Diuretic effect and material basis of Clematidis Armandii Caulis in rats / 中国中药杂志

To search for the active diuretic fractions of Clematidis Armandii Caulis( CAC) and determine its main active chemical components by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry( LC-MS) and diuretic activity evaluation. CAC 75% ethanol extracts and extracts from different polar solvents were orally administered to saline-loaded rats at different doses. 6 h urinary volume,p H and contents of electrolyte Na+,K+and Cl-were measured. The chemical components of the active fractions were separated and identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry( UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method. As compared with the control group,the urine volume was increased by 44%( P< 0. 01) and 34%( P < 0. 05) in CAC75% ethanol extract 57. 74 and 28. 8 mg·kg-1 groups respectively; the Na+excretion was increased by 52%( P< 0. 01) and 45%( P<0. 05),respectively; while the Cl-excretion was increased by 101%( P<0. 01) and 85%( P<0. 05),respectively. The urine volume,Na+excretion and Cl-excretion were increased by 50%( P< 0. 01),58%( P< 0. 05),and 65%( P< 0. 05) respectively in petroleum ether extract 70. 98 mg·kg-1 group as compared with the control group. While for the n-butanol extract 194. 18 mg·kg-1 group,the urine volume,Na+and Cl-excretion were increased by 42%( P<0. 01),41%( P<0. 05) and 97%( P<0. 01),respectively. The diuretic activity of other fractions was not obvious. There was no statistical difference in K+excretion in all groups. The results of LC-MS analysis showed that six compounds,including two sterols,one chromogen and three fatty acids,were identified from petroleum ether extract.Fourteen compounds,including six triterpenoid saponins,six lignin glycosides,one sterol glycoside and one phenolic glycoside,were identified from the n-butanol extract. All the results suggested that the ethanol extract of CAC had remarkable diuretic activity and its main effective components included sterol,triterpenoid saponin and lignin glycosides.

Accumulation of biomass and four triterpenoids in two-stage cultured Poria cocos mycelia and diuretic activity in rats / 中国天然药物

Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, an important medicinal and food fungus, is well known in East Asia. Due to growing market demand, long cultivation period, and consumption of pine trunk during cultivation, developing alternative methods for producing P. cocos and/or its active components is of interest. In the present study, the effects of different culture methods on biomass and accumulation of four triterpenoids were investigated. The ethanol extract of fermented mycelium (EFM) was orally administered to rats. Urine output and concentrations of electrolytes (Na, K, and Cl) were measured. Our results showed that mycelia grew better under continuous shaking culture condition (7.5 g DW·L), and higher triterpenoid levels were accumulated in two-stage culture (112 mg·L, 2.03%). The optimal starting time of static culture for triterpenoid yield was 4 d after shaking culture. Single administration of middle and high dose of EFM significantly increased urine output, Na and Cl excretion, and Na/K ratio. These results suggested that ethanol extract of cultured mycelia showed significant diuretic activity in rats and two-stage culture of P. cocos could be an alternative way to produce mycelia and triterpenoids.

Diuretic activity of aqueous extract of roots of Cissampelos pareira in albino rats.

Background: Diuretic compounds that stimulate the excretion of water with small traceable ions are potentially useful in most of disorders including those exhibiting edema such as congestive heart failure, nephritis, toxemia of pregnancy, premenstrual tension, and hypertension. The aim was to evaluate the diuretic activity of aqueous extract of roots of Cissampelos pareira (AQERCP) by Lipschitz method in albino rats. Methods: Five groups of Albino rats were used to evaluate the diuretic activity of AQERCP by using metabolic cages. The Group I serves as normal control received vehicle (carboxymethyl cellulose 2% in normal saline), the Group II furosemide (10 mg/Kg, p.o) in vehicle; other Groups III, IV, and V were treated with low (100 mg/kg), medium (200 mg/kg), and high (400 mg/kg) doses of AQERCP in vehicle. Immediately, after the extract treatment all the rats were hydrated with saline (15 ml/kg, p.o) and placed in the metabolic cages (3/cage), specially designed to separate urine and faeces, kept at 21°C±0.5°C.The total volume of urine collected was measured at the end of 5th hr. During this period, no food and water was made available to animals. Various parameters such as total urine volume and concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride ions in the urine were measured and estimated respectively. Results: In this model, when compared to vehicle treated control group the AQERCP at different dose levels (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) has significantly increased the urine volume and also enhanced the elimination of sodium, potassium and chloride ions in urine. Conclusion: The results showed that single dose administration of AQERCP as 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg and standard frusemide (10 mg/kg b.wt) has significantly (p<0.05*, p<0.01**, p<0.001***) increased the urine output along with an increase in concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride. AQERCP 400 mg/Kg produced a greater diuretic activity, which is comparable to the effect of standard furosemide (10 mg/kg).The present study has supported and justified the basis for folklore use of roots of C. pareira as a diuretic agent.

