo de preocupación. Hacemos una revisión somera sobre lo aprendido sobre la morbimortalidad por el SARS-CoV-2, cómo ha empeorado la salud de las mujeres, algunas alteraciones en el esperma, las defensas ante el virus, las reinfecciones, su accionar malsano sobre la gestante, el feto y el neonato, las vacunas y refuerzos y una visión de lo que nos espera.

WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has recently said that 'The end of the pandemic is near. We are not there yet, but the end is in sight'. And U.S. President Joe Biden, with about 400 deaths per day in the U.S., has repeated that assertion. From what we can read in the literature, we are not there yet and there may be a long way to go. Although more is known about the virus and its ability to transform into variants and subvariants in order to enter the host more easily, some of these transformations are cause for concern. We make a brief review of what we have learned about morbidity and mortality due to SARS-CoV-2, how women's health has worsened, some alterations in sperm, defenses against the virus, reinfections, its unhealthy action on the pregnant woman, the fetus and the newborn, vaccines and boosters, and a vision of what lies ahead.

El enigma del coronavirus - Nuevas subvariantes de subvariantes del SARSCoV-2 - COVID-19 y embarazo ¿Existe algún lado bueno de la pandemia?

Desde fines del año 2020 se previó que el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 se quedaría con nosotros de manera indefinida, pero había la esperanza que pudiéramos combatirla en algún momento con efectividad, de manera que no produjera la enfermedad severa y la muerte que veíamos en esos momentos. La pandemia ha continuado con este coronavirus que se modifica continuamente para ingresar con más facilidad al organismo humano. La variante ómicron infecta preferentemente las vías respiratorias superiores. Y algunas de sus mutaciones parecen afectar partes de la proteína de la espiga que se unen a la ACE2. Una de las últimas subvariantes de las variantes, la BA.212.1 infecta con mayor rapidez a un mayor número de personas, aunque los casos de infección severa y muertes han disminuido considerablemente. A continuación, se presenta un resumen de lo que se ha conocido en este primer trimestre del año 2022 sobre las particularidades del virus, la forma de infectar y sus consecuencias, la protección de la vacunación, lo nuevo sobre la gestante y su recién nacido y si existe algún lado bueno sobre la ocurrencia de la pandemia COVID-19.

Since the late 2020's it was anticipated that the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus would stay with us indefinitely, but there was hope that we would be able to combat it at some point effectively so that it would not produce the severe illness and death that we were seeing at that time. The pandemic has continued with this coronavirus continually modifying itself to enter the human body more easily. The Omicron variant preferentially infects the upper respiratory tract. And some of its mutations appear to affect parts of the spike protein that bind to ACE2. One of the latest subvariants of the variants, BA.212.1, infects more people more rapidly, although cases of severe infection and deaths have declined considerably. The following is a summary of what has been known in this first quarter of the year 2022 about the particularities of the virus, how it infects and its consequences, the protection of vaccination, what's new about the pregnant woman and her newborn, and whether there is any good side to the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic.

El enigma del coronavirus - Países mejor preparados para enfrentar la pandemia La variante ómicron y mutaciones - ¿Nuevas vacunas? La gestante, la placenta, el feto y neonato / The coronavirus conundrum Countries better prepared to face the pandemic The Omicron variant and mutations New vaccines? The pregnant woman, the placenta, the fetus and the neonate

RESUMEN Varios países occidentales han iniciado la vuelta a la vida prepandemia al disminuir el número de infectados severos y muertes a pesar de la gran infectividad de la variante ómicron B2. Esto ocurre en medio de reclamos de la población cansada de las restricciones por el COVID-19, los problemas económicos y laborales consecuentes y con un sector antivacuna con importante presencia. El SARS-CoV-2 no desaparecerá, se presentarán nuevas variantes y se deberá estar alerta a sus amenazas y diseñar nuevas vacunas. Sin embargo, el ser humano está aprendiendo las medidas para no infectarse, la importancia de la autoprotección y de la familia, y la vigilancia del virus. Se ha logrado vacunas aún imperfectas que requieren refuerzos en intervalos relativamente cortos. Pero, muchos países no están aún preparados para enfrentar la pandemia -ahora endemia-, por demasiada confianza a una eventual desaparición del virus, la falta de recursos humanos y económicos para una mejor atención en salud, corrupción. La mujer es más sensible a la infección viral y se está haciendo vacunar para evitar la infección grave y muerte. La evidencia encuentra que la gestante con COVID-19 sufre más abortos, partos pretérmino y muerte intrauterina y perinatal. La placenta es la unidad más comprometida en su defensa al feto. La placentitis resultante causa insuficiencia placentaria y lesión hipóxico-isquémica fetal. Los recién nacidos tienen protección dada por el pasaje de anticuerpos maternos, con mayor duración los originados por las vacunas. Aún queda mucho por conocer sobre el futuro de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Pero ya es realidad un problema complejo e impactante producto de la infección la prolongación de los daños multiorgánicos ocurridos, aún con enfermedad leve, principalmente en los sistemas cardiovascular, pulmonar y cerebral, así como la alteración de la salud mental y el acortamiento de la vida.

