El lugar propio y la autonomía en jóvenes de barrios populares / Own place and autonomy among young people in poor neighbourhoods

(analítico) Este artículo describe y analiza, desde una perspectiva etnográfica, las tramas de relaciones sociales que resultan significativas para jóvenes que habitan en barrios populares del Gran Buenos Aires (Argentina) y que participan de programas sociales. Estas tramas configuran el lugar -como posición social-, desde el cual construyen autonomía y dan cuenta de las condiciones de posibilidad de sus experiencias cotidianas. A partir de testimonios de jóvenes obtenidos mediante técnicas cualitativas entre 2016 y 2018, enfoco en la dimensión ética de las prácticas juveniles y en el modo en el que el género las marca. La autoridad parental, el peso de las miradas condenatorias y las formas de cuidado son analizados en relación a los usos de tiempos y espacios. Finalmente, señalo implicancias de los hallazgos para las políticas sociales.

(analytical) Using an ethnographic perspective, this article describes and analyses significant social relationships among young people who live in poor neighbourhoods in Greater Buenos Aires (Argentina) and participate in social programs. These relationships configure the place -as a social position- from which they build autonomy. These relationships also represent possibilities in their daily experiences. Through qualitative techniques applied between 2016 and 2018 and based on the testimonies of young people, the author focuses on the ethical dimension of youth practices and how gender marks them. Parental authority, the relevance of stigmatizing visions and forms of care among young people are analysed. The author links the analysis with specific uses of time and space. Finally, implications of the analysis for public policies are discussed.

(analítico) Este artigo descreve e analisa, a partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica, as tramas de relações sociais que são significativas para jovens que moram em bairros populares da Grande Buenos Aires (Argentina) e que participam de programas sociais. Essas tramas configuram o lugar -como posição social -, a partir do qual constroem autonomia e dão conta das condições de possibilidade de suas vivências cotidianas. A partir dos depoimentos de jovens, obtidos por meio de técnicas qualitativas entre 2016 e 2018, ponho em foco a dimensão ética das práticas juvenis e a forma como o gênero as marca. A autoridade parental, o peso dos olhares condenatórios e as formas de cuidado são analisados em relação aos usos do tempo e do espaço. Por fim, aponto implicações dos achados para as políticas sociais.

Cultura urbana y acompañamiento psico-socioeducativo en Medellín: de pandilleros a líderes comunitarios / Urban culture and psycho-socio-educational accompaniment in Medellín: from gang members to community leaders / Cultura urbana e acompanhamento psico-sócio-educativo em Medellín: de membros

Resumen (analítico) Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las trayectorias de vida de jóvenes desplazados en una comuna de Medellín. A través del acompañamiento psico-socioeducativo, especialmente brindado desde la infancia, y mediante la cultura urbana, los jóvenes evolucionan desde «el muchacho pandillero¼ hasta convertirse en referentes comunitarios. El trabajo de campo se realizó empleando la metodología cualitativa mediante la técnica biográfico-narrativa, recogiendo información a través de cinco entrevistas en profundidad, líneas de tiempo y observación al participante. Las conclusiones muestran a un grupo de jóvenes perdidos en contexto de barrio, cuyo cambio comienza con el acompañamiento psico-socioeducativo que les permite movilizar sus potencialidades a través del baile y tomar el control de su vida, logrando que sus individualidades trasciendan y posibilitando su influencia en la comunidad.

Abstract (analytical) The aim of this article is to analyse the life trajectories of displaced young people in a community in Medellin. Through psycho-socio-educational accompaniment, the stories go from "being a kid in a gang" to becoming community reference points, especially in the area of childhood safety, through participating in and generating urban culture. Fieldwork was carried out using a qualitative methodology through the biographical-narrative technique, collecting information through five in-depth interviews, timelines and participant observation. The conclusions identify a group of young people who were "lost" in the context of their neighborhood and whose changes began with psycho-socio-educational accompaniment. This allowed them to discover their potential through dance and take control of their lives, resulting in them transcending the individual sphere and trying to influence their community.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as trajetórias de vida dos jovens deslocados numa comunidade em Medellín. Através do acompanhamento psico-sócio-educativo, as histórias evoluem de "o miúdo da gangue" para referências comunitárias, especialmente na segurança infantil, através da cultura urbana. O trabalho de campo foi realizado utilizando metodologia qualitativa através da técnica biográfico-narrativa, recolhendo informação através de cinco entrevistas aprofundadas, cronogramas e observação dos participantes. As conclusões mostram um grupo de jovens perdidos num contexto de vizinhança, cuja mudança começa com o acompanhamento psico-sócio-educativo, que lhes permite mobilizar o seu potencial através da dança e assumir o controlo das suas vidas para transcender o indivíduo e tentar influenciar a comunidade.

