Determinación social del consumo de frutas y verduras en Florida (Valle del Cauca, Colombia) / Social Determinants of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Florida, Valle del Cauca ­ Colombia / Determinação social do consumo de frutas e verduras na Flórida, Valle del Cauca, Colômbia

Introducción: el consumo de frutas y verduras como proceso protector de la salud se ha analizado principalmente desde la perspectiva de los estilos de vida individuales; sin embargo, procesos de tipo estructural como los modelos de producción de alimentos y las políticas de alimentación determinan su producción, disponibilidad y acceso. Se planteó como objetivo analizar los procesos de determinación social del con- sumo de frutas y verduras en el municipio de Florida (Valle del Cauca, Colombia). Materiales y métodos: estudio cualitativo, tipo estudio de caso, con enfoque de determinación social. Incluyó revisión documental de políticas alimentarias y grupos de discusión con actores clave; el análisis de contenido permitió explicitar mensajes y discursos. Resultados: en la dimensión general, resaltan como procesos críticos de determinación, que limitan la producción y el acceso de frutas y verduras, el uso y tenencia inequitativa de la tierra y la explotación de las fuentes hídricas, y unas políticas que desde la lógica de libre mercado reducen cada vez más las estrategias locales de autosostenimiento y autoconsumo. En la dimensión particular, el conflicto armado (como proceso crítico adverso) y los ejercicios de soberanía alimentaria (como proceso crítico favorable al consumo de frutas y verduras). Conclusiones: la política alimentaria nacional y local reconoce, de manera discursiva, las determinaciones sociales de la seguridad alimentaria, pero en la práctica privilegia estrategias focalizadas y contingentes que no apuntan a la solución de condiciones estructurales que limitan la producción, disponibilidad, acceso y, por ende, el consumo de frutas y verduras

Introduction: Fruit and vegetable consumption as a preventive health measure depends mainly on the perspective of individual lifestyle. The structural processes such as food production models and food policies determine their production, availability, and access. This study aimed to analyze the social determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in the municipality of Florida, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative case study using a social determination approach. This study includes a documentary review of food policies and discussion groups among key stakeholders. A content analysis was conducted to allow an explicit analysis of the messages and speeches. Results: In the general dimension, deemed as critical processes of determination, the unequal use and possession of land and the exploitation of water sources and policies, from the logic of the free market, increasingly reduce the local strategies for self-support and self-consumption and limit the production and access of fruits and vegetables. In the particular dimension, a critical adverse process includes the armed conflict. However, the exercise of food sovereignty favors the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Conclusion: Food policy at the national and local level discursively recognizes the social determinants of food security; however, in practice, contingent strategies that do not aim at addressing the structural conditions that limit produc- tion, availability, access and, therefore, the consumption of fruits and vegetables, should be evaluated.

Introdução: o consumo de frutas e verduras como processo de proteção à saúde tem sido analisado principalmente na perspectiva dos estilos de vida individuais, porém processos estruturais como modelos de produção de alimentos e políticas alimentares determinam sua produção, disponibilidade e acesso; o objetivo do estudo foi analisar os processos de determinação social do consumo de frutas e verduras no município da Flórida, Valle del Cauca, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: estudo qualitativo, do tipo estudo de caso, com enfoque na determinação social; incluiu uma revisão documental de políticas alimentares e grupos de discussão com atores-chave; a análise de conteúdo permitiu explicitar mensagens e discursos. Resultados: na dimensão geral, destacam-se o uso e posse desigual da terra e a exploração dos recursos hídricos como processos determinantes críticos que limitam a produção e o acesso a frutas e verduras; e políticas que, baseadas na lógica do livre mercado, reduzem cada vez mais as estratégias locais de autossustentabilidade e autoconsumo. Na dimensão particular, destaca-se o conflito armado como processo crítico adverso, e o exercício da soberania alimentar, como processo crítico favorável ao consumo de frutas e verduras. Conclusões: a política alimentar a nível nacional e local reconhece, de forma discursiva, as determinações sociais da segurança alimentar, mas na prática privilegia estratégias focalizadas e contingentes que não visam resolver condições estruturais que limitam a produção, a disponibilidade, o acesso e, portanto, o consumo de frutas e verduras.