ABSTRACT Several western countries have initiated the return to pre-pandemic life with the reduction in the number of severe infections and deaths despite of the high infectivity of the Omicron B2 variant. This is occurring amid complaints from the population tired of the restrictions due to COVID-19, the consequent economic and labor problems and with an antivaccine sector with an important presence. SARSCoV-2 will not disappear, new variants will emerge, and it will be necessary to be alert to its threats and design new vaccines. However, human beings are learning the measures to prevent infection, the importance of self-protection and of the family, and the surveillance of the virus. Imperfect vaccines have been developed that require boosters at relatively short intervals. However, many countries are not yet prepared to face the pandemic now endemic due to overconfidence in the eventual disappearance of the virus, lack of human and economic resources for better health care, and corruption. Women are more sensitive to viral infection and is getting vaccinated to avoid serious infection and death. Evidence finds that pregnant women with COVID-19 suffer more miscarriages, preterm deliveries, and intrauterine and perinatal death. The placenta is the unit most compromised in its defense of the fetus. The resulting placentitis causes placental insufficiency and fetal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Newborns are protected by the passage of maternal antibodies, with a longer duration of those originated by vaccines. Much remains to be known about the future of SARS-CoV-2 infection. But a complex and shocking problem resulting from the infection is already a reality - the prolongation of multiorgan damage, even with mild disease, mainly in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and cerebral systems, as well as the alteration of mental health and shortening of life.

Dois anos de pandemia da COVID-19: implicações para as salas de hemodinâmica e suas práticas atuais / Two years into the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for the cardiac catheterization laboratory and its current practices

A COVID-19 continua a sobrecarregar os sistemas de saúde. No auge da pandemia, os serviços de hemodinâmica do mundo todo tiveram redução significativa no volume de procedimentos devido a vários motivos, incluindo redistribuição de recursos médicos, alocação dos cardiologistas intervencionistas em alas da COVID-19 e preocupações dos médicos e pacientes com a transmissão viral. Em especial, as intervenções para doença cardíaca estrutural tiveram queda importante ­ de mais de 90% do volume. Para enfrentar esses desafios, os sistemas de saúde empregaram novas medidas de segurança e protocolos, incluindo pré-teste com reação em cadeia da polimerase para COVID-19, Equipamentos de Proteção Individuais e exigência de vacinação para garantir a segurança de pacientes e trabalhadores da saúde. Embora tais medidas tenham abordado parcialmente as questões de segurança, o diagnóstico e o tratamento da injúria miocárdica aguda permaneceram desafiadores durante a pandemia. Enquanto os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que causam injúria miocárdica não estão completamente elucidados, a maioria dos estudos sugere que a COVID-19 seja uma doença pró-inflamatória, associada a um estado de hipercoagulabilidade. Os estudos randomizados em andamento avaliam a eficácia de regimes antitrombóticos mais agressivos na COVID-19. Além disso, a apresentação de síndrome coronariana aguda junto da COVID-19 é variável, mais provavelmente atípica, tardia e está associada a altas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares adversos e óbito. É necessário implementar protocolos para agilizar diagnóstico, triagem e tratamento de pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda, e também minimizar o risco de transmissão viral para os funcionários do hospital. A intervenção coronariana percutânea robótica oferece uma solução em potencial para as diversas questões de segurança enfrentadas pelos cardiologistas intervencionistas na era da COVID-19. Porém, ela também se apresenta com seu conjunto de limitações.

