Metaanálisis de la validez diagnóstica de las pruebas de tamización del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en bancos de sangre, 2000-2020

Objetivo: Evaluar la validez diagnóstica del ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzima (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ELISA) para el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en bancos de sangre, con base en estudios publicados entre 2000 y 2020. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de pruebas diagnósticas, mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorios para la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el cociente de probabilidad positivo y negativo, la razón de odds (OR) diagnóstica y la curva ROC, con sus intervalos de confianza del 95 %. La heterogeneidad se evaluó con el estadístico Q(χ2) DerSimonian-Laird y el I2 de inconsistencia, y la incertidumbre, con el porcentaje de peso de cada estudio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 investigaciones; la ELISA de tercera generación (detección de anticuerpos) se aplicó en 2992 infectados y 4076 sanos; las de cuarta generación (determinación simultánea de antígeno-anticuerpo), en 967 infectados y 154 264 sanos; ambas presentaron sensibilidad cercana al 100 %, pero la especificidad fue mejor en los ensayos de cuarta generación (98 vs. 100 %). Para ambas tecnologías, los cocientes de probabilidad, OR diagnóstica y curva ROC evidenciaron excelente discriminación de sanos e infectados. Conclusión: Se confirmó que las ELISA de tercera y cuarta generación presentan excelente validez y utilidad diagnóstica en donantes de sangre, lo que es importante para las políticas de sangre segura y control del VIH.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic validity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in blood banks, based on studies published between 2000 and 2020. Methodology: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic tests, using a random-effects model for the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and ROC curve, with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed with the DerSimonianLaird Q(χ2) statistic and the I2 inconsistency statistic. Uncertainty was assessed using percentage study weights. Results: 15 studies were included. The third-generation ELISA (antibody detection) was applied for 2,992 infected and 4,076 healthy individuals, and the fourth-generation ELISA (simultaneous antigen-antibody detection) was used for 967 infected and 154,264 healthy individuals. Both showed close to 100% sensitivity, but there was an improved specificity in the fourth-generation assays (98% vs. 100%). Both technologies' likelihood ratios, DOR, and ROC curve aptly distinguished between healthy and infected individuals. Conclusion: The third and fourth-generation ELISA were confirmed to have excellent validity and diagnostic utility in blood donors, which is important for HIV control and blood safety policies.

Objetivo: Avaliar a validade diagnóstica do ensaio de imunoabsorção ligado à enzima (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ELISA) para o vírus de imunodeficiência humana (VIH) em bancos de sangue, com base em estudos publicados entre 2000 e 2020. Medotologia: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise de provas diagnósticas, por meio de um modelo de efeitos aleatórios para a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o cociente de probabilidade positivo e negativo, a razão de odds (OR) diagnóstica e a curva de ROC, com seus intervalos de confiança do 95%. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada com o estatístico Q(χ2) DerSimonian-Laird e o I2 de inconsistência, e a incerteza, com a porcentagem de peso de cada estudo. Resultados: Foram incluídas 15 pesquisas; a ELISA de terceira geração (detecção de anticorpos) aplicouse em 2992 infetados e 4076 sadios; as de quarta geração (determinação simultânea de antígeno-anticorpos), em 967 infetados e sadios; ambas as duas apresentaram sensibilidade próxima ao 100%, mas a especificidade foi melhor nos ensaios de quarta geração (98 vs. 100%). Para ambas as tecnologias, os cocientes de probabilidade, OR diagnóstica e curva ROC evidenciaram excelente discriminação de sadios e infetados. Conclusão: Confirmou-se que as ELISA de terceira e quarta geração apresentam excelente validade e utilidade diagnóstica em doadores de sangue, o que é importante para as políticas de sangue seguro e controle do VIH.

