Dispensação de medicamentos no sistema prisional: garantia de assistência farmacêutica? / Medicine dispensation in the prison system: Is pharmaceutical care assured?

Resumo Este artigo objetiva analisar o processo de dispensação de medicamentos em unidades prisionais. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, em sete penitenciárias do estado da Paraíba, sendo entrevistados 13 profissionais de saúde e 43 pessoas privadas de liberdade em uso de medicamentos essenciais/estratégicos, no período compreendido entre os meses de fevereiro a agosto de 2016. Os resultados foram categorizados na perspectiva da análise de conteúdo de Bardin e três categorias emergiram: armazenamento de medicamentos no sistema penitenciário, processo de dispensação de medicamentos no sistema penitenciário e responsabilidades sanitárias para garantir a assistência farmacêutica. Conclui-se que a inexistência de farmácias, o não cumprimento legal no que se refere a presença do profissional com habilidade e competência técnica para realizar a dispensação primando pelos padrões de qualidade/segurança e pela relevância das orientações relacionadas ao uso e armazenamento, associado a falta de clareza na definição das responsabilidades sanitárias dos gestores a partir da instância de governo, são fatores que comprometem a política uma vez que incrementam o investimento, mas não garantem a assistência farmacêutica no sistema prisional.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the process of medicine dispensation in prisons. A qualitative study was conducted in seven penitentiaries in Paraíba with 13 health professionals and 43 people deprived of liberty using essential/strategic medicines from February to August 2016. The results were categorized from the perspective of Bardin's content analysis. Three categories emerged: medicine storage location in the prison system, delivery process in the prison system, and health-related responsibilities with pharmaceutical care. We can conclude that the lack of pharmacies, the legal non-compliance regarding the availability of skilled professionals with technical competencies to perform the dispensation, focusing on the quality/safety standards and relevance of the use and storage guidelines associated with the lack of clarity in the definition of health responsibilities of managers from a government authority, are factors that compromise the policy since they increase the investment, but do not ensure pharmaceutical care in the prison system.

Avaliação da concordância da dispensação de antimicrobianos em relação aos microrganismos isolados em culturas de um hospital no meio-oeste catarinense / Evaluation of the concordance of the antimicrobial dispensation in relation to the microorganisms isolated in cultures of a hospital in the middle-west of Santa Catarina State

Os antibacterianos estão entre os fármacos mais prescritos e dispensados, sobretudo em ambientes hospitalares, porém, seu uso inadequado, metodologias indevidas de teste, falta de coesão na prescrição e não aderência do paciente ao tratamento implica resistência bacteriana, elevação de custos com terapias e diminuição da qualidade de vida do paciente. Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar a coerência da prescrição, dispensação e antibacterianos testados, tendo como base as normativas do Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) contidas no manual M100-S25. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da análise das hemoculturas, culturas de urina e de aspirado traqueal de pacientes internados no período de janeiro a julho de 2017 em um hospital de médio porte de um município localizado no meio-oeste catarinense, totalizando 66 amostras. Do total de prontuários e culturas analisadas, 28,8% dos antibacterianos prescritos não estavam de acordo com a metodologia ou com a classe testada preconizada pelo CLSI; 37,9% estavam parcialmente corretos e 33,3% estavam corretos em relação aos objetivos deste estudo, sendo observadas necessidades de redirecionamento da terapêutica e adequação mais rigorosa das metodologias vigentes no manual. Os resultados do presente estudo podem servir de alerta às instituições hospitalares para que adotem a racionalização do uso de antimicrobianos, fundamentado no laudo do antibiograma liberado pelo laboratório e na concordância da dispensação em relação aos microrganismos isolados e contemplando medidas que permitam uma melhoria no padrão de prescrição pautado no CLSI.