Recent dengue virus infection: epidemiological survey on risk factors associated with infection in a medium-sized city in Mato Grosso

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Dengue is considered to be the most important arbovirus worldwide, with important complications that increase its lethality. In Brazil, an endemic country, the disease reaches significant incidence levels, with occurrences of serious cases and high costs of hospitalizations for its treatment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze risk factors among individuals with recent histories of dengue infection in a medium-sized city in Mato Grosso. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive cross-sectional study, of epidemiological-survey type, conducted among the urban population of a city located in mid-northern Mato Grosso. METHODS: A seroepidemiological survey using questionnaires and collection of biological material was conducted among 596 adults aged ≥ 18 years who had been selected through a cluster sampling process. Positive dengue cases were those with positive results from anti-dengue immunoassays (ELISA). Statistical analyses with descriptive and inferential techniques were used, with 95% confidence intervals and a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The seroepidemiological profile of the study participants was predominantly female, with ages between 18 and 39 years, self-declared non-white race/color, not more than eight years of education and not living with a companion. Among the sanitary factors analyzed, the following were risk factors for dengue virus infection: no running water at home; no water supply from the public piped network; no waste from drains or toilets sent to the sewage network; endemic disease combat agents visiting the home; and presence of mosquito breeding sites at home. CONCLUSION: Low schooling levels and previous dengue virus infection were associated with current dengue virus infection.

Competencias especializadas de intervención en desadaptación social adolescente / Specialized competencies to intervention with adolescent social maladjustment

Resumen Los comportamientos antisociales que persisten durante la adolescencia, pueden implicar para el individuo un progresivo proceso de desadaptación social, por el cual los adolescentes van progresivamente alejándose de las normas de sus contextos sociales. La intervención educativa y psicosocial en desadaptación social adolescente requiere de una alta especialización, sin embargo, trabajadores sociales, psicólogos y educadores señalan no contar con competencias claras para hacer eficaces sus intervenciones. Mediante un diseño de casos y controles, se buscó identificar las competencias especializadas a las que debiese responder un programa de formación para la intervención en desadaptación social adolescente. Se entrevistó a ocho profesionales del ámbito psico-socio-educativo que participaron de un proceso de formación especializada (casos) y ocho profesionales sin la formación (controles). Emergieron siete macrocompetencias, validadas ante grupo de expertos: (a) Desarrollar un marco integral, informado y coherente sobre el proceso de inadaptación social de los adolescentes y su contexto de enfoque; (b) Diseñar y desarrollar un proceso de evaluación del / la adolescente de atención; (c) Intervenir con el adolescente; (d) Evidencia de comportamiento ético en la intervención; (e) Desarrollar el autoconocimiento constante del interviniente; (f) Promover y desarrollar una relación de ayuda con el adolescente, y (g) Exhibir comportamientos y habilidades que favorecen el trabajo en equipo. Quienes tienen formación destacan las competencias relacionadas a los conocimientos, una mirada prospectiva y el saber hacer, mientras que quienes no han recibido formación destacan el saber ser. Se discute respecto a la necesidad de enfatizar el saber ser en los procesos de formación.

Abstract Antisocial behaviors that persist during adolescence may imply a progressive social imbalance for the individual. Educational and psychosocial intervention in these adolescents requires a high specialization, since when the violation of the law is presented as a persistent pattern of behavior it would be associated with a disadvantaged family, school and social environment where the adolescent experiences difficulties in solving basic needs and seeks alternative ways of coping with life events, adapting to particular contexts, which can often be more reinforcing, ignoring the general social context. This persistent group presents a lot of heterogeneity both in psychological aspects and in criminal behavior, observing different criminal trajectories that require different types of intervention, which further complicates the work of the intervention teams. The trajectories observed in men and of increasing complexity would be: (a) determined by contextual risk factors; (b) adolescents with stories of violation of rights and abandonments; (c) adolescents with traumatic situations in their lives, disruptive behaviors and disorganized functioning; (d) adolescents socialized in criminogenic contexts with stories of rape in them, leading them to an antisocial functioning focused on their personal well-being; (d) adolescents socialized in criminogenic contexts, seeking to validate themselves socially, strengthening their personal identity through countercultural behaviors (Alarcón, et al., 2012). Through a case control design, we seek to identify the specialized skills to which a training program for intervention in adolescent social maladjustment must respond. Eight professionals who participated in a specialized training process (cases) and eight professionals without training (controls) were interviewed. From the content analysis, seven macro competences were validated before a group of experts: (a) Develop a comprehensive, informed and coherent framework on the process of social maladjustment of adolescents and their context of focus; (b) Design and develop an evaluation process of the adolescent of attention; (c) Intervene with the adolescent; (d) Evidence of ethical behavior in the intervention; (e) Develop the constant self-knowledge of the intervener; (f) Promote and develop a helping relationship with the adolescent, and (g) Exhibiting behaviors and skills that promote teamwork. The results confirm specialized competences that emphasize a differentiated vision of the adolescent and the work team as a source of validation in decision making. Similarly, those with training highlight skills related to knowledge, a prospective perspective and know-how; while those who have not received training highlight the attitudes associated with knowing how to be. The need to evaluate the specialization of professional teams that intervene with adolescents who violate the law is discussed, facilitating the development of knowledge, abilities and skills, without neglecting the development of reflective attitudes in the training processes of each professional and within the teams, to promote continuous improvement. As limitations of this study, it is considered that the participants were officials who participated in a training process (cases) and other officials from institutions with similar demographic characteristics but without systematic training (controls); This involved accessing professionals between the ages of 30 and 45, not being able to know the perspective of those under 30 or over 45, or service personnel who share daily with adolescents, being able to link up and influence their changes. As challenges for future research, it is necessary to have indicators to verify competence and observe it with respect to its adjustment with the distinctive characteristics of adolescents. Along with this, the need to observe in greater detail the possibilities of educational and psychosocial intervention in family, school and community contexts that are estimated to involve eventual crisis scenarios for adolescents at the time of reintegration is observed. The above to effectively promote interventions that allow adolescents to exercise their role as citizens.