COVID-19 continues to overwhelm healthcare systems. During the peak of the pandemic, cardiac catheterization labs across the world observed a significant decrease in procedure volumes due to several reasons, including reallocation of medical resources, deployment of interventional cardiologists to the COVID-19 wards, and physician and patient concerns about viral transmission. In particular, structural heart disease interventions experienced a significant reduction in volume by more than 90%. To address these challenges, healthcare systems employed new safety measures and protocols, including COVID-19 rapid polymerase chain reaction pretesting, Personal Protective Equipment, and vaccination mandates to ensure safety of patients and healthcare workers. Although these measures partly addressed safety concerns, diagnosis and management of acute myocardial injury remained challenging throughout the pandemic. While the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to myocardial injury is not fully elucidated, most studies have suggested COVID-19 is a pro-inflammatory disease associated with a hypercoagulable state. Ongoing randomized studies are evaluating the efficacy of more aggressive antithrombic regimens in COVID-19. In addition, the presentation of acute coronary syndrome with concomitant COVID-19 infection is variable, more likely atypical, delayed, and is associated with higher rates of adverse cardiovascular events and death. It was necessary to implement protocols to expedite diagnosis, triage and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome, while minimizing the risk of viral transmission to hospital staff. Robotic percutaneous coronary intervention may offer in the future a potential solution to many of the safety concerns faced by interventional cardiologists during the COVID-19 era; however, it has its own set of limitations.

Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19

Introducción: En mayo de 2020 en Reino Unido y EE UU se documentaron casos de una enfermedad que compartía características clínicas y analíticas con la enfermedad de Kawasaki, la cual se asoció a una disregulación inmunitaria secundaria a una infección reciente por SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Comunicar las experiencias de la evolución y el tratamiento de una paciente con diagnóstico de esta nueva enfermedad. Presentación del caso: Adolescente de 17 años con antecedentes de haber padecido de COVID-19 seis semanas antes de su presentación en el hospital. Se recibe con lesiones mucocutáneas, polipnea, taquicardia, ictericia y astenia. Dos horas después de llegar a la unidad de cuidados intensivos comenzó con taquicardia ventricular sin pulsos, de la cual hizo dos eventos que requirieron reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada. Fue necesario apoyo inotrópico por varios días debido a la afectación miocárdica. Después de 72 h con una fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo por debajo de 35 %, comenzó a mejorar hasta la recuperación completa. Recibió tratamiento con metilprednisolona IV y con el péptido inmunoregulador cubano jusvinza. Conclusiones: El síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19, presentado por primera vez en la provincia de Cienfuegos, es una afección nueva, que usualmente es grave y requiere cuidados intensivos debido a que produce disfunción orgánica, pero sobre todo afectación cardíaca. Tiene una presentación clínica similar a enfermedades más comunes, por lo que es fundamental estar alerta para un diagnóstico oportuno que garantice el éxito del tratamiento y evite la muerte.

Introduction: In May 2020, cases of a disease that shared clinical and analytical features with Kawasaki disease were documented in the United Kingdom and the United States, which were associated with immune dysregulation secondary to a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Objective: To communicate the experiences of the evolution and treatment of a patient diagnosed with this new disease. Case presentation: A 17-year-old teenager with a history of COVID-19 six weeks ago. He was admitted with mucocutaneous lesions, polypnea, tachycardia, jaundice and asthenia. Two hours after arriving at the intensive care unit, he presented pulseless ventricular tachycardia, of which he did two events that required advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Inotropic support was required for several days due to myocardial involvement. After 72 hours with a left ventricular ejection fraction below 35%, he began to improve until complete recovery. He received treatment with IV methylprednisolone and the Cuban immunoregulatory peptide jusvinza. Conclusions: The multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19, presented for the first time in the province of Cienfuegos, is a new condition, which is usually serious and requires intensive care because it produces organic dysfunction, but above all cardiac involvement. It has a clinical presentation similar to more common diseases, so it is essential to be alert for a timely diagnosis that guarantees the success of treatment and prevents death.

COVID-19 and death of older adults in the Northeast region of Brazil: a survival analysis / COVID-19 y muerte de ancianos en la región Nordeste de Brasil: un análisis de supervivencia / COVID-19 e óbito de pessoas idosas na região Nordeste do Brasil: uma análise da sobrevivência

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze survival and factors associated with increased risk of death for older adults diagnosed with COVID-19, living in the Northeast region of Brazil. Method: retrospective observational study developed with secondary data provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, between June 14 and December 26, 2020. The Kaplan-Meyer method, the time-dependent cox regression model was used, including covariates (age, sex, skin color, comorbidities, admission to the ICU, ventilatory support). Results: out of 9,306 individuals analyzed, 55.9% died and 44.1% survived. The highest risk of death was observed for those aged 80-89 (HR=1.95), brown-skinned (HR=1.99), with immunodeficiency (HR=1.259) or kidney disease (HR=1.147), admitted to the ICU (HR=1,795) and in use of ventilatory support (HR=1606). Conclusion: among older adults residing in the Northeast region of Brazil, there was a higher risk of death from COVID-19 for octogenarians, brown-skinned, with comorbidities, hospitalization in the ICU, followed by the use of ventilatory support. The creation of health prevention strategies that identify older adults with these profiles is suggested to prevent deaths in future pandemic situations.