Antibacterial drugs are among the most commonly prescribed and dispensed drugs, especially in hospital settings. However, their inadequate use, improper test methodologies, lack of cohesive prescribing and non-adherence to treatment imply bacterial resistance, increased cost of therapies and decreased quality of life of the patient. The objective of this study was to analyze the consistency of prescription, dispensation and antibacterial tested based on the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards contained in the manual M100-S25. Data were obtained through the analysis of blood cultures, urine cultures and tracheal aspirate from patients hospitalized from January to July 2017 in a medium-sized hospital in a municipality located in the Midwest of Santa Catarina, totaling 66 samples. Of the total medical records and cultures analyzed, 28.8% of the prescribed antibacterial were not in accordance with the methodology or CLSI class, 37.9% were partially correct and 33.3% were correct in relation to the objectives of this study. being observed needs of redirection of the therapy and more rigorous adaptation of the methodologies in force in the manual. The results of the present study may serve as a warning to hospital institutions to adopt the rationalization of the use of antimicrobials, based on the antibiogram report released by the laboratory and on the agreement of the dispensation on isolated microorganisms and contemplating measures that allow an improvement in the standard prescription based on CLSI.

Factores asociados para el procedimiento de administración de medicamentos mediante el sistema de dosis unitaria / Associated factors for the procedure of administration of medicines through the system of unitary dose

El sistema de distribución de medicamentos en dosis unitarias es un método de dispensación y control de la medicación en servicios de salud,es organizado y coordinado por la farmacia institucional. Objetivo.Analizar los factores asociados para el procedimiento de administración de medicamentos mediante el sistema de dosis unitaria en el hospital de Instituto Ecuatoriano Seguridad Social de la ciudad de Babahoyo. Metodología. Diseño observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. Institución: Hospital del IESS. Revisión sistemática documental nacional e internacional sobre SDUM y la aplicación de una encuesta a la población objetivo del estudio: 92 médicos, 118 enfermeras, 2 químicos farmacéuticos. Resultados.Confirmaron que el sistema tradicional afecta la racionalización de medicamentos; existiendoescasez de recursos humanos, espacio físico inadecuado, incumplimiento de normas vigentes.Serequiere la capacitación del recurso humano en el 100%. Existiendo la necesidad imperiosa de implementar el sistema de dosis unitaria en el 100% de los servicios de hospitalización del IESS Babahoyo. Conclusión.Los factores que mayor incidencia tienen en la implementación del nuevo sistema son conocimiento del sistema, las normas legales y reglamentación farmacéutica y el número insuficiente de profesionales químicos farmacéuticos especializados, a esto se une el factor presupuesto a nivel central que influye en la adquisición de equipamiento e implementación de las áreas funcionales según el Acuerdo Ministerial 00000569 del 6 de julio de 2011 Norma para la Aplicación del Sistema de Dispensación/Distribución de Medicamentos por Dosis Unitaria -Ministerio de Salud Pública, enero 2013.

Introduction.The system of distribution of medications in unit doses is a method of dispensing and control of medication in health services is organized and coordinated by the institutional pharmacy. Objective.To analyze the factors associated with the benefits of the medication administration procedure through the unit dose system at the Instituto Ecuatoriano Seguridad Social in the city of Babahoyo. Methodology. Observational design, descriptive cross-section. Institution: IESS Hospital. Systematic national and international documentaryreview on SDUM and the application of a survey to the target population of the study: 92 doctors, 118 nurses, 2 pharmaceutical chemists. Results They confirmed that the traditional system affects the rationalization of medicines; There is a shortage of human resources, inadequate physical space, non-compliance with current regulations. 100% human resource training is required. There is a pressing need to implement the unit dose system in 100% of the IESS hospitalization services. Babahoyo.Conclusion: The factors that have the greatest impact on the implementation of the new system are knowledge of the system, legal regulations and pharmaceutical regulation and the insufficient number of specialized pharmaceutical chemists, to this is added the budget factor at the central level that influences the acquisition of equipment and implementation of the functional areas according to the Ministerial Agreement 00000569 of July 6, 2011 Standard for the Application of the Dispensing System / Distribution of Drugs by Unit Dose -Ministry of Public Health, January 2013.