Fortalezas para la socialización en habitantes de calle de la ciudad de Medellíni / Strengths for Socialization in Homeless People in the City of Medellin

Resumen Este estudio busca comprender si una intervención desarrollada con habitantes de calle en Medellín, Colombia, favoreció el fortalecimiento de algunos activos de los participantes, relacionados con su resocialización, tomando como base la perspectiva del Desarrollo Positivo. Se realizó un estudio comprensivo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a tres personas que participaron de un programa de resocialización. Se indagó por la presencia de fortalezas internas y externas, por su socialización primaria y secundaria, su trayectoria en la calle, el proceso vivido en el programa y lo sucedido después de su egreso. Los resultados evidenciaron que el principal impulsor del cambio subjetivo y que llevó al no retorno a la calle fue la modificación de la relación consigo mismo.

Abstract This study seeks to understand whether an intervention developed with homeless people in Medellin, Colombia, favored the strengthening of some of the participants' assets, related to their resocialization, based on the perspective of Positive Development. A comprehensive study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with three people, who participated in a resocialization program. It was ascertained by the presence of internal and external strengths, for their primary and secondary socialization, their path on the street, the process lived in the program, and what happened to them after their leaving the program. The results showed that the main driver of subjective change and what made them not to return to the street was the modification of the relationship with themselves.

Factors affecting adoption of a telemedicine device by primary care health workers in the Philippines

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background and Introduction.</strong> The RxBox is a telemedicine device that measures and transmits vital signs to remote experts. It has been deployed to primary care health centers (PCHC) in the Philippines serving disadvantaged populations, to decrease morbidity and mortality due to common diseases and poor access to care. Factors affecting its adoption by healthcare workers is unknown.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Materials and Methods.</strong> The study determined social and behavioral factors that affect adoption of a telemedicine device into the clinical workflow using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework. This is a mixed methods research using review of records, survey and focused group discussions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results and Discussion.</strong> RxBox telemedicine devices were installed in 79 primary care health centers (PCHC) and were used a total of 15,705 times within the study period. An ordinary least squares regression analysis using the combined site and individual-level data showed that among the UTAUT parameters, only compatibility, facilitating conditions, and social factors have significant relationships with intent-to-use of the RxBox. The innovation assisted primary care health workers in their clinical responsibilities, improved the stature of their PCHC in the community, and helped in the care for patients. Training and technology support after deployment as well as encouragement by peer and champions (the PCHC physician, local government leaders) reinforced continuous use after training. Users described the experienced improvements in quality of services provided by the PCHC and the consequent benefits to their patients.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions.</strong> These factors should be accounted for in designing strategies to reinforce health workers' attitudes and enhance support towards acceptance and use of novel telemedicine devices into clinical routine in local health centers. Lessons are immediately useful for local leaders in low- and lower middle-income countries that suffer disproportionately from unnecessary maternal deaths and mortality due to non-communicable diseases. This contributes to the body of knowledge and should bolster national-level advocacy to institute an enabling policy on telehealth Information Communication Technology (ICT) and use of Filipino innovations towards health systems strengthening. Results can be used by implementers, evaluators, and regulators of health ICT, especially in resource-poor settings. Likewise, the study can encourage more research in the field to spur more dynamic local health ICT and biomedical device industries.</p>

Molecular survey of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation among disadvantaged children in Klang Valley, Malaysia

@#Ectoparasitic infestations including pediculosis capitis are common in people of disadvantaged communities as they live in overcrowded institutions, a condition that often favourable for disease transmission. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of head lice infestation among disadvantaged children aged between five to 14 years-old living in five poor conditions located across the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Of total 335 children examined, 14% were positively infected with head lice. Molecular analysis using the universal cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene on total of 167 head lice collected in this study indicated they are belonging to the A and C clades; confirming the global distribution of clade A and expansion of clade C in Southeast Asia, which is reported for the first time in Malaysia.