RESUMENObjetivo: analizar la supervivencia y los factores asociados con un mayor riesgo de muerte en ancianos diagnosticados con COVID-19, residentes en la región Nordeste de Brasil. Método: estudio observacional retrospectivo desarrollado con datos secundarios proporcionados por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, entre el 14 de junio y el 26 de diciembre de 2020. Se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meyer, modelo de regresión de Cox-tempo-dependiente, incluyendo covariables (edad, sexo, color de piel, comorbilidades, ingreso en UCI, soporte ventilatorio). Resultados: 9.306 personas analizadas, el 55,9% falleció y el 44,1% sobrevivió. El mayor riesgo de muerte se observó en las personas de 80 a 89 años (HR=1,95), color de piel morena (HR=1,99), inmunodeficiencia (HR=1,259), enfermedad renal (HR=1,147), con ingreso en UCI (HR=1.795) y uso de soporte ventilatorio (HR=1606). Conclusión: entre los ancianos residentes en la región Nordeste de Brasil, hubo mayor riesgo de muerte por COVID-19 para los octogenarios, color de piel morena, que tenían comorbilidades, hospitalización en la UCI, seguido del uso de soporte ventilatorio. Se sugiere la creación de estrategias de prevención en salud que identifiquen a las personas mayores con estos perfiles para prevenir muertes en futuras situaciones pandémicas.

RESUMOObjetivo: analisar a sobrevida e os fatores associados ao maior risco de morte para idosos com diagnóstico de COVID-19, residentes na região Nordeste do Brasil. Método: estudo observacional retrospectivo desenvolvido com dados secundários fornecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, entre 14 dejunho a 26 de dezembro de 2020. Utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meyer, o modelo de regressão de cox tempo-dependente, incluindo covariáveis (idade, sexo, cor da pele, comorbidades, admissão na UTI, suporte ventilatório). Resultados: 9.306 indivíduos foram analisados; 55,9% morreram e 44,1% sobreviveram. O maior risco de ocorrência de óbitos foi observado para aqueles entre 80-89 anos (HR=1,95), cor da pele parda (HR=1,99), imunodeficiência (HR=1,259), doença renal (HR=1,147), com admissão em UTI (HR=1,795) e uso de suporte ventilatório (HR=1.606). Conclusão: entre idosos residentes na região Nordeste do Brasil, constatou-se maior risco de óbitos por COVID-19 para octogenários, cor parda, que apresentaram comorbidades, internação em UTI, seguido do uso de suporte ventilatório. Sugere-se a criação de estratégias de prevenção em saúde que identifiquem idosos com esses perfis para prevenir óbitos em futuras situações de pandemia.

Caracterización de niños diagnosticados con COVID-19 en una provincia de la sierra norte del Perú / Characterization of children diagnosed with COVID-19 in a province in the northern sierra of Peru

Introducción: La población infantil presenta una escasa morbilidad y mortalidad por COVID-19; sin embargo, los niños infectados por el SARS-CoV-2 están en aumento y cabe la necesidad de caracterizarlos según sus diversas variables de presentación. Objetivo: Examinar las características sociales, clínicas, condiciones epidemiológicas y cuadro clínico de los niños diagnosticados con COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, con muestra de 88 niños menores de 12 años. Se revisó la base de datos de la oficina de epidemiología del hospital autorizado para el registro de casos confirmados de COVID-19 en la provincia de Chota, Perú. Se obtuvo la autorización de la dirección de la institución para utilizar la data exclusivamente con fines investigativos. El periodo de análisis: 14 de abril (caso cero en la provincia) de 2020-28 de enero de 2021. Resultados: En la muestra 51,1 por ciento fueron mujeres, el promedio de edad 5,6 años; 10,2 por ciento estuvo hospitalizado, 83 por ciento fue puesto en aislamiento, y 98,9 por ciento presentó una recuperación satisfactoria. Las manifestaciones fundamentales en los niños fueron: tos 26,1 por ciento; fiebre 23,9 por ciento y cefalea 19,3 por ciento. Las condiciones epidemiológicas detectadas fueron: 1,4 por ciento viajó en las últimas dos semanas; 47,7 por ciento tuvo contagio intradomiciliario y 67 por ciento asintomático. No se informaron niños fallecidos, intubados, ventilados o con neumonía. Conclusiones: Los niños son igual de susceptibles a la COVID-19 que otras personas; presentan cuadros clínicos menos graves que cursan principalmente con tos, fiebre, cefalea y malestar general; muestran una evolución más favorable y altas prevalencias de asintomáticos y contagios intradomiciliarios(AU)