Cualificación y experiencia de los vendedores de droguería para la dispensación de amoxicilina en una comuna de Santiago de Cali, Colombia / Qualification and experience from drugstore sellers for the dispensing of amoxicillin in a commune of Santiago de Cali, Colombia

RESUMEN Introducción. Un estudio en la comuna 5 de Santiago de Cali, encontró que el antibiótico más automedicado era la amoxicilina y que esta se asociaba a que fuese el vendedor de droguería quien la recomendaba. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la cualificación y experiencia de los vendedores de droguería en la comuna 5 de Santiago de Cali sobre la dispensación de amoxicilina. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal en el que se encuestó un vendedor por droguería. Se estableció la asociación de la formación y experiencia con preguntas sobre uso del antibiótico. Resultados y discusiones. En su mayoría, los encuestados eran auxiliares de farmacia (35%), tenían más de cinco años de experiencia (81%); afirman que sus clientes pocas veces presentan la fórmula médica (58%) y que ellos recomiendan su uso (62%). La pregunta de mayor acierto fue la relacionada con las precauciones y la de menor acierto la del tiempo de tratamiento. El 71% de los que tienen más de cinco años de experiencia acertaron en la pregunta sobre los efectos adversos (OR = 10, p < 0,05). Conclusiones. Entre menor es el nivel de formación, más frecuentemente recomiendan el uso del antibiótico, y todos los que no tenían formación en farmacia lo recomiendan.

Summary Introduction. A study in the commune 5 from Santiago of Cali, found that the most prescribed antibiotic is amoxicillin and it is associated with the pharmacy sales person, who recommended it. The aim of this study was to identify the Qualification and experience that the pharmacy sales people in the commune 5 from Santiago of Cali have about the dispensation of amoxicillin. Methodology. Studies of Crosscut in the ones that surveyed a Pharmacist per drugstore. It established the association, the level of education and the experience with questions about the use of antibiotics. Results and discussions. In the majority of the people who were surveyed were auxiliaries of the pharmacy (35%) they had more than 5 year of experience (81%), the affirmation that their costumers hardly ever present the prescription (58%) and they recommend the use of it (62%). The question with more successful responses was the relation with the precautions and least successful was about the treatment time. The 71% of the Pharmacist that have more than 5 years of experience scored higher about the concern of adverse effects with the antibiotic (OR = 10,p < 0,05). Conclusions. Concerning the lower level of education the more frequently the Pharmacist recommend the use of antibiotics and every one that did not have Pharmacological education, recommended it.

Nível de satisfação dos usuários e verificação do conhecimento dos farmacêuticos em farmácias públicas do Espírito Santo, Brasil / Satisfaction levels of users and verification of the knowledge of pharmacists in public pharmacies in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o nível de satisfação dos usuários de farmácias públicas e verificar o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos com relação à dispensação de medicamentos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado em municípios de uma mesma região, no interior do Estado do Espírito Santo, no período de maio a agosto de 2013. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado o Software SPSS20. Para os dados que apresentaram distribuição normal foram aplicados o teste t student ou ANOVA, enquanto que para os demais foram aplicados os testes Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal -Wallis. A correlação de Spearman foi utilizada para avaliar a satisfação do paciente em relação ao tempo de atendimento e ao tempo de espera. O nível de significância adotado para os testes foi de 5%. Os principais resultados obtidos foram o alto nível de insatisfação por parte dos usuários e a correlação com o tempo de espera até o atendimento. Além disso, o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos em relação à dispensação foi classificado como satisfatório/regular. Conclui-se que são necessárias medidas na gestão de serviços farmacêuticos para atender as expectativas dos usuários na dispensação de medicamentos.

Abstract The scope of this study was to determine the satisfaction levels of users of public pharmacies and verify the knowledge of pharmacists in relation to dispensing of medicines. This is a descriptive study, conducted in municipalities in the State of Espírito Santo, in the period from May to August 2013. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and SPSS20 software was used for statistical analysis. The Student t or ANOVA test was used for data with normal distribution, while the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test was applied for data without normal distribution. The Spearman correlation was used to evaluate patient satisfaction with the service time and the waiting time. The significance level for the tests was 5%. The main results obtained were the high level of dissatisfaction among users and the correlation with the waiting time to be attended. Apart from this, the knowledge of pharmacists in relation to the medication dispensed was classified as satisfactory/regular. The conclusion drawn is that actions are necessary in the management of pharmaceutical service to address the expectations of users in the dispensation of drugs.