State of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in N'Djamena, Chad

Food plays a significant role in health. Fruits and vegetables are an important component of a healthy diet and, when consumed daily in sufficient quantities, they could help to prevent major conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. The objective of the study is to assess the state of consumption of fruits and vegetables by the population of the city of N'Djamena. Through a descriptive cross-sectional analysis, this study will provide information on fruit and vegetable consumption of 440 households in the 10 districts in the city of N'Djamena in Chad from February 20 to June 20, 2015. The study described the hygiene conditions of fruits and vegetables, the timing of fruit consumption and the portions of fruits and vegetables consumed per day in N'Djamena. The results show that 60% of those surveyed are male and 40% female. The age group (25-40 years) represents 79.31% of the respondents, followed by the group (41-55 years) with 17.93% and 2.75% for the age group between 56 and 75 years. As for the socio-professional category, the results reveal that 31.72% of those surveyed are civil servants. The results show that households whose size varies between 0 and 5 people represent 45.51% against 31.03% for households whose size varies from 6 to 10 people. It should be noted that 11.03% of households spend a daily food ration less than or equal to 1,5 $, 24.13% of households spend between 1,5 to 3 $ per day for their daily food ration and 28.27% of households use a sum ranging from 3 to 4,5 $. The majority of respondents (93.79%) do not respect hygienic practice while 20% of respondents consume one serving of fruits and vegetables per day (per person) and 39.31% consume two portions. The impact of socio-economic difficulties on fruit and vegetable consumption is confirmed. The high household size and low daily expenses for food does not allow them to consume the 5 recommended portions. This insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables is part of a context of galloping urbanization and rising food prices. One prospect raised is to consider further surveys in population subgroups accompanied by nutrition education in order to improve the consumption of this food group.

Análisis del consumo, utilización y aprovechamiento de frutas y verduras entre los años 2019 y 2021 / Analysis of consumption, use and utilization of fruits and vegetables between 2019 and 2021

En 2021 se conmemoró el Año Internacional de las Frutas y Verduras (FyV). Estos alimentos cumplen un rol indispensable en la dieta, sin embargo, un amplio sector de la población no las consume en la variedad y cantidad recomendadas. A esto se suma la problemática de las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos, situación que trae consigo un impacto negativo a nivel social, ambiental y económico. El objetivo del presente artículo fue analizar el consumo, utilización y aprovechamiento de FyV desde las perspectivas de salud y sostenibilidad. Para esto, se realizaron cuatro encuestas entre 2019 y 2021 que evaluaron diferentes dimensiones relacionadas con estos alimentos: adecuación del consumo, variedades consumidas, criterios de calidad de FyV apreciados por los consumidores y prácticas de sostenibilidad y consumo responsable. Sólo el 19% de los encuestados presentó consumos adecuados de FyV (5 o más porciones diarias). La variedad de frutas consumidas es menor que la de hortalizas, concentrándose en tres de ellas: manzana, banana y naranja. Los principales factores identificados como limitantes del consumo de FyV fueron el precio, la elevada perecibilidad de estos alimentos y la preferencia hacia otros productos. En relación a las prácticas de alimentación sostenible y los principales criterios de calidad valorados por los consumidores se observó un bajo aprovechamiento de partes comestibles de frutas o verduras, menos del 27% de los encuestados consume la fruta con cáscara, y un mayor desaprovechamiento de partes comestibles de verduras, dónde el 64% de los encuestados tira partes como tallos u hojas, aún cuando existen vías de aprovechamiento con fines no alimenticios. Por último, el factor de calidad más apreciado por los consumidores es la apariencia (30%), el valor nutricional no fue un parámetro de gran valoración (6%)(AU).

In 2021, the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables (FyV) was commemorated. These foods play an essential role in the diet; however, a large sector of the population does not consume them in the recommended variety and quantity. Added to this is the problem of food losses and waste, a situation that brings about a negative impact at a social, environmental and economic level. The objective of this article was to analyze the consumption, use and utilization of F&V from the perspectives of health and sustainability. For achiving this, four surveys were carried out between 2019 and 2021 that evaluated different dimensions: adequacy of consumption, varieties consumed, F&V quality criteria appreciated by consumers, and sustainability practices and responsible consumption. Only 19% of those surveyed presented adequate consumption of F&V (5 or more daily servings). The variety of fruits consumed is less than that of vegetables, concentrating on three of them: apple, banana and orange. The main factors limiting the consumption of F&V were the price, the high perishability of these foods and the preference for other products. In relation to sustainable eating practices and the main quality criteria valued by consumers, a low use of edible parts of fruits or vegetables was observed, less than 27% of respondents consume fruit with peel, and a greater waste of edible parts of vegetables, where 64% of respondents throw away parts such as stems or leaves, even when there are ways of using them for non-food purposes. Finally, the quality factor most appreciated by consumers is appearance (30%), nutritional value was not a highly valued parameter (6%)(AU).