Introduction: Children population has low morbidity and mortality by COVID-19; however, children infected with SARS-CoV-2 are on the rise and may need to be characterized according to their various presentation variables. Objective: Examine the social, clinical characteristics, epidemiological conditions and clinical picture of children diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study, with a sample of 88 children under 12 years old. The database of the hospital´s epidemiology office authorized for the registration of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Chota province, Peru, was reviewed. Authorization was obtained from the institution's management to use the data exclusively for research purposes. The analysis period was from April 14, 2020 (zero case in the province) to January 28, 2021. Results: In the sample 51.1 percent were women, the average age was 5.6 years; 10.2 percent were hospitalized, 83 percent were put in isolation, and 98.9 percent had a satisfactory recovery. The main manifestations in children were: cough, 26.1 percent; fever, 23.9 percent and headache, 19.3 percent. Epidemiological conditions detected were: 1.4 percent traveled in the last two weeks; 47.7 percent had intradomyciliary contagion, and 67 percent were asymptomatic. No children were reported deceased, intubated, ventilated or with pneumonia. Conclusions: Children are just as susceptible to COVID-19 as other people; they have less severe clinical pictures that occur mainly with cough, fever, headache and general discomfort; they show a more favorable evolution and high prevalence of asymptomatic and intradomyciliary contagions(AU)

Enfrentamiento a la COVID - 19 desde un enfoque bioético en la Facultad de Enfermería - Tecnología de Santiago de Cuba / Confrontation to the COVID - 19 from a bioethics approach in the Nursing - Technology Faculty from Santiago de Cuba

Ante la situación que existe actualmente a escala mundial, a partir del brote de la COVID - 19, las organizaciones Mundial y Panamericana de la Salud han trabajado en el control de este virus. El sistema de salud cubano labora para disminuir los riesgos, teniendo en cuenta la prioridad que tiene la salud de las personas, la anticipación al riesgo, la prevención y el control de esta enfermedad, a través del actuar comunitario de estudiantes y profesores, donde la facultad de Enfermería - Tecnología ha tenido una labor destacada. En tal sentido, se comenta brevemente sobre el trabajo desarrollado por los directivos, docentes y estudiantes de dicha institución en el combate activo contra esta pandemia.

Before the situation that exists worldwide at the moment, taking the COVID - 19 outbreak as a starting point, the World and Pan-American Health Organizations have worked in the control of this virus. The Cuban health system works to diminish the risks, taking into account the priority that people health has, in anticipation to the risk, prevention and control of this disease, through the community performance of students and professors, where the Nursing - Technology Faculty has had an outstanding work. In such a sense, it is briefly commented on the work developed by the directors, teaching staff and students from this institution in the active fight against this pandemic.

Seguridad en anestesiología durante la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 / Safety in anesthesiology during the pandemic due to the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus

La seguridad en anestesiología puede definirse como la reducción del riesgo de daño innecesario asociado a la atención anestésica a un mínimo aceptable, teniendo en cuenta los conocimientos vigentes, los recursos disponibles y el contexto donde se presenta la atención médica de dicha especialidad. A tales efectos, se describen las medidas de seguridad que se deben tomar en el periodo perioperatorio, elaboradas a partir de las recomendaciones internacionales sobre el tema en cuestión, las cuales resultan de gran utilidad debido a la rapidez con que se ha extendido esta pandemia.

Safety in anesthesiology can be defined as the risk reduction from the unnecessary damage associated with the anesthetic care to an acceptable minimum, taking into account the existing knowledge, the available resources and the context where the medical care of this specialty is presented. To such effects, the security measures that should be taken in the perioperative period are described, that were elaborated taking the international recommendations on the topic in question as a starting point, which are of great utility due to the speed with which this pandemic has expanded.