La dispensación como herramienta para lograr el uso adecuado de los medicamentos en atención primaria / Dispensation as a tool for the correct usage of medications in primary health care

Introducción: se hace urgente la necesidad de implementar estrategias que coadyuven al uso adecuado y eficiente de las alternativas farmacoterapéuticas disponibles. Objetivo: destacar el papel de la dispensación profesionalizada como herramienta básica para lograr el uso adecuado de los medicamentos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio donde se aplicó el método cualitativo, mediante una revisión bibliográfica y documental sobre el tema en fuentes de datos digitales. Se revisaron artículos publicados sobre el tema a través de los buscadores. Se usaron los descriptores DeCs-MeSH: dispensación, uso racional, medicamento. Conclusiones: el uso racional de los medicamentos implica la participación activa del farmacéutico, el cual debe brindar una óptima atención farmacéutica. En la actualidad, la sociedad se enfrenta al reto de preparar profesionales farmacéuticos capacitados para desarrollar prácticas farmacéuticas centradas en el paciente y una correcta dispensación de los medicamentos(AU)

Introduction: There is an urgent need to implement strategies that contribute to the adequate and efficient usage of available pharmacotherapeutical alternatives. Objective: To highlight the role of professionalized dispensation as a basic tool to achieve the proper usage of medicines. Methods: A study was carried out, by which the qualitative method was applied, through a literature and document review on the subject in digital data sources. We reviewed articles published on the subject through the search sites. DeCs-MeSH descriptors were used: dispensing, rational use, medication. Conclusions: The rational use of medications implies the active participation of the pharmacist, who must provide optimal pharmaceutical care. Currently, the society faces the challenge of training trained pharmaceutical professionals to develop pharmaceutical practices focused on the patient and a correct dispensation of medicines(AU)

Application of Quality Control Circle in Improving the Process Efficiency of Automatic Dispensation Ma-chine before Dispensing / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To improve the process efficiency of automatic dispensation machine before dispensing. METHODS:After building quality control circle(QCC)in the hospital inpatient,according to the steps of QCC,the key links and factors that affect process efficiency of automatic dispensation machine before dispensing were found out,corresponding countermeasures were developed based on causes,then it was evaluated by process time and other indexes in dispensing before and after the development of QCC. RESULTS:The 2 links(removing the drug packaging,manually counting and developing add-drug list)with the longest time before dispensing improved work efficiency by setting add-drug quantity and variety truly,timing checking dispensation medi-cine,timely counting dispensation medicine drug list,strengthening training and other methods,process time of automatic dispensa-tion machine before dispensing was shortened from 179.8 min(before)to 119.2 min(after)(shortened by 33.7%),target achieve-ment rate was 168.5%;and QCC staff showed positive growth in means, responsibility, team cohesion, and other aspects (increase rate were 15%-81%). CONCLUSIONS:QCC shows obvious effect on improving process efficiency of automatic dispen-sation machine before dispensing.

Self-medication with antibiotics in four Guatemala City pharmacies: characteristics, sources of information, perceived effects, and motives

Existen pocas regulaciones que guíen el uso racional de antibióticos en países de rentas bajas o medias, lo cual facilita la automedicación con antibióticos (AMA). Describir las fuentes de información usadas durante la práctica de AMA, los efectos percibidos, y los motivos que rodean la práctica de AMA en Guatemala. Una encuesta descriptiva transversal se administró entre quienes compraron antibióticos sin receta en cuatro farmacias de ciudad de Guatemala. Las preguntas identificaron las características demográficas de los participantes, el origen de la solicitud de antibiótico, y los efectos percibidos de la AMA. En total, 230 participantes respondieron al cuestionario en cuatro farmacias. Dos farmacias correspondieron a un contexto socioeconómico bajo (FSEB) y dos correspondieron a un contexto socioeconómico alto (FSEA). La mayoría de participantes de las FSEB (93%) y de FSEA (60%) reportaron haberse automedicado con antibióticos previamente (p < .001). Cuarenta y cuatro por ciento de participantes de FSEB y 27% de FSEA usaron viejas recetas como fuentes de información cuando practicaron AMA (p = .010); 27% de participantes de FSEA hablaron por teléfono con médicos para seleccionar el antibiótico. Setenta y tres por ciento de FSEB y 68% de FSEA percibieron mejoras en su salud (p < .001) como resultado de AMA. Veinticinco por ciento de FSEB y 35% de FSEA reportaron efectos secundarios de AMA. Los motivos para automedicarse con antibióticos incluyeron ahorro de tiempo y dinero en consultar a un médico. Los resultados contribuyen a las evidencias crecientes sobre el uso de antibióticos y tienen el potencial de servir para desarrollar prácticas y políticas sobre dispensación de antibióticos en farmacias.