Gender Inequalities in Academic Achievement among Internally Displaced children in Colombia / Desigualdades de género en el desempeño académico de los niños desplazados forzados en Colombia / Desigualdades de gênero no desempenho acadêmico de crianças deslocadas forçadas na Colômbia

Abstract Using 2015 data of the Colombia Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the incidence of belonging to a household with an Internally Displaced Person (IDP) on the likelihood of grade retention by sex. Particularly, a bivariate logistic regression was used to identify the correlation between families with IDP and children's gender on the probability of repeating a school year. Boys' were negatively affected when they live in an IDP household. Also, boys had a higher like-lihood of repeating a grade. We need to know how to act upon the social determinants that create social gaps and disadvantages across IDP, but also, to align with Sustainable Development Goals to eliminate gender inequalities.

Resumen (analítico) Utilizando datos de 2015 de la Encuesta de Demografía y de Salud de Colombia investigamos la incidencia de pertenecer a un hogar con una persona desplazada forzada por el conflicto armado interno (IDP) sobre la probabilidad de repetición de grado por sexo. En particular, se utilizó una regresión logística bivariada para identificar la correlación entre familias con desplazados internos y el género de los niños en la probabilidad de repetir un año escolar. Los niños se vieron afectados negativamente cuando vivieron en un hogar desplazado forzado. Además, los varones tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de repetir una asignatura. Necesitamos saber cómo actuar sobre los determinantes sociales que crean brechas sociales y desventajas entre los desplazados internos, pero también para alinearnos con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible en busca de eliminar las desigualdades de género.

Resumo (analítico) Utilizando dados de 2015 da Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde da Colômbia (DHS), investigamos a incidência de pertencer a uma família com uma Pessoa Deslocada Interna (IDP) sobre a probabilidade de retenção de notas por sexo. Particularmente, uma regressão logística bivariada foi usada para identificar a correlação entre famílias com PID e sexo das crianças sobre a probabilidade de repetir um ano escolar. Os meninos foram afetados negativamente quando vivem em uma casa de deslocados internos. Além disso, os meninos tinham maior probabilidade de repetir uma nota. Precisamos saber como agir de acordo com os determinantes sociais que criam lacunas e desvantagens sociais entre os deslocados internos, mas também alinhar com os ODS para eliminar as desigualdades de gênero.

Transición hacia la vida adulta en mujeres de sectores populares (Córdoba, Argentina) / Transition to adulthood among working-class women (Córdoba, Argentina) / Transição para a vida adulta entre mulheres de setores populares (Córdoba, Argentina)

Resumen (analítico) La transición hacia la adultez de los y las jóvenes de sectores populares en Argentina se tornó más prolongada y compleja. Introducir la perspectiva de género al problema obliga a interrogarse si, además, el ser mujer no constituye una dificultad adicional. Este trabajo analiza los modos en los que se produce la transición hacia la vida adulta en mujeres de sectores populares de Córdoba. Es un estudio cualitativo que utiliza como instrumento de recolección de datos el relato biográfico. Se trabajó con 12 mujeres entre 19 y 26 años que concurren a dos centros socioeducativos y laborales. Se concluye que la inserción al mundo adulto no se presenta del mismo modo. Se expresa en recorridos individuales -laborales y educativos- con problemáticas y tensiones que darían lugar a transiciones más o menos favorables.

Abstract (analytical) The transition to adulthood among working-class young people has become more prolonged and complex. Introducing the gender perspective to this problem leads to questioning whether being a woman represents an additional difficulty. This paper analyzes the ways in which the transition to adulthood among working-class young people of Córdoba (Argentina) occurs. This is a qualitative study that constructs biographies of the women and uses them as a data collection instrument. The research focused on 12 women between the ages of 19 and 26 who attend two different social labor educational centers. The transition to adulthood among young woman is not presented in the same manner. It is expressed in individual experiences - dealing with employment and education - that involve problems and tensions that affect the success of their transitions.