Características de los internamientos hospitalarios por la COVID-19 en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba / Characteristics of the hospitalizations due to COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha provocado actualmente una contingencia epidemiológica internacional. Objetivo: Caracterizar los internamientos hospitalarios a causa de la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde marzo hasta mayo de 2020, de las 3 491 personas internadas a causa de la COVID-19 en las diferentes unidades designadas para ello de acuerdo a categorías establecidas: "sospechoso" (presunto caso), "confirmado" (paciente con positividad por el virus SARS-CoV-2) o "contacto" (aquel que hubiera tenido algún tipo de contacto con una persona contagiada). Asimismo, se analizaron variables demográficas por edad y sexo y se tuvieron en cuenta otras, como lugar de residencia, número de camas por hospitales, clasificación de los pacientes y número de pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa realizadas en tiempo real. Resultados: Se obtuvo que el municipio de Santiago de Cuba presentó la mayor cifra de infectados por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 y que el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Universitario Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo ingresó a un porcentaje superior de pacientes (70,7 %); de igual modo, la mayoría de la serie correspondió al grupo etario de 25 a 59 años y al sexo femenino. Fue sobresaliente que se realizara la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real a 83,3 % de las personas internadas. Conclusiones: Partiendo de un enfoque sociodemográfico, en este estudio se pudo evaluar la incidencia de casos asociados a la COVID-19 en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba de acuerdo a las camas disponibles para la hospitalización y a la clasificación establecida a tal efecto (sospechosos, confirmados y contactos).

Introduction: The pandemic of COVID-19 has caused an international epidemiologic contingency at the moment. Objective: To characterize the hospitalizations due to the COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional investigation was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from March to May, 2020, of the 3 491 patients admitted due to the COVID-19 in the different units designated for it according to established categories: "suspected" (presumed case), "confirmed" (patient with positive result for the SARS-CoV-2 virus) or "contact" (someone that had had some type of contact with a contaminated person). Also, demographic variables were analyzed by age and sex and some others were taken into account, such as residence place, number of beds in hospitals, classification of patients and number of polymerase chain reaction tests carried out in real time. Results: It was obtained that the municipality of Santiago de Cuba presented the highest number of people infected by the coronavirus and that Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo Clinical Surgical University Hospital admitted a higher percentage of patients (70.7 %); in a same way, most of the series corresponded to the 25 to 59 age group and the female sex. It was outstanding that the polymerase chain reaction test in real time was carried out to 83.3 % of admitted patients. Conclusions: Taking the sociodemographic approach as a starting point, with this study the incidence of cases associated with the COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba province could be evaluated according to the available beds for the hospitalization and the established classification to such an effect (suspected, confirmed and contacts).

COVID-19 y aguas residuales / COVID-19 and wastewater

Introducción: Las aguas residuales constituyen una vía para la transmisión de muchas enfermedades, incluidas las virales. La vigilancia epidemiológica basada en aguas residuales se ha empleado para el monitoreo y control de Norovirus GII.17, poliovirus. Objetivo: Explorar sobre la detección del SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales, su prevalencia, las evidencias de transmisión y su uso potencial para la vigilancia epidemiológica a diferentes escalas espaciales. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica-documental en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, SCielo. Se consultaron 53 fuentes, de las cuales se seleccionaron 32 en función del objetivo propuesto. Análisis y síntesis de la información: El virus ha sido en heces fecales, hisopados rectales y en aguas residuales de diferentes países. Ambos medios podrían ser una preocupación para la transmisibilidad aunque existan bajas cargas virales en ellos. Con el auxilio de técnicas moleculares se ha detectado en aguas crudas una concentración de hasta 10 6 copias por litro. Mientras que en aguas residuales tratadas la cifra ha sido de 10 5 copias por litro. Conclusiones: Aunque no existen evidencias de transmisión fecal-oral, fecal-nasal o mediante las aguas residuales, sí constituyen una fuente potencial de transmisión a demostrar. Resulta necesario un método estandarizado para la detección de SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales, realizar estudios de prevalencia, no solo en ese medio sino en las operaciones y procesos de tratamiento de agua. En Cuba existe potencial para el monitoreo y control de la enfermedad en la población, así como para el empleo de la vigilancia epidemiológica basada en aguas residuales(AU)