"Depressão, transtorno do pânico e fobia social são reais!". Notas sobre essencialismo, pragmatismo e psicopatologia / "Depression, panic disorder and social phobia are real!". Notes on Essentialism, Pragmatism and Psychopathology / "La dépression, le trouble panique et la phobie sociale sont réels!": Notes sur l'essentialisme, le pragmatisme et la psychopathologie / "¡La depresión, el trastorno de pánico y la fobia social son reales!": Notas sobre esencialismo, pragmatismo y psicopatología

O artigo tematiza a noção de validade diagnóstica na nosologia psicopatológica, de um ponto de vista epistemológico. Argumenta-se que a crise dos modelos operacionais, representados pelos DSMs, se aprofundou nas últimas décadas em virtude da adoção de uma concepção literal de validade, entendida como correspondência entre classificações diagnósticas e propriedades intrínsecas. Tal concepção relega as categorias diagnósticas ao estatuto de tipos artificiais sem substrato ontológico. A partir de autores como Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich etc., sugere-se uma recolocação do problema em termos de um nominalismo pragmático. Além de nos deslocar da dicotomia natural/artificial, uma postura nominalista pragmática teria a vantagem adicional de admitir um pluralismo nosológico, que tende a ser incompatível com sistemas classificatórios literais, com pretensões essencialistas.

This article discusses the notion of diagnostic validity in psychopathological nosology, from an epistemological perspective. The crisis of operational models, represented by the DSM, has deepened in recent decades due to the adoption of a literal conception of validity, understood as correspondence between diagnostic classifications and intrinsic properties. Such conception relegates the diagnostic categories to the status of artificial types devoid of ontological substrate. Based on authors such as Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich, etc., it suggests reframing the problem in terms of a pragmatic nominalism. Besides shifting us from the natural/artificial dichotomy, a pragmatic nominalist stance would admit a nosological pluralism, usually incompatible with essentialist classificatory systems.

Cet article traite de la notion de validité diagnostique en nosologie psychopathologique, dans une perspective épistémologique. La crise des modèles opérationnels, représentés par les DSM, s'est aggravé au cours des dernières décennies en raison de l'adoption d'une conception littérale de la validité, comprise comme une correspondance entre les classifications diagnostiques et les propriétés intrinsèques. Une telle conception relègue les catégories diagnostiques au statut de types artificiels dépourvus de substrat ontologique. S'appuyant sur des auteurs tels que Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich, etc., on suggère de recadrer le problème en termes de nominalisme pragmatique. En plus de nous éloigner de la dichotomie naturel/artificiel, cette position admettrait un pluralisme nosologique, généralement incompatible avec les systèmes classificatoires essentialistes.

Este artículo aborda la noción de validez diagnóstica en la nosología psicopatológica desde un punto de vista epistemológico. Se argumenta que la crisis de los modelos operativos, representada por los DSM, se ha profundizado en las últimas décadas debido a la adopción de una concepción literal de validez, entendida como una correspondencia entre clasificaciones diagnósticas y propiedades intrínsecas. Esta concepción relega las categorías diagnósticas al estatus de tipos artificiales sin sustrato ontológico. A partir de autores como Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar y Agich, se sugiere reposicionar el problema en términos de nominalismo pragmático. Además de desplazarnos de la dicotomía natural/artificial, una postura pragmática nominalista tendría la ventaja adicional de admitir un pluralismo nosológico, que tiende a ser incompatible con los sistemas clasificatorios literales de pretensiones esencialistas.