Resumo (analítico) A transição para a adultez entre os jovens e as jovens de setores populares na Argentina se tornou mais longa e complexa. Introduzir a perspectiva de gênero ao problema obriga a questionar se, além disso, o ser mulher não representa uma dificuldade adicional. Este trabalho analisa os diferentes caminhos de transição para a vida adulta entre mulheres de setores populares de Córdoba (Argentina). Tratase de um estudo qualitativo que utiliza o relato biográfico como instrumento de coleta de dados. Foi realizado um trabalho com 12 mulheres de 19 a 26 anos de idade que frequentam dois centros socioeducativos e de preparação para o trabalho. A inserção no mundo adulto não se apresenta sempre do mesmo modo; ela percorre caminhos individuais - seja no âmbito do trabalho ou da educação - com problemáticas e tensões que levariam a transições mais ou menos favoráveis.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de niños y adolescentes que viven en un hogar temporal, Colombia / Health-related quality of life for children and adolescents living in a temporary home, Colombia / Qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde de crianças e adolescentes que moram em lar temporário, Colômbia

Resumen (analítico) Estudio transversal cuyo objetivo fue determinar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en 92 niños y adolescentes, entre los 8 y los 18 años de edad, que vivían en un hogar temporal de un municipio colombiano. Se aplicaron pruebas para la diferencia de promedios, de correlación y se construyó un modelo logístico con el fin de identificar los factores que se asociaron al desenlace, la CVRS. No se encontraron diferencias entre los promedios del puntaje de la CVRS según sexo (p = 0.094) y además estos en las dimensiones actividad física y salud, sentimientos, autopercepción, autonomía, vida familiar, relación con los pares y entorno escolar fueron mayores que el promedio de la CVRS; ser mujer y haber sufrido algún tipo de limitación, influyen en tener puntajes de la CVRS menores de 70 puntos.

Abstract (analytical) This is a cross-sectional study that had the objective of determining the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for 92 children and adolescents between 8 and 18 years of age who lived in a temporary home in a Colombian municipality. Tests were applied for the correlation of the difference of averages and a logical model was developed to identify the factors that were associated with the HRQoL outcome. No differences were found between the averages of the HRQoL scores according to sex (p = 0.094). The aspects of physical activity and health, feelings, self-perception, autonomy, family life, relationships with peers and school environment were higher than the average HRQoL. Being a woman and having suffered some type of limitation caused participants to have HRQoL scores below 70 points.

Resumo (analítico) Foi realizado um estudo transversal que teve por objetivo determinar a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada com a Saúde (QVRS) de 92 crianças e adolescentes, com idade entre 8 e 18 anos, que moram em um lar temporário em um município colombiano. Foram realizadas avalições para determinar a diferencia média e suas correlações, além disso, foi determinado um modelo logístico com o fim de identificar os principais fatores associados a QRVS. Não se encontraram diferencias entre as medias do valor da QRVS para o gênero (p = 0.094), entretanto, para o caso de atividade física y saúde, sentimentos, autoimagem, autonomia, vida familiar, relacionamento com os pais e ambiente escolar os valores foram maiores do que a média da QRVS; o fato de ser mulher e ter sofrido algum tipo de Deficiência, influenciaram na obtenção de valores da QRVS abaixo de 70 pontos.

Reconstrucción de experiencias y percepciones propias de jóvenes habitantes de calle / Reconstruction of experiences and self-perceptions of homeless young people / Reconstrução da experiência e percepções próprias dos jovens em situação de rua

Resumen (analítico): En este artículo describimos los resultados de la investigación realizada en la Casa de Acogida para jóvenes de Medellín, trabajo en el que buscamos dar cuenta de la autopercepción de los individuos jóvenes en situación de calle que están en una etapa de recuperación, en relación con la forma en que los perciben los otros. Para ello, implementamos una metodología de investigación de tipo cualitativa, orientada por un enfoque fenomenológico que permitiera la reconstrucción de sus experiencias. En el diseño metodológico mezclamos técnicas experienciales con la realización de grupos focales, lo que nos permitió el levantamiento de la información. Entre los hallazgos presentamos las reflexiones que las personas jóvenes realizan sobre su proceso de resocialización, la estigmatización y las iniciativas relacionadas con el cambio de vida.

Abstract (analytical): This article describes the results of research carried out in the Medellin Youth Reception House. The study explored the self-perception of homeless youth who are now in the recovery phase, in terms of how they are perceived by others. A methodology of qualitative investigation using a phenomenological approach was applied and facilitated the reconstruction of their experiences. The information was gathered using a mix of experiential techniques and focus groups. The results of the study include the subjects' reflections on their process of re-socialization, stigmatization and initiatives related to how they changed their lives form. change of life are among the findings in this study.