Introduction: Wastewater is a route for the transmission of many diseases, including viral infections. Wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance has been used to monitor and control Norovirus GII.17, poliovirus. Objective: Explore into SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater, its prevalence, the evidence of its transmission and its potential use for epidemiological surveillance on various spatial scales. Methods: A bibliographic and document review was carried out in the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO and SciELO. A total 53 sources were consulted, of which 32 were selected based on the objective set. Analysis and synthesis of results: The virus has been detected in fecal matter, rectal swabs and in wastewater from different countries. Both media could be a reason for concern in terms of transmissibility, despite the low viral loads they carry. Molecular techniques have revealed the presence of as many as copies per liter in raw water, whereas treated wastewater has been found to contain copies per liter. Conclusions: Though no evidence is available of fecal-oral, fecal-nasal or wastewater transmission, these routes are a potential source of transmission awaiting substantiation. A standardized method is required for SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater. Prevalence studies should be conducted not only in this medium, but also in water treatment operations and processes. In Cuba there is potential for the surveillance and control of the disease in the population, as well as for the use of wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance(AU)

Características clinicoepidemiológicas de pacientes con evolución asintomática de la COVID-19 en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with asymptomatic clinical course of COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba province

Introducción: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, la cual se presenta de forma asintomática en hasta 80 % de los casos a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con evolución asintomática de la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, con recolección retrospectiva de la información, de marzo a mayo del 2020, de 13 pacientes con la enfermedad que no manifestaron cuadro sintomático de esta al establecer el diagnóstico. Resultados: De los pacientes que dieron positivo por coronavirus en la provincia, 26,0 % estaban asintomáticos; en estos últimos predominaron los grupos etarios de 20-39 años (38,4 %) y de 60 y más años (30,7 %), así como el sexo femenino (84,6 %). Igualmente, 30,7 % padecía enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles y 38,5 % resultó ser fuente de contagio a otras personas. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de pacientes asintomáticos en Santiago de Cuba fue diferente de la notificada en el resto del país y en otras naciones, lo cual pudo estar condicionado por la no aparición de episodios o brotes y la baja incidencia registrada; no obstante, en el análisis de las variables no existieron discrepancias con los informes sobre pacientes con esta forma clínica de la enfermedad.

Introduction: The COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is presented in an asymptomatic way in up to 80 % of the cases at world level. Objective: To characterize the patients with asymptomatic clinical course of the COVID-19. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in Santiago de Cuba province, with retrospective gathering of the information, from March to May, 2020, belonging to 13 patients with diagnosis of the disease and no symptomatic manifestation of it. Results: Of the patients with positive results for coronavirus in the province, 26,0 % were asymptomatic; there was a predominance of the 20-39 years-old (38,4 %), and the 60 and more years (30,7 %) in these age groups, as well as of the female sex (84,6 %). Equally, 30,7 % suffered from non-communicable chronic diseases and 38,5 % turned out to be infection source to other people. Conclusions: The frequency of asymptomatic patients in Santiago de Cuba was different from that notified in the rest of the country and in other nations, which could be conditioned by the absence of episodes or outbreaks and the low registered incidence; nevertheless, in the analysis of the variables there were no discrepancies with the reports on patients with this clinical form of the disease.

Bronconeumonía por COVID-19 en un adolescente de 18 años / Bronchopneumonia due to COVID-19 in a 18 years adolescent

Se describe el caso clínico de un adolescente de 18 años de edad con antecedentes patológicos personales de hipertensión arterial crónica esencial y obesidad de grado II, que fue atendido en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial José Martí Pérez de Sancti Spíritus por presentar tos húmeda ocasional, fiebre y falta de aire. Inicialmente se diagnosticó neumonía en la base del pulmón derecho, que luego evolucionó a bronconeumonía. Durante su hospitalización se recibió el resultado de la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, que fue positivo en el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Se logró estabilizar el cuadro clínico del paciente, el cual tuvo una evolución favorable; se le dio el alta hospitalaria tras cumplir el periodo de vigilancia epidemiológica.

The case report of an 18 years teenager with a personal pathological history of chronic essencial hypertension and grade II obesity, who was assisted in José Martí Provincial Pediatric Hospital from Sancti Spiritus due to occasional humid cough, fever and lack of air. Initially pneumonia was diagnosed at the base of the right lung, which became a bronchopneumonia later. During his hospitalization, the result of the polymerase reaction test in real time was received, which was positive in the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It was possible to stabilize the patient clinical pattern, which had a favorable clinical course; he was discharged after fulfilling the surveillance period.

