Ataque isquémico transitorio por embolia aérea iatrogénica secundaria a inyecciones intracavernosas en procedimiento urológico / Transient ischemic attack due to iatrogenic air embolism secondary to intracavernous injections during an urologic procedure

RESUMEN Se presenta un caso de ataque isquémico transitorio con sintomatología compatible con lesión de la circulación cerebral posterior, secundario a embolia aérea iatrogénica. Se describe la evolución clínica y las consideraciones más relevantes de la atención y el diagnóstico del ataque cerebrovascular de la circulación posterior. En cuanto a la embolia gaseosa, se describen los métodos diagnósticos, las intervenciones clínicas y las opciones de tratamiento disponibles.

SUMMARY Here ia a case of transient ischemic attack with symptoms compatible with injury to the posterior cerebral circulation, secondary to iatrogenic air embolism. Clinical evolution and the most relevant aspects for the care and diagnosis of cerebrovascular stroke of the posterior circulation are described. Regarding air embolism, the diagnostic methods, clinical interventions, and available treatment options are described.

Embolismo cerebral durante vuelo comercial: reporte de caso / Cerebral embolism during commercial flight: case report

RESUMEN Presentamos el caso de un varón de 25 años con antecedentes de consumo de marihuana y tabaco, que durante viaje en vuelo comercial a Cusco presentó disnea, pérdida de conciencia y estado epiléptico. Arribó a esta ciudad presentando hipotensión arterial, murmullo pulmonar abolido, sin recuperación de conciencia. La tomografía de tórax reveló bullas pulmonares y la tomografía mostró neumoencéfalo, diagnosticándose embolia gaseosa cerebral. La hipoxemia asociada a convulsiones y pérdida de conciencia en una persona joven durante el vuelo no es un evento común. La pérdida de la presión en la cabina durante el ascenso parece ser el evento desencadenante en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a 25-year old man with a history of marijuana and tobacco consumption who, during a commercial flight to Cusco, presented dyspnea, loss of consciousness, and epileptic condition. He arrived in this city presenting arterial hypotension, abolished pulmonary murmur, with no recovery of consciousness. The thorax tomography revealed lung bullae and the tomography showed pneumocephalus. He was diagnosed with cerebral gas embolism. Hypoxemia associated with seizures and loss of consciousness in a young person during a flight is not a common event. Loss of cabin pressure during climb appears to be the triggering event in patients with lung disease.

Embolia pulmonar aérea secundaria a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica en una paciente con trasplante hepático. Reporte de caso / Case report of a pulmonary air embolism secondary to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a liver transplant patient

Resumen La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es uno de los recursos terapéuticos más importantes para el manejo de las complicaciones biliares del trasplante hepático. Sin embargo, se pueden presentar varias complicaciones: pancreatitis aguda, hemorragia, perforaciones, infecciones y eventos adversos cardiopulmonares. La embolia aérea es una complicación muy infrecuente, severa y potencialmente fatal. Se reporta un caso de embolia aérea post-CPRE en una mujer de 55 años con antecedente de trasplante hepático y estenosis de la anastomosis biliar. Se discute la presentación clínica, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y los posibles mecanismos involucrados en esta complicación.

Abstract Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is one of the most important therapeutic resources for management of biliary complications of liver transplantation. However, several complications including acute pancreatitis, hemorrhage, perforations, infections and cardiopulmonary adverse events can occur. Air embolisms occur very infrequently but are severe and potentially fatal complications. We report a case of post-ERCP embolism in a 55-year-old woman with a history of liver transplantation and stenosis of the biliary anastomosis. The clinical presentation, the diagnosis, the treatment and the possible mechanisms involved in this complication are discussed.

Complicaciones hemodinámicas en una faco-vitrectomía: sospecha de una embolia aérea / Hemodynamic complications in a phaco-vitrectomy: suspicion of an air embolism

La embolia aérea es una complicación quirúrgica potencialmente fatal, que debe manejarse rápida y precozmente, por lo que su reconocimiento temprano es esencial. Al tener una amplia gama de posibles manifestaciones clínicas, la sospecha diagnóstica en base al procedimiento quirúrgico es fundamental. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 69 años sometida a una faco-vitrectomía con anestesia general que sufrió un colapso hemodinámico brusco durante la fase de intercambio aire/fluido.(AU)