Resumo (analítico): Neste artigo se descrevem os resultados da pesquisa realizada no Abrigo para jovens de Medellín, que procurou explicar a auto-percepção dos jovens moradores de rua que estão em uma fase de recuperação, em relação à forma como eles são percebidos pelos outros, para o qual foi implementada uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa guiada por uma abordagem fenomenológica que permitiria a reconstrução das suas experiências. No desenho metodológico foram misturadas técnicas experienciais com a realização de grupos focais que permitiram o levantamento da informação. Entre os resultados são apresentadas as reflexões que os jovens fizeram sobre o seu processo de ressocialização, a estigmatização e as iniciativas relacionadas com a mudança de vida.

Conciencia sintáctica y comprensión de lectura en niñez vulnerable / Syntactic awareness and reading comprehension in vulnerable children / Consciência sintática e compreensão de leitura em infância vulnerável

La relación entre Conciencia Sintáctica y Comprensión de Lectura ha sido insuficientemente investigada en escolares de habla hispana. El presente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar el desarrollo de la Conciencia Sintáctica y su relación con la Comprensión de Lectura en escolares chilenos socialmente desfavorecidos que asisten a escuelas vulnerables. El estudio utilizó una metodología de tipo transversal, descriptiva y correlacional. La muestra consideró 161 escolares básicos de ambos sexos: 61 de segundo año, 55 de tercer año y 57 de cuarto año de enseñanza básica, de dos centros educacionales. Los resultados muestran rendimientos bajo el promedio esperado para la edad, tanto en Comprensión de Lectura como en Conciencia Sintáctica en todos los grupos. El estudio evidencia además, una relación significativa entre las variables estudiadas.

Syntactic awareness is one of the metalinguistic skills used in readingcomprehension that has been less researched in the Spanish language. This study aims to analyze thedevelopment of syntactic awareness and its relation to the development of reading comprehensionskills among socially disadvantaged children who attend schools classified as vulnerable. The studyuses a descriptive correlational and transversal methodology. The sample consists of 161 childrenof both sexes: 61 in the 2nd Grade, 55 in the 3rd Grade and 57 in the 4th Grade in two schools. Theresults of the study indicate a level of performance that is below the expected average in terms ofreading comprehension skills based on students’ age, as well as below average results for syntacticawareness. The study also reveals a high significant correlation between both variables.

A relação entre Consciência Sintática e Compreensão de leitura temsido insuficientemente investigada em escolas de língua espanhola. Este trabalho tem por objetivoanalisar o desenvolvimento da consciência sintática e sua relação com o desenvolvimento dacompreensão de leitura em estudantes chilenos socialmente desfavorecidos que freqüentam escolasvulneráveis. O estudo utilizou uma metodologia transversal, descritiva e correlacionai. A amostra foicomposta por 161 escolas básicas de ambos os sexos: 61 alunos do segundo ano, 55 do terceiro ano e57 do quarto ano do ensino básico de dois centros educacionais. Os resultados mostram rendimentosabaixo da média esperada para a idade, tanto na compreensão de leitura como em consciênciasintática em todos os grupos. O estudo evidencia também uma correlação altamente significativaentre as variáveis estudadas.

Utilisation of Maternal Health Services and its Predictors in Slum Population.

Introduction: The particularly sorry plight of disadvantaged slum population with ample scope of further research into such areas as vulnerability to health risk and access to treatment, reduced economical choice and social support besides natural disasters and emotional stress of displacement. Material & Methods: An observational (cross-sectional) study was designed on a pre designed and pre tested questionnaire to understand women’s fertility and contraceptive behavior and to study Socio behavioral Determinants of Utilization of MCH services. Results: The prevalence of <18 marriage was 78.03%.The teenage pregnancy was as high as 46.36% with 47.90% having parity of 4 or more.And of those not seeking ANC 53.42% did not feel the need for care during pregnancy. A very important finding was that 64.23% had home delivery and of these, 74% did not have any trained birth attendant. Conclusion: Levels of education in the family, caste, affordability (asset-holding) and accessibility were the factors which determined the utilization pattern. In general, those with better levels of education and those with better affordability preferred private practitioners and were willing to travel longer distances to avail health services as there was more awareness, motivation and felt need.