Nature's bountiful gift to humankind: Vegetables & fruits & their role in cardiovascular disease & diabetes

Fruits and vegetables (FVs) are recognized as healthy constituents of diet and a sustainable solution to the existing twin burden of micronutrient deficiencies and non-communicable diseases in developing and developed countries. In general, FVs are nutrient dense foods low in energy, containing varying amounts of vitamins and minerals including carotenoids, B vitamins, vitamin C, iron, zinc, potassium, calcium, magnesium and fibre. These are abundantly rich in phytochemicals that function as antioxidants, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory agents. This review summarizes some epidemiological, prospective cohort and intervention studies on the health benefits of FVs in relation to cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. The rich varieties of FVs available, their composition, production scenario in India, dietary intake and trends over time, barriers to sufficient intake mainly sociocultural, economic and horticulture environment, policies for promotion and prevention of diseases are considered.

Actividad física en el tiempo libre y consumo de frutas y verduras en estudiantes universitarios / Physical activity during leisure time and consumption of fruits and vegetables in university students / Atividade física no tempo livre e consumo de frutas e verduras em estudantes universitarios

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de frutas y verduras, tabaquismo y consumo perjudicial de alcohol y la actividad física en cada dominio en estudiantes universitarios de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Metodología: Estudio analítico de corte transversal en estudiantes (n=385) de una universidad privada de Bucaramanga, en el año 2016. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples usando modelos de regresión logística. Para la recolección de la información se aplicó el cuestionario para la vigilancia de factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas de la Organización Mundial de la salud. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado por escrito a los participantes. Resultados: El 39,48% de los estudiantes participantes eran físicamente inactivos. El 52,21% presentó consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol. El 16,88% fuma de manera regular y el 87,21% reportó un bajo consumo de frutas y verduras. Después de ajustar por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico, la actividad física en el tiempo libre resultó asociada con el bajo consumo de frutas y verduras (OR: 0,48, IC 95%: 0,24, 0,96, p=0,040). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes que realizan más actividad física durante el tiempo libre tienen menor probabilidad de presentar bajo consumo de frutas y verduras. Es importante implementar estrategias que promuevan la adquisición de hábitos de vida saludable en población universitaria con el n de disminuir el riesgo futuro de padecer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

Objective: To assess the association between low intake of fruits and vegetables, smoking and harmful alcohol consumption with physical activity in each domain in university students from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study carried out with university students (n=385) from a private university of Bucaramanga. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed using logistic regression models. The Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance from the World Health Organization was applied to collect data. Written informed consent was requested from the participants of the study. Results: It was found that 39.48% of participants were physically inactive, 52.21% had excesive episodic alcohol consumption,16.88% smoked regularly, and 87.21% reported low consumption of fruits and vegetables. After adjusting gender, age and socioeconomic level, physical activity during leisure time was associated with low consumption of fruits and vegetables (OR: 0.48, IC 95%: 0.24, 0.96, p=0.040). Conclusions: Students who perform more physical activity during leisure time are less likely to have low consumption of fruits and vegetables. It is important to implement strategies that promote the acquisition of healthy habits in university students in order to reduce future risk of suffering noncommunicable diseases.

