New anti-pulmonary fibrosis prenylflavonoid glycosides from Epimedium koreanum / 中国天然药物

Four new prenylflavonoid glycosides, namely koreanoside H-K (1-4), together with eleven known ones (5-15) were isolated from the leaves of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. Their structures were elucidated by 1D NMR, 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, IR and UV. The identification of the sugar moieties was carried out by means of acid hydrolysis and HPLC analysis of their derivatives. It is worth noting that compound 3 and compound 4 were elucidated to contain fucose and quinovose moieties, which were two extremely rare sugar units from the genus Epimedium. The anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity of the new compounds was evaluated using A549 cell line. Compounds 1, 2 and 4 showed significant anti-pulmonary fibrosis activities.

Investigation and analysis of influence of geographical environment factors on spatial distribution of flavonoid of Epimedium koreanum / 中国中药杂志

The study is aimed to clarify the spatial distribution of Epimedium koreanum( Ek) high-quality production areas. Through visiting and field investigation,collecting the distribution information of Ek samples,and based on the four kinds of flavonoids in Ek,the high-quality production areas and distribution of Ek distribution of the main environmental factors were drawn using GIS technology,the maximum entropy model( MaxEnt),geographical detector statistical analysis method,and the statistical significance of regression equation were obtained. Considering the content of 4 main flavonoids in Ek,the results of this study showed that the main environmental factors,such as precipitation,annual precipitation variation coefficient,annual average temperature and clay content exhibited the greatest influence on the growth suitability of Ek. Ek materials quality concentrated distribution in southeastern Jilin province Changbai mountain hinterland and northeastern Liaoning province. Ek with high content of epimedine A and epimedine C are mainly distributed in the southeastern Jilin province and northeastern Liaoning province,Ek with high epimedine B is distributed in eastern Liaoning province; high icariin Ek was found in most area of northeastern Liaoning province,a small amount distributed in the southeast of Jilin province. This study predicted the climate suitability distribution of Ek,and provided reference for the rational planning and establishment of the standardized cultivation base of Ek.

Change of icariin content in five Epimedium species by heating process / 中国中药杂志

The change of icariin( ICA) content in thirty-three samples of five Epimedium species listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 edition),including E. brevicornu,E. sagittatum,E. pubescens,E. koreanum,and E. wushanense has been investigated in this study. The results indicated that the optimized process procedure was baking at 150 ℃ for 30 min,and 3'''-carbonyl-2″-β-L-quinovosyl icariin( CQICA) could not be translated into ICA and ICA could be converted under this heating process condition. ICA increased remarkably after the heating process by 1-3 times in E. brevicornu,E. wushanense and E. koreanum,and increased lightly in E. brevicornum and E. pubescens,while ICA slightly increased or decreased in E. sagittatum and E. wushanense.

Response surface analysis for the optimization of extraction condition for polysaccharides from Epimedium polysaccharides and studies on its tumor immune activities / 药学学报

To enhance the efficiency of the extraction for Epimedium koreanum Nakai polysaccharides, we conducted the Box-Benhnken experiment and examined the response surface. C57 BL6 mice were used as Lewis-bearing mice model in the study of the polysaccharides in the regulation of tumor immunity. In the first place, different factors including extraction time, temperature, and ratio were evaluated in the yield of polysaccharides. The second order polynomial equation was formed to fit the experimental data. The optimal condition was temperature 87℃, extraction time 3.84 h, and ratio of solution and material 1:16.33 to get polysaccharides from Epimedium koreanum Nakai. Under this condition, model-predicted and experimentally measured values of polysaccharide yield were 1.045% and 1.023%, respectively, with a relative error between them at 2.15%. The extraction method is reliable, simple and applicable to the extraction of Epimedium poly-saccharides. In addition, this data suggests that Epimedium polysaccharides have obvious immune-regulatory activities in the tumor-bearing mice through increasing the immune-enhancing cytokines to override the immune-suppressing factors.

Epimedium koreanum Nakai and its main constituent icariin suppress lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes / 中国天然药物

Obesity is associated with a number of metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes and has become a major health problem worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Herba Epimedii, HE) and its main constituent icariin on the adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. HE extract and icariin significantly reduced lipid accumulation and suppressed the expressions of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP-1c in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. They also inhibited fatty acid synthase (FAS), acyl-Co A synthase (ACS1), and perilipin. Moreover, HE extract and icariin markedly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK. These results indicated that HE extract and icariin can inhibit the adipocyte differentiation through downregulation of the adipogenic transcription factors, suggesting that HE containing icariin may be used as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment and prevention of obesity.

A New furan flavonol glycoside from epimedium koreanum / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Epimedium koreanum. Methods: Separation was carried out through silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and HPLC method. The chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic method including 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR. Results: A new furanflavonol glycoside (1) was isolated and identified. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new furanflavonol glycoside, and its structure is corroborated as 5,4'-dihydroxyfurano [2″,3":7,8] flavonol 3- O-α- L-rhamnoside. © 2014 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.