Few regulations guide the rational use of antibiotics in Low to Middle Income Countries (LMIC) facilitating self-medication with antibiotics (SMA). To describe the sources of information used when practicing SMA, perceived effects of SMA, and motives surrounding SMA practice in Guatemala. A descriptive, cross sectional questionnaire was administered to those purchasing antibiotics without a prescription in four Guatemala City pharmacies. Questions identified respondent demographics, origin of antibiotic request, and the perceived effects of SMA. A total of 230 participants responded to the questionnaire in four pharmacies. Two pharmacies represented Low Socio-Economic Setting Pharmacies (LSEP) and two represented High Socio-Economic Setting Pharmacies (HSEP). The majority of LSEP pharmacy respondents (93%), and HSEP respondents (60%) reported previously carrying out SMA (p < .001). Forty-four percent of LSEP and 27% of HSEP respondents used old-prescriptions as a source of information when practicing SMA (p = .01 ); 27% of HSEP respondents spoke over the phone with physicians in order to make antibiotic selection. Seventy-three percent of LSEP and 68% of HSEP perceived improvements in health (p < .001) as a result of SMA. Twenty five percent of LSEP and 35% of HSEP reported side effects from SMA. Motives for self-medicating with antibiotics included saving time and money on visiting a physician. Results contribute to the growing body of evidence regarding antibiotic use and serve to develop antibiotic dispensing practice and policies in pharmacies.

Aplicación del modelo de gestión por procesos: el caso de la distribución y dispensación de medicamentos en dosis unitaria diaria. Hospital Italiano Monte Buey. Año 201-2013

La distribución y dispensación de medicamentos de uso hospitalarioconstituyen una oportunidad de mejora.Un buen manejo de medicamentos hospitalarios representa unanecesidad para un adecuado y oportuno acceso al paciente que lorequiera.Este trabajo busca realizar un estudio que pueda promover unaadecuada administración en la distribución y dispensación demedicamentos en el ámbito de la farmacia intrahospitalaria delHospital Italiano Monte Buey que permita garantizar la seguridaddel paciente mediante el uso racional y eficiente de los mismosfavoreciendo así la calidad de la atención.El presente estudio se enmarca dentro de la investigación científica,explorativa, descriptiva de corte transversal de naturaleza aplicada.La identificación de los distintos procesos – de gestión - clave y deapoyo, que se integran en la logística de distribución y dispensacióninterna de la Farmacia intrahospitalaria, luego de revisar los distintossistemas de distribución interna con sus ventajas y desventajas, permitenla elaboración del mapa de procesos de la misma con sus correspondientesfichas de proceso y diagrama de flujo.De los resultados obtenidos al analizar el movimiento deampicilina – sulbactam dispensados en el trimestre luego de lapuesta en marcha del sistema de distribución de medicamentos endosis unitaria diaria, se demuestra que se consumieron 91,28% deltotal distribuidos recuperando un 8,71% no utilizados que retornana farmacia, quedando expresado el beneficio del modelos de gestiónpor procesos propuesto con intervención del farmacéutico en lainterpretación del pedido médico, recupero de medicación condisminución del stock y del gasto al no solicitar nuevas compras,todo lo cual impactan en eficiencia y seguridad con eficacia en ladispensación de los medicamentos.