La COVID-19 en personas hipertensas / COVID-19 in hypertensive people

La COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, que afecta de forma más grave a personas en edades avanzadas de la vida y a pacientes con inmunodepresión y/o afecciones crónicas, como la hipertensión arterial, de gran significación en la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares. Con este artículo se buscó actualizar los conocimientos sobre el nivel de gravedad de la COVID-19 en pacientes hipertensos y su asociación con el consumo de fármacos antihipertensivos de los grupos de los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina y los antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II. Asimismo, se ofrecen evidencias científicas acerca de que la hipertensión arterial es un predictor clínico de gravedad en pacientes con dicha enfermedad infecciosa, lo cual se manifiesta sobre todo en las edades mayores de 60 años, y de que la suspensión de forma preventiva de los mencionados tratamientos antihipertensivos puede conducir a inestabilidad clínica y a resultados desfavorables.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that affects people in advanced ages of life, patients with immunodepression and/or chronic affections, as hypertension, in a more serious way, being the latter of great significance in the mortality due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With this work we wanted to update the knowledge on the COVID-19 serious condition level in hypertensive patients and its association with the consumption of antihypertensive drugs of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and antagonists of angiotensin II receptors groups. In the same way, scientific evidences are offered on the fact that hypertension is a clinical predictor of a serious condition in patients with this infectious disease, that is manifested mainly in people older than 60 years, and that the suspension in a preventive way of the mentioned antihypertensive treatments can lead to clinical instability and unfavorable results.

Novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) after pulmonary surgery: A case report / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#There was a male novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia (COVID-19) patient after pulmonary surgery at age of 61 years. The patient had no clear history of contact COVID-19 patient before surgery. He developed transient fever on the 4th day after surgery. The body temperature returned to normal on the 5th day after antibiotic adjustment. The patient developed fever and fatigue again on the 6th day after surgery. A chest CT scan revealed postoperative pneumonia. The patient was treated by ganciclovir and moxifloxacin hydrochloride. The patient's temperature gradually decreased on the 7th to 9th days after the operation. CT scan on the 10th day after surgery showed viral pneumonia, so we immediately raised the level of protection. The novel coronavirus nucleic acid test was positive. The patient was immediately transferred to the designated hospital for treatment. The patient was treated by arbidol, moxifloxacin, human immunoglobulin (PH4), ambroxol and other nutritional symptomatic and supportive treatment. The patient's condition is currently stable. Ten people in close contact with the patient developed symptoms, and their CT scans showed viral pneumonia. Six of them were positive in nucleic acid tests, and the others were still under quarantine observation. This shows that it is easy to confuse the imaging manifestations of pneumonia with novel coronavirus pneumonia after lung surgery. We should perform nucleic acid detection as soon as possible in the early diagnosis of CT and reformulate the treatment protocol.

Chest CT comparison of ground glass opacity-like 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and early-stage lung carcinoma / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To investigate CT image features of ground glass opacity (GGO)-like 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia (COVID-19) and early-stage lung carcinoma for control and therapy of this acute severe respiratory disease. Methods    We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 71 GGO-like COVID-19 patients who received therapy in Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology between January 17th and February 13th, 2020. These 71 GGO-like COVID-19 patients were as a COVID-19 group. And 80 GGO-like early-stage lung carcinoma patients who underwent resection were as a lung carcinoma group. Clinical features such as sex, age, symptoms including fever, cough, fatigue, myalgia and dyspnea, detailed exposure history, confirmatory test (SARS-CoV-2 quantitative RT-PCR) and pathologic diagnosis were analyzed. Results    Significantly different symptoms and exposure history between the two groups were detected (P<0.001). More lesions (61 patients at percentage of 85.92%, P<0.001), relative peripheral locations (69 patients at percentage of 97.18%, P<0.001) and larger opacities (65 patients at percentage of 91.55%, P<0.001) were found in chest radiographs of GGO-like COVID-19 compared with GGO-like early-stage lung carcinoma. Similar features appeared in early-stage of COVID-19 and lung carcinoma, while pneumonia developed into more extensive and basal predominant lung consolidation. Coexistence of GGO-like COVID-19 and early-stage lung carcinoma might occur. Conclusion    Considering these similar and unique features of GGO-like COVID-19 and early-stage lung carcinoma, it is necessary to understand short time re-examination of chest radiographs and other diagnostic methods of these two diseases. We believe that the findings reported here are important for diagnosis and control of COVID-19 in China.