Screening on antiosteoporotic active parts of Epimedium koreanum based on zebrafish model / 中草药

Objective: Prednisolone-induced osteoporosis model using zebrafish was used to screen the antiosteoporotic active parts of Epimedium koreanum, and to investigate the applicability and rationality of the zebrafish model of osteoporosis. Methods: Zebrafish larva at 4 d post fertilization were exposed with 25 μmol/L prednisolone (model group), 15 μg/mL etidronate disodium with 25 μmol/L prednisolone (positive group), 0.5% DMSO (vehicle control group), E. koreanum extracts (crude drug 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 μg /mL) with 25 μmol/L prednisolone, and their water and 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin (crude drug 1.0, 10.0, 100.0, and 1 000.0 μg/mL). All groups were incubated in 24-well plates (28.5°C) for 9 d until execution, and then zebrafish skeleton was anesthetized and fixed for staining with alizarin red. Quantitative analysis of the stained area was performed by microscopic inspection and digital imaging methods to reflect the amount of zebrafish head skeleton mineralization. Results: The head skeleton mineral area and integrated optical density (IOD) of 25 μmol/L prednisolone model group were significantly decreased when compared with vehicle control group, and E. koreanum extract and its 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin could rescue the further bone loss of zebrafish induced by prednisolone when compared with model group. HPLC analysis indicated that the components of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin mainly included flavonoids and minor nonflavonoids components. Conclusion: This novel osteoporosis zebrafish model is successfully used to screen the antiosteoporotic active parts of E. koreanum, which has the advantages of simplity, high efficiency, and easy to perform.

Preliminary study on dynamic change of polysaccharide contents of Ganoderma-Epimedy fungal substance / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the solid fermentation technology for Ganoderma lucidum with Epimedium koreanum containing medium and its practicability. Methods: Four G. lucidum strains were solid fermented in E. koreanum containing medium. The polysaccharide contents of fermented products were tested using phenol-sulphuric acid method. Results: The polysaccharide content of Ganoderma-Epimedy fungal substance was higher than that of G. lucidum in the control medium; By observing the dynamic changes of the polysaccharide contents in the fermented products from the drug-containing medium at different time, it was found that the end point of Ganoderma A-Epimedy was on the day 21 and the fermented terminal point of Ganoderma B, C, and D with Epimedy was on the day 28. Conclusion: Compared with G. lucidum in the control medium, the polysaccharide contents of the fermentative combination of Ganoderma-Epimedy could be significantly improved by 3-13 times.

Effects of different propagation modes on accumulation of active components in Epimedium koreanum / 中草药

Objective: To study the effects of the different propagation modes on the accumulation of active components in Epimedium koreanum, and to provide the guidance for the standardized cultivation of E. koreanum. Methods: The contents of total flavonoids and icariin in the different propagation modes of E. koreanum were measured by HPLC and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results: The contents of the active components had the significant difference in E. koreanum of different propagation modes. By cultivating under the 50% man-made shade and under the sun, the contents of the active components were far higher and more stable, but little impacted by harvest time and growth year. Conclusion: When cultivated under the 50% man-made shade, E. koreanum is the best of the four propagation modes.

Effect of the combination of two kinds of total flavones on osteoporsis mice / 中国基层医药

Objective To study the effects of epimedium koreanum flavones and davallia mariesil flavones on osteoporosis mice induced by retinoie acid.Methods The osteoporosis mice were induced by retinoic acid and then were fed with epimedium koreanum flavones and davallia mariesil flavones.The biochemical markers in serum were observed.Results The data showed that the blood AKP were higher in mice treated with two total flavones than mice in model group,the blood HOP/Cr,BGP,Ca2+ were lower in treated mice than model group(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Conclusion This study suggests that those two total flavones can effectively treat the osteoporosis mice induced by retinoic acid.

Content Determination of Active Component in Epimedium Koreanum Nakai of Different Pharmaceutical Genetic in Liaoning Province / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To determine the content of icariin and flavonids in Epimedium koreanum Nakai of different place of production and different pharmaceutical genetic in Liaoning Province. Methods Icariin was used as the chemical reference substance to establish HPLC and ultraviolet spectrophotometry methods for content determination of icariin and total flavonoids. Results The content of icariin in leaves was from 0.197% to 0.347%,and in stem was from 0.043% to 0.050%. The content of total flavonids in leaves was from 6.68% to 8.85%,and in stem was from 1.3% to 2.7%. The calibration curves of icariin was in good linearity over the range of 0.3～1.8 ?g (r=0.999 9) and total flavonids was 0.5～3 ?g/mL (r=0.999 9). The average recovery of icariin was 99.43% (n=6,RSD=0.29%) and total flavonids was 100.38% (n=9,RSD= 1.60%). Conclusions The content of flavonids in Epimedium koreanum Nakai of different place of production and different pharmaceutical genetic has large difference,the content in leaves is far higher than in stem.

Studies on chemical constituents of Epimedium koreanum / 中草药

Object In order to control the quality of crude drug, the total flavonoids of Epimedium koreanum Nakai were investigated Methods By repeated chromatographic methods 13 compounds were isolated and purified, and their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, 1HNMR, 13 CNMR, HMBC, EI MS) Results They were identified as icariside II (Ⅰ), icariside I (Ⅱ), epimedoside C (Ⅲ), epimedin B (Ⅳ), icariin (Ⅴ), hyperoside (Ⅵ), hexandraside E (Ⅶ), anhydroicaritin (Ⅷ), maltol (Ⅸ), demethylanhydroicaritin (Ⅹ), insistol (Ⅺ), epimedoicarisoside A ( ⅩⅡ ) and (+) cycloolivil ( ⅩⅢ ) Conclusion Compounds Ⅶ, Ⅺ, ⅩⅢ were isolated from E koreanum for the first time, and Ⅶ was obtained from the plants of Epimedium L for the first time

HPLC-MS~2 analysis of chemical constituents in Epimedium koreanum / 中草药

Object To investigate the chemical constituents of Epimedium koreanum Nakai.Methods Separation was performed by HPLC on a Merck LiChroCAR analytical column with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid as gradient eluent at the flow rate of 1 mL/min, the UV detection was set at 270 nm and TIC was recorded by an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in positive mode. Results Nine compounds were identified by HPLC-MS2. Conclusion The method is rapid and accurate to identify the chemical constituents of the natural product.