The distribution and dispensation of the medicinal products forhospital use constitute an opportunity for improvement.Good management of hospital drugs represents a need for proper andtimely access to the patient who requires it.This work intends to conduct a study which to promote a properadministration in the distribution and dispensation of medicinalproducts in the hospital pharmacy of Hospital Italiano Monte Buey,that would ensure the safety of the patient through the rational andefficient use of them, favouring the quality of care.This study falls within the scientific, exploratory, descriptive researchof cross section of applied nature.The identification of the various processes – management – keyand support, integrated in the logistic distribution and internalhospital pharmacy dispensation, after reviewing the different systems ofinternal distribution with its advantages, allow the development ofthe process map with its corresponding data sheets of process andflowchart.The results obtained from analyzing the movement of ampicilin –sulbactam dispensed in the quarter after the implementation of thesystem of distribution of drugs in unit dose dayli, is shown that theywere consumed 91,28% of the total distributed recovering 8,71%unused returning to pharmacy, being expressed to the benefit ofthe process management models propored with intervention of thepharmacist in the interpretation of the ordering physician, recoveryof medication with stock and costs decrease by not requesting newpurchases, all which have an impact on efficiency and securityeffectively in the dispensation of drugs.

Patient satisfaction versus political support: Korea's drug-dispensing law revisited

In 2000, Korea enacted a controversial law prohibiting doctors from dispensing drugs. Doctors have opposed this law, and in theory, the law inconveniences patients. We assessed the relationship between patients' satisfaction with drug dispensation and their overall support for the law by using a logit model to determine the effects of the law on patients and which patients are likely to support the law. We employed random digit dialing and obtained a sample of 540 adults who had used drugs since the law was enacted. We collected the data through phone interviews. The results indicate that the respondents were generally dissatisfied with the law regardless of sociodemographic or regional characteristics. However, with other factors controlled for, those respondents from the same region as the ruling political party were significantly more likely to support the law. This implies that regional politics influenced the policymaking process through which the law was crafted and enacted.

Dispensação farmacêutica: proposta de um modelo para a prática / Dispensation of pharmaceuticals: proposal of a model for dispensation

A dispensação é uma atividade farmacêutica que não pode se restringir apenas à entrega do medicamento. O farmacêutico deve promover as condições para que o paciente faça uso do medicamento da melhor maneira possível. Como se trata de uma atividade profissional, e assim como foi estabelecido para a atenção farmacêutica, a dispensação também deve possuir uma filosofia de prática, um processo de cuidado e um sistema de gestão da prática. Este trabalho propõe uma nova definição de dispensação e descreve os seus elementos centrais considerando a realidade dos estabelecimentos farmacêuticos de forma que possa efetivamente ser implementada.

The dispensation of pharmaceuticals is an activity that cannot be restricted only to the delivery of medication. The pharmacist must ensure various conditions to ensure that the patient uses the medication in the best possible manner. As it is a professional activity and has been established for pharmaceutical care, dispensation should also have a philosophy of practice, a process of care, and a system for managing the practice. This paper proposes a new definition of dispensation and describes its central elements, considering the reality of established pharmacists, so that it can be effectively implemented.

Prescripciones de medicamentos no retiradas por pacientes ambulatorios de una farmacia de hospital de la CCSS, 1998-2002 / Prescriptions for medications not withdrawn by outpatient pharmacy in a hospital in the CCSS, 1998-2002

Los pacientes tienen diferentes razones para no retirar los medicamentos que les fueron prescritos. Este estudio descriptivo, de carácter retrospectivo, aborda el tema de las prescripciones de medicamentos no retiradas por pacientes ambulatorios de un servicio de farmacia hospitalaria de la CCSS, durante el período 1998-2002. Se diseñó un instrumento para recolectar datos, las variables de interés fueron: el número de prescripciones no retiradas según el grupo terapéutico de los medicamentos, el servicio médico donde se prescribieron las mismas y la categoría del médico que las prescribió. Los datos corresponden a un período de cinco años y con ellos se estimó el costo financiero que representó el no retiro de las prescripciones. En total, durante el período en estudio no se retiraron 6043 prescripciones. Los grupos terapéuticos de los medicamentos que con mayor frecuencia no se recogieron son: analgésicos no narcóticos, 15 por ciento, antiinflamatorios no esteroides, 13 por ciento, antianémicos, 7 por ciento, antibióticos, 7 por ciento, antihistamínicos, 4 por ciento, y vitaminas, 2 por ciento...