: Venous air embolism is a potentially fatal surgical complication which must be managed quickly, so early recognition is essential. Having a wide range of possible clinical manifestations, it requires a high index of suspicion based on the surgical procedure.We report a case of a 69-year-old woman undergoing general anesthesia for phaco-vitrectomy who suffered a sudden hemodynamic collapse during the air fluid exchange phase.(AU)

Presencia de gas en estructuras vasculares venosas encefálicas como hallazgo incidental en tomografía computada de encéfalo en ausencia de trauma / Presence of gas in encephalic vascular venous structures as an incidental finding in brain computed tomography in the absence of trauma

The presence of gas in the cerebral vascular venous structures is a finding that we infrequently see in our specialty. On many occasions we cannot pinpoint the cause, alarming the clinician, suggesting unnecessary exams, hospitalizations and controls. We performed a review of the literature and a retrospective study with the cases that we have reported in computed tomography of the brain in our radiology service, from January 2010 to July 2017.

La presencia de gas en las estructuras vasculares venosas cerebrales es un hallazgo que vemos infrecuentemente en nuestra especialidad. En muchas ocasiones no podemos precisar la causa, alarmando al clínico, sugiriendo exámenes, hospitalizaciones y controles innecesarios. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura y un trabajo retrospectivo con los casos que hemos reportado en tomografías computadas de encéfalo en nuestro servicio de radiología, desde enero del 2010 a julio del 2017.

Simple handling of venous air embolism during abdominal myomectomy / Manejo simples de embolia gasosa durante miomectomia abdominal

Abstract We report a case of venous air embolism during abdominal myomectomy. Although true incidence of venous air embolism is not known, in literature most of reported cases are belongs to sitting position craniotomies. Many of those are subclinical, and diagnostic methods have varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity. At time of suspicion, prevention of any subsequent air emboli is the cornerstone of treatment.

Resumo Relatamos um caso de embolia gasosa durante miomectomia abdominal. Embora a incidência exata de embolia gasosa não seja conhecida, a maioria dos casos relatados na literatura se refere à posição sentada em craniotomias. Muitos casos são subclínicos e os métodos diagnósticos têm diferentes graus de sensibilidade e especificidade. No momento da suspeita, a prevenção de qualquer êmbolo de ar subsequente é a chave fundamental do tratamento.

Embolismo aéreo venoso en neurocirugía / Venous air embolism in neurosurgery

Venous air embolism is a potentially serious neurosurgical complication. Every neurosurgical procedure is at risk of developing the condition but the sitting and semi-sitting position represent a higher risk. The neuroanesthesiologist plays a key role in the management of the venous air embolism, from diagnosis to treatment. This article reviews the literature on air embolism in terms of its incidence, etiology, diagnosis and therapy.

El embolismo aéreo venoso es una complicacion de neurocirugia que puede llegar a ser potencialmente seria. Todos los procedimientos neuroquirurgicos tienen riesgo de presentarlo, siendo las posiciones sentada y semisentada las que mayor riesgo conllevan. El neuroanestesiologo forma parte primordial en el manejo del embolismo aéreo venoso, desde su diagnostico hasta el tratamiento. Este articulo revisa la literatura relacionada conel embolismo aéreo en cuanto a incidencia, etiologia, diagnostico y terapéutica.

Microembolia gasosa em operação cardíaca com uso de circulação extracorpórea: emprego de shunt venoarterial como método preventivo / Gaseous microemboli in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: the use of veno-arterial shunt as a preventive method

As complicações neurológicas representam importante causa de morbidade no período pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca e sua incidência alcança até 75% dos pacientes. Uma importante causa desses eventos é a formação de microbolhas na corrente sanguínea durante a circulação extracorpórea. Realizou-se revisão integrativa sobre microembolia gasosa na circulação extracorpórea. Esse trabalho analisou estudos com abordagens metodológicas diferentes, mas que contemplam o tema. O resultado sugere que a desnitrogenação do sangue causada pela hiperoxia dissolve microbolhas formadas no sangue e o shunt venoarterial pode equilibrar os parâmetros respiratórios alterados pela hiperoxia.

Neurological complications are an important cause of morbidity in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and its incidence reaches up to 75% of patients. An important cause of these events is the formation of microbubbles in the bloodstream during cardiopulmonary bypass. Integrative review was carried out on gaseous microemboli in cardiopulmonary bypass. This study analyzed studies with different methodological approaches, but that address the issue. The result suggests the denitrogenation of blood by hyperoxia dissolved microbubbles in the blood and venoarterial shunt can balance the respiratory parameters changed with hyperoxia.