Comparison of two measures assessing prospective memory impairment in elderly people with schizophrenia / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To compare the results of two different measures assessing prospective memory (PM) in elderly schizophrenia,and explore their diagnostic validity.Methods:Fifty patients who were diagnosed as schiz-ophrenia according to the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ)and 50 normal elderly people were enrolled in the study.Laboratory paradigm prospective memory task and the Chinese version of the Cambridge prospective memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT)were administered to measure thelevel of EBPM and TBPM.The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition,Continuous Performance Test-I-dentical Pairs were used to evaluate IQ and attention.Results:Whether in the laboratory paradigm or C-CAM-PROMPT,schizophrenia group performed worse than normal controls on PM total scores[7(0,16)vs.12(0,16),14 (4,34)vs.25(11,36)],EBPM[3(0,8)vs.6(0,8),7(2,16)vs.14(4,18)]and TBPM [3(0,8)vs.6(0,8),6(2,18) vs.12(4,18)],and patients had comparable performances in PM subtypes[-1.0(-2.2,1.0)vs. -1.0(-2.1, 0.8),-1.9(-3.4,0.8)vs. -1.8(-2.9,1.6)].In the C-CAMPROMPT,the scores of EBPM and TBPM were negatively related to age(r=-0.36 --0.40,P<0.001 ),but there was no significant relationship between PM performance and age in the laboratory paradigm task.The area under ROC curve of the laboratory paradigm and C-CAMPROMPT were 0.73 and 0.85.While 8 and 19 as the cut off value,the sensitivity were 0.60 and 0.74,and the specificity were 0.76 and 0.90,respectively.Conclusion:The two measures have confirmed that the elderly schizophrenia have comparable performances in EBPM and TBPM.Both the C-CAMPROMPT and the laboratory paradigm have moderate level of diagnostic validity,but the former is slightly higher and more susceptible to aging.

Diagnostic validity of weighted diagnostic index scores for tuberculous meningitis in adults / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Tuberculous meningitis is a common, occasionally fatal infectious disease of the central nervous system. We evaluated the diagnostic validity of weighted diagnostic index scores (WDIS), which have been suggested to aid in the diagnosis of adult patients with tuberculous meningitis, on the basis of simple clinical and laboratory findings. METHODS: The microbiological and clinical data of adult patients with either tuberculous or bacterial meningitis were reviewed retrospectively. Diagnostic validity and WDIS cut-off values were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: A total of 77 cases were included: 47 with tuberculous meningitis and 30 with bacterial meningitis. For the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of WDIS suggested by Thwaites (cut-off value of < or =4) were 100, 90, 94 and 100%, respectively. Based on ROC curve analysis (area under ROC curve=0.993), a cut-off value of < or =3 was most appropriate for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. The sensitivity and specificity of WDIS with a cut-off value of < or =3 were 100 and 93.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that WDIS are highly predictable and acceptable for the early diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis in Korea, based on our analysis of clinical and laboratory findings. A cut-off value of < or =3 showed the best diagnostic validity.

Validation of Geriatric Depression Scale, Korean Version(GDS) in the Assessment of DSM-III-R Major Depression / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The authors attempted to evaluate the diagnostic validity of the Korean version, Geri-atric Depression Scale(GDS) for screening geriatric DSM-III-R major depression among clinical pop-ulations. METHODS: Through of preliminary trials 3 times, the authors translated GDS including Short form Geriatric Depression Scale(SGDS) into Korean. GDS, SGDS, HRS-D, CES-D was adminis-tered to 88 elderly psychiatric patients(35 major depressives, 51 were non-major depression) and also Diagnostic Interview Schedule(DIS-III-R) was administered independently to diagnoses DSM-III-R major depression. Reliability and validity test 5, optimal cut-off point estimation, and ROC curve analysis were done to investigate the diagnostic validity of GDS and SGDS. RESULTS: Internal consistency-reliability and concurrent validity of GDS, SGDS associated with other depression scales(HRS-D, CES-D) were excellent. Content validity and discriminant validity which differentiate DSM-III-R major depression from non-major depression was also good. The authors suggest the score '17' as the optimal cut-off point of GDS for screening DSM-III-R major depression among clinical populations and the score '8' as optimal cut-off score of SGDS. ROC curve analysis revealed wide AUC of both GDS and SGDS, which indicates its high diagnostic validity in assessing DSM-III-R major depression. The GDS and SGDS were found to be highly correlated(r=0.9594) and any difference of AUC between both scales in ROC curve analysis were not found. This finding suggests that SGDS can be an adequate substitute for GDS. CONCLUSION: The GDS and SGDS are valid and reliable case finding tools for screening DSM-III-R major depression among clinical populations in Korea but relatively high cut-off point demands the further evaluation in the viewpoint of culturally determined style of response for the depression questionnaire in Korea.