Anthelmintic and diuretic activity of bark extracts of Sterculia villosa.

The study was evaluated for diuretic and anthelmintic activity of the ethanolic extract of the barks of Sterculia villosa Roxb, (Sterculiaceae). The diuretic assay was done on both healthy wistar rats and rabbits. The dose used for the diuretic assay was 100, 200 & 400mg/kg of the extract. Compared to the control and standard drug furosemide (20mg/kg), the result of diuretic study showed dose dependent activity of the extracts. The result also indicated higher excretion of Na+, K+ & Cl- in urine. Pheretima posthuma, adult earthworms were used for anthelmintic activity and the results of anthelmintic assessment at the dose of 50, 100 & 200mg/ml showed significant activity compared with control and standard drug albendazole (10mg/ml).

Phytochemical investigation, diuretic and anti inflammatory activity of root and stem extracts of boerhaavia erecta linn in experimental animals.

The pharmacological and biological properties and chemical constituents of plants from the plant Boerhaavia erecta which is widely used in folk medicine. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory, diuretic activity of ethanolic, ethylacetate extracts and colum isolated compound SU I of whole plant of Boerhaavia erecta were studied and the activity was compared with Diclofenac sodium, Furosemide as standard. The antiinflammatory activity was found out by Carragenan induced paw edema method by using standard Diclofenac sodium. The diuretic activity was found out by Lipschitz et al method by using standard Furosemide. Preliminary phyto chemical screening showed the presence of Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, Saponin, flavanoids, Phyto sterols and Tannins are present in ethanol extract. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant in both activities. The anti-inflammatory activity showed *** P<0.001,** P<0.01, *P<0.02 . compared with standard.

Acute toxicity and diuretic studies of the roots of Asparagus racemosus willd in rats / Toxicidad aguda y estudios diuréticos del espárrago racemoso willd en ratas

OBJECTIVE: Asparagusracemosus Willd has been used as diuretic in Ayurveda but has not been validated by a suitable experimental model. Hence the present study was undertaken. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out with an aqueous extract of the roots of Asparagus racemosus utilizing three doses viz 800 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg and 3200 mg/kg for its diuretic activity in comparison with standard drug (furosemide) and control (normal saline) rats after doing acute toxicity study. RESULTS: Acute toxicity study showed no fatality even with the highest dose and the diuretic study revealed significant diuretic activity (p < 0.05) in the dose of 3200 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: Asparagus racemosus showed diuretic activity at a 3200 mg/kg dose without acute toxicity.

OBJETIVO: El espárrago racemoso Willd ha sido usado como diurético en ayurveda pero no ha sido validado mediante un modelo experimental conveniente. De ahí la razón para emprender el presente estudio. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El estudio fue realizado con extracto acuoso de raíces de espárrago racemoso, utilizando tres dosis, a saber, 800 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg y 3200 mg/kg para analizar su actividad diurética, comparándolo con el medicamento estándar (furosemida), y ratas de control (solución salina normal) después de hacer un estudio de toxicidad aguda. RESULTADOS: El estudio de toxicidad aguda no mostró fatalidad, incluso con la dosis más alta, y el estudio del diurético reveló una actividad diurética significativa (p < 0.05) con la dosis de 3200 mg/kg. CONCLUSIÓN: El espárrago racemoso mostró actividad diurética en una dosis de 3200 mg/kg sin toxicidad aguda.