Unmet need and for family planning of disadvantaged women / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Backround In the developing countries millions of women in the reproductive age who don’t use contraceptives prefer to postpone or limit their birth. Unmet for family planning is defined as percentage of all fecund women who are married or living in union thus presumed to be sexually active but are not using any method of contraception, either do not want to have more children or want to postpone their next birth for at least two more years or do not know when or if they want another child. Objectives. 1. To determine use of contraceptive 2. To estimate the unmet need for family planning. 3. Determined factors affecting unmet need for family planning Methods. A community based survey was carried out in the selected Darkhan-uul aimags and 3 soums Orkhon,Shariin gol , Khongor. The survey was conducted among randomly selected 118 disadvantaged women in the study sites. Unmet need for family planning- the number of women with unmet need for family planning expressed as a percentage of women of reproductive age who are married or in union. Unmet need refers to women and couples who do not want another birth within the next two years, or ever, but are not using a method of contraception. Results There were in total 118 disadvantaged women participated in survey. Regarding highest education level 49.3 percent of women had complete secondary education and non complete secondary, one fifth (21.2 percent) primary education while 9.3 percent of them did no education at all. Few women had technical/vocational (10.2 percent) and high (7.6 percent) education.Many women (52.5 percent) were unemployed, 2.5 percent were herders and 26.3 percent were workers. The mean of household’s total monthly income was 164300 MNT ranging from 21,000 MNT over 20000 MNT in regions determined in 2014 by the National Statistical Office. Seventy point three percent of women were living in the household with monthly income of less than 100,000 MNT 46.6 percent or 118 disadvantaged women reported that they currently are using some methods of contraception. Out of the 118 disadvantaged women, 67 women (62.4 percent) were married. One third of the married women (61 percent) were not using any contraceptive methods. Thus the Unmet need for family planning among disadvantaged women was calculated = (8+17)/67= 37.2% Determined factors affecting unmet need for family planning, women education < secondary level (OR= 7.8 ; CI 5.6-10.7 P<0.00), housewife (OR= 3.9 ; CI 1.9-6.8 P<0.00), monthly household income is less (OR= 8.1 ; CI 5.1-11.1 P<0.00) . Conclusions 1. Many women reported that they are poor and very poor and most of them were living in the households with monthly income of less than 100,000 MNT. 2. Contraception use rate among disadvantaged women was 46.6 percent. 3. The estimation of unmet need for family planning among disadvantaged women was 37.2 percent. 4. Impact factor is unmet need for family planning, women education < secondary level (OR= 7.8 ; CI 5.6- 10.7 P<0.00), housewife (OR= 3.9 ; CI 1.9-6.8 P<0.00), monthly household income is less (OR= 8.1 ; CI 5.1-11.1 P<0.00) .

Aprendizaje de habilidades de autorregulación en niños de 5 a 7 años / Self-regulation skills learning in children aged 5 to 7

La autorregulación es un componente de la metacognición que se relaciona con el aprendizaje eficaz. Esto puede ser especialmente relevante en entornos de desventaja social. Por ello, los objetivos de este trabajo son: (a) comprobar si la enseñanza de estrategias de autorregulación a niños pequeños con desventaja social, mejora sus habilidades de resolución de tareas; (b) evaluar la eficacia de un programa de enseñanza de estrategias de autorregulación, desde la perspectiva del profesorado. Se trabajó con una muestra de 43 sujetos con edades comprendidas entre 5 y 7 años. Los resultados indican que existen mejoras significativas, antes-después de la aplicación del programa, en habilidades: atencionales, de planificación manifiesta guiada y autónoma, de planificación encubierta y de autoevaluación en la resolución de problemas cognitivos y sociales. Paralelamente, el profesorado considera que el programa ha mejorado, en sus alumn os: los niveles atencionales y la generalización de las estrategias a otras actividades curriculares. En consecuencia, se considera, al programa de enseñanza en estrategias de autorregulación, una herramienta efectiva y motivadora para la docencia en entor nos de compensación educativa (niños pequeños en desventaja social).

Self-regulation is a component of metacognition that is related to effective learning. This may be especially relevant in social disadvantaged environments. The objectives of this work are: (a) To check whether the teaching of self-regulation strategies to young children with social disadvantage, improves their problem solving skills; (b) To evaluate the effectiveness of a self-regulation strategies teaching program from the teachers' perspective. For this purpose, a sample of 43 subjects aged between 5 and 7 was used. The results indicate that there are significant differences in skills involving attention, guided and autonomous state planning, covert planning and self-evaluation in cognitive and social problem-solving. Similarly, teachers consider that the program improved attention levels and generalization of strategies towards other curricular activities in their pupils. Consequently, the self-regulation strategies teaching program is considered as an effective and motivating tool for teaching in compensatory education environments (socially disadvantaged children).

A cross sectional study of adjustment of disadvantagead children in an urban school setting

Background: Age six to twelve years is a very critical stage in a child’s life when the child develops a sense of inferiority or confidence depending on the nurturing and the milieu he is brought up. Many children belonging to disadvantaged families do not get proper education and care to enable their complete development. In this study, we aimed to examine the importance of education institutions that cater to disadvantaged children and their role in cultivating identity and confidence in children. Aims: To study if there is any difference in the adjustment between I standard and III standard students enrolled in a school that provides free holistic education for the children growing up in the slums of an urban city. Methods: Our study sample consisted of eighteen students each from I and III standards from a school for disadvantaged children from an urban city. Preadolescent adjustment scale (PAAS) was administered and the scores were noted and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: There was a significantly higher general, school and peer scores on PAAS suggesting better adjustment in the students of III standard than I standard students, but no change was observed in teacher scores of PAAS. Conclusion: The programs and tutelage given by the school is ameliorating student’s attitude towards education and making them more adjusted and comfortable with going to school. This is critical in bringing the slums of India forward and decreasing the gap between the rich and the poor.