Patients have different reasons for unclaimed prescriptions. A descriptive and retrospective study was made of unclaimed prescriptions from a hospital's pharmacy of CCSS (Security's Social System), from 1998 to 2002. An instrument to collect information was designed. It included the number of unclaimed prescriptions according to therapeutic class, service at which the patient received the prescription. The data correspond to a period of five years and with them the financial cost that represented the non-retirement of the prescriptions was considered. In total, 6.043 prescriptions were unclaimed during studys time. The therapeutic groups of the medicines that most frequently do not retire are: non-narcotic analgesis (15%), non steroids antiinflammatory (13%), antianemic (7%), antihistamine (4%) and vitamins (2%). The medicine prescriptions that did not retired in their majority were from emergencies room (29%) and general services (51%). The total cost of unclaimed prescriptions was of 3.021.500 colons $6.321 US). The medicines non retired can compromise the patients health care, increase health care costs, and they could be the manifestation of the indiscriminate and irrational use of such by the users.

A 5 Year Follow-up Study of the 'Separation of Drug Prescription and Dispensation' System in Psychiatry / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to discuss the pros and cons related to the 'separation of drug prescription and dispensation' system when 5 years have passed by since the introduction of this system. METHODS: The 592 psychiatrists from 1,107 working places took part in nationwide survey by mail or E-mail from June to September, 2005. The response rate was 23.8%, most of respondents came from private clinics. RESULTS: The average age of psychiatrist was 44.6 years old, ranging from 25 to 75, most of them was predominantly male. The main results were as followings: 1) The ratio of psychiatric prescription out of hospital based on out-patients departments was the lowest in clinics, following by hospitals, general hospitals and university hospitals by order. 2) The main reasons of customer's preference for out of hospital prescription were economic advantage and self-awareness of prescription. As for the disliking for it, the most complaints were the anxiety about disclosure of psychiatric treatment, in convenience for delay and concern about drug change. CONCLUSION: Five years didn't seem to give a change on how the psychiatrists perceive the 'separation of drug prescription and dispensation' system at all. The confidentiality and human right issues on the part of psychiatric patients should never be ignored in order to manage this system successfully.

Several Cautions for the Dispensation of Chemotherapy Drugs in PIVAS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for standardized dispensation of chemotherapy drugs in PIVAS.METHODS:Cautions for the dispensation of chemotherapy drugs and process steps of emergency were introduced as well as the disposal of waste and liquid after dispensing.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Centralized and standardized dispensation of chemotherapy drugs in PIVAS improves the quality of the dispensation of chemotherapy drugs.And it ensures the safety of drug use and strengthens the occupational protection of staff.

Brief Introduction of Dispensing Room of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Service / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To introduce dispensing room of PIVAS in order to promote the realization of public to PIVAS.METHODS:Dispensing room of PIVAS was introduced in respects of the establishment of dispensing room,staff and health control.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The clean working environment,well-trained staff and strict health control ensure the quality of the dispensation of intravenous drugs.

Improved Dispensation of 3,3' ,5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine as Color Reagent for Determination of Free Chlorine in Drinking Water / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To identify the tones of yellow color of chlorinated water sample reacting with color reagent containing 3,3' ,5,5' -tetramethylbenzidine with the color of standard colorimetric series in process of determination of free chlorine in drinking water by colorimetry method. Methods The dispensation and the adding amount of color reagent into water sample were adjusted to select the optimum experimental conditions. Results The water sample reacting with color reagent showed expected yellow color at the concentration of HC1 in color reagent e" 0.5 mol/L. Conclusion The reaction of 50 ml water sample (0.1-0.5 mg/L free chlorine) with 1.00 ml color reagent at concentration of 0.3 g/L prepared by 0.50 mol/L HC1 revealed the same tone of yellow color as that on the standard colorimetric series in optical colorimetry method.

Application of auto single-dose dispensation machine in outpatient service drugstore / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To introduce the basic functions, characteristics, experience of the auto single-dose dispensation machine which is applied in clinic service of our hospital. Method Analysis of the workflow, major characteristics of the auto single-dose dispensation machine were combined with our experience. Result: After utilizing the dispensation machine, working efficiency, medication safety as well as management of pharmacy and hospital were all improved. Conclusion: The auto single-dose dispensation machine, which can be used to enhance working quality of the pharmacy, is worth popularizing.