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o consumo de frutas e verduras, tabaquismo e consumo prejudicial de álcool e a atividade física em cada domínio em estudantes universitários de Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo analítico de corte transversal em estudantes (n=385) de uma universidade privada de Bucaramanga, no ano 2016. Realizam análise descritiva, bivariados e múltiples usando modelos de regressão logística. Para a coleta da informação se aplicou o questionário para a vigilância de fatores de risco de doenças crônicas da Organização Mundial da saúde. Solicitou-se o consentimento informado por escrito aos participantes. Resultados: O 39,48% dos estudantes participantes eram sicamente inativos. O 52,21% apresentou consumo excessivo episódico de álcool. O 16,88% fuma de maneira regular e o 87,21% mostrou um menor consumo de frutas e verduras. Depois de ajustar por sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico, a atividade física no tempo livre resultou associada com o baixo consumo de frutas e verduras (OR: 0,48, IC 95%: 0,24, 0,96, p=0,040). Conclusões: Os estudantes que realizam mais atividade física durante o tempo livre têm menor probabilidade de apresentar baixo consumo de frutas e verduras. È importante estabelecer estratégias que promovam a aquisição de hábitos de vida saudável em povoação universitária com o m de diminuir o risco futuro de padecer doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Nutrients Intake and Health Status by Fruits and Vegetables Intake in Adolescents Based on the 2013∼2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This study was conducted to compare the nutrient intake, physical characteristics, and health status according to daily fruits and vegetables intake of adolescents using the Korean national health and nutrition examination survey for the sixth period (2013∼2015). Subjects were 1,096 adolescents aged 13∼18 years. The average daily intake of fruits and vegetables was 518.49±4.94 g. The two groups (insufficient, sufficient) were divided by fruits and vegetables intake (<500 g/day, ≥500 g/day) and the ratio of the insufficient group was 75.9% while that of the adequate group was 24.1%. The mean of intake of energy, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, thiamin, niacin, vitamin C and dietary fiber differed significantly between the insufficient and sufficient groups (P<0.01, P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in physical characteristics between groups. The self-perceived health status was better in the sufficient group (P<0.05), while the insufficient group was aware of more stress in their daily life (P<0.05). The serum triglyceride was significantly higher in the sufficient group (P<0.05), while the total cholesterol was lower (P<0.05). As the characteristics of fruits and vegetables are different, it will be necessary to determine standards for consumption of each type. It is also necessary to consider whether a fruits and vegetables intake of 500 g would be a reasonable standard for adolescents. Nevertheless, the results of this study indicate efforts to increase fruits and vegetables intake by young people are necessary.

Determination of New Bistrifluron, Cyantraniliprole and SYP9080 Residues in Fruits and Vegetables by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of bistrifluron, cyantraniliprole and SYP9080 residues in fruits and vegetables. The analytes were extracted from samples with acetonitrile, and purified by dispersion solid phase extraction using C18 and primary secondary amine (PSA) as solid phase adsorbent, then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Bistrifluron and SYP9080 were analyzed with negative ion multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM), cyantraniliprole was analyzed with positive ion MRM. The matrix-induced weakening effect was observed in the analysis of cyantraniliprole and SYP9080 in several samples including cucumber, apple and onion, and the weakening extent of the matrix-induced effect depended on the sample properties. But no matrix effect was found in the analysis of bistrifluron in several samples. The interference of matrix was reduced by using the matrix-matched calibration standards curve in the analysis of cyantraniliprole and SYP9080. Bistrifluron could be quantified by an external standard of the matrix-matched calibration standards or the pure solvent calibration standards. The linear range was from 0.2 μg/L to 100 μg/L for bistrifluron, cyantraniliprole and SYP9080 with the good correlation coefficients (r≥0.9990). The recoveries of cucumber, grape, apple and scallion added bistrifluron at 0.005-2 mg/kg were 79.8％-99.9％, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 3.6％-9.8％. The limits of quantification (S/N=10) were 0.210 μg/kg, 0.160 μg/kg and 0.004 μg/kg, and limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.064 μg/kg, 0.048 μg/kg and 0.001 μg/kg for bistrifluron, cyantraniliprole and SYP9080, respectively.

Rapid Determination of 25 Kinds of Fungicides in Cereals, Fruits and Vegetables by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A method for simultaneous determination of 25 kinds of fungicides in cereals, vegetables and fruits using SPE-LC-Q-TOF/MS technique was developed.The samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% (V/V) acetic acid, purified by solid phase extraction (SPE) with a Crabon/NH2 cartridge, eluted with acetonitrile-toluene(3∶1, V/V), separated by a reversed phase C18 column, gradiently eluted with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid solution (Containing 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate), determined by LC-Q-TOF/MS, and quantified by external standard method.A data base of the accurate mass numbers and a library which contains 25 kinds of fungicides were established.The automatic retrieval of detection results was carried on according to the characteristics of the compound, such as accurate mass, retention time, isotope peak distribution, isotopic ratios, and so on.Based on the above results, the qualitative identifications of the