Nutritional Status of Children Associated with Socio-Demographic Variables and Food Security in Rural Bangladesh

Objective: The study was undertaken to investigate the nutritional status of children and its association with their socio-demographic variables and food security status in disadvantaged rural Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in fifteen villages of three different ecological zones. Three anthropometric indicators, namely stunting, underweight and thinness were measured among children aged 2-10 years. Six child-referred questions were used to construct the children’s food security scale. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression analyses were used to assess the likelihood of children’s nutritional and food security level. Results: A total of 156 children aged 24-59 months and 246 children aged 5-<10 years (60-119 months) were included in the study. Among the younger children, the prevalence of severe stunting and thinness were 14.1% and 31.4% respectively, while in the older age group, the respective prevalence was 17.5% and 22.3%. Among the children aged 24-59 months, boys were 73% more likely to stunt, 27% less likely to thin and 21% more likely to face food insecurity. Maternal education, number of children in the family and household income were the strong predictors of child nutritional status. Food insecure children aged 60-119 months were 39% more likely to stunt but 3.5 times more likely to thin than the food secured children. Conclusion: Children of the studied population are at high risk of malnutrition. Awareness, availability and accessibility to family planning should be strengthened to limit number of children in the family and increase female education including nutritional knowledge. A Nutrition Rehabilitation Programme (NRP) should be formulated for the children under 5 years. It is suggested that the Government starts free nutritious food for rural disadvantaged school going children during school hours.

Estudo comparativo sobre superdotação com famílias em situação socioeconômica desfavorecida / Comparative study on giftedness with socio-economically disadvantaged families

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever e comparar características de famílias em situação socioeconômica desfavorecida relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de comportamentos de superdotação. Participaram da pesquisa 28 famílias residentes no Distrito Federal, sendo 14 com superdotados e 14 sem filhos superdotados. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Inventário de Sucesso Parental - PSI, do Teste de Pensamento Criativo - TCP-DT e de questionário sobre características individuais e familiares do superdotado. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados o teste t, a correlação de Pearson e estatística descritiva. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos com relação ao nível de comunicação, uso do tempo, práticas de ensino parental e satisfação parental. Os genitores de superdotados e não superdotados avaliaram o nível de comunicação e satisfação parental em relação a comportamento dos filhos de forma mais positiva do que seus filhos. Os resultados também indicaram uma maior participação dos pais de alunos superdotados na vida acadêmica de seus filhos. A maioria dos alunos superdotados, que participou do estudo, era do gênero masculino e ocupava posição especial na família como primogênitos e unigênitos. Além disso, não foi observada relação entre os níveis de criatividade de pais e filhos. Ficou evidenciado, porém, que os alunos superdotados apresentaram desempenho superior no teste de criatividade quando comparados aos alunos não superdotados. Os resultados chamam a atenção para o papel que a família pode desempenhar no estímulo de habilidades, talentos e interesses.

The purpose of this study was to describe and to compare characteristics of socio-economically disadvantaged families in relation to the development of gifted behavior. Twenty-eight families from the Federal District participated in this study, among whom 14 had gifted children and 14 had non-gifted children. The data was collected through the Parent Success Inventory - PSI, the Test of Creative Thinking - Drawing Production, and a questionnaire about individual and family characteristics of the gifted. Data was analyzed using the t-test, Pearson's correlation and descriptive statistics. Differences were found between the groups with respect to communication, use of time, parental teaching practices and parental satisfaction. Parents of gifted students and non-gifted students evaluated the level of communication and parental satisfaction more positively than their children did. The results also indicated that the parents of gifted students participated more in the academic lives of their children. The majority of gifted students were boys, who occupied a special family position as the eldest or only child. In addition, no relationship was observed between creativity levels of parents and children. Nevertheless, the evidence showed that gifted students obtained higher performance on creativity tests when compared to non-gifted students. The results highlight the role that the family plays in fostering abilities, talents and interests.

Constructing the university students subsidizing system from the trinity of‘subsidize,encourage,quality development’ / 中华医学教育探索杂志

To solve the problems in the materials,spirit and abiligy of the students from the article poor family,claims to construct a fire-new university students subsidizing system from the trinity of ‘subsidize,encourage,quality development’ by the three sides:the multi-funding channels,multi-dimensional motivational strategies and diverse quality development training,aiming at enhancing the effect of the funded job in high school.