Embolia gaseosa orbitaria y paraselar: reporte de un caso / Orbitary and parasellar gas embolism: case report

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 39 años, de sexo femenino con antecedentes de rinitis alérgica y depresión en tratamiento, que consulta al servicio de urgencia por un episodio vertiginoso, el cual es tratado con tietilperazina endovenosa en forma exitosa. Posteriormente, como control, se realiza una tomografía computarizada de cerebro que evidencia gas a nivel selar, paraselar, hacia senos cavernosos y canales ópticos, lo cual se interpreta como una complicación atribuible a la punción venosa de urgencia. La paciente es manejada en forma conservadora manteniéndose siempre asintomática en los controles, con una resolución completa a la vez del cuadro vertiginoso. Este caso ejemplifica una complicación de difícil diagnóstico y potencialmente grave en el manejo de un paciente de urgencia mediante medicamentos endovenosos.

We describe the case of a 39 years old female patient, with history of allergic rhinitis and depression who came to the emergency room with a vertiginous episode, which was treated with intravenous thiethylperazine. Computed tomography of the brain showed evidence of sellar, parasellar, cavernous sinus and orbitary gas, with the interpretation of this being a complication from the emergency room intravenous treatment. The patient was managed by conservative means and remained asymptomatic in controls, with a complete resolution of the vertiginous episode as well. This case illustrates a difficult to diagnose and potentially serious complication, in the management of a patient with any intravenous drugs.

Complicaciones mecánicas de los accesos venosos centrales / Mechanical complications of central venous access

Las complicaciones mecánicas de los accesos venosos centrales son frecuentes, 2 a 15 por ciento y en ocasiones pueden comprometer la vida del paciente. Hay factores que determinan el riesgo de una u otra, que pueden ser modificados o enfrentados de diferente forma para minimizarlo. En esta puesta al día se describen las complicaciones más frecuentes o de mayor gravedad como son: el neumotórax, la embolia aérea, mal-posición del catéter, perforación de grandes venas, punción arterial, arritmias, trombosis venosa asociada a catéter venoso central (CVC) y oclusión del CVC; algunos elementos de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento así como el impacto que puede tener la ultrasonografía rutinaria para instalar un CVC.

Mechanical complications of central venous access are frequent , 2 to 15 percent and occasionally may become life threathening. There are many risk factors that can be handled to increase the safety of the procedure. In this update there is a description of the commonest and the most serious complications as : pneumothorax, air embolism, catheter malposition, great veins perforations , accidental arterial puncture, arrhythmia , vein thrombosis related to central access and central venous catheter (CVC) occlusion; some prevention strategies, diagnostic and treatment and the impact of routinely use ultrasound guidance during CVC placement.

Embolia gasosa: [revisão] / Gas embolism: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A embolia gasosa é uma lesão iatrogênica que possui alta morbimortalidade. É uma complicação decorrente de procedimentos clínico-cirúrgicos, sendo necessário o conhecimento dessa entidade pelos profissionais de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão dessa entidade, abrangendo seus aspectos fisiopatológicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos. CONTEÚDO: Este artigo revisa conceitualmente a embolia gasosa, separando-a em arterial e venosa. Relata as principais características fisiopatológicas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas das embolias arterial e venosa. Além disso, aborda-se a embolia paradoxal, evento advindo da conversão de embolia venosa em arterial. CONCLUSÕES: A embolia gasosa é uma complicação relevante e presente em muitas especialidades médicas. Uma compreensão acerca da sua fisiopatologia e dos métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos é essencial para garantir maior segurança aos pacientes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gas embolism is an iatrogenic injury that has high morbidity and mortality. It's a complication of clinical-surgical procedures, and it's necessary that the health professionals know this entity. The aim of this study was to realize a review of the gas embolism, considering its pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapeutics aspects. CONTENTS: This article revises conceptually the gas embolism, dividing it in arterial and venous. Relate the mains physiopathology, diagnosis and therapeutics characteristics of the arterial and venous embolism. In addition, it's also approach the paradoxical embolism, event that occurs by conversion of a venous embolism to an arterial embolism. CONCLUSIONS: Gas embolism is an important complication, and it's present in many medical specialties. Knowledge about its physiopathology, and its diagnosis and therapeutic methods is essential to guarantee higher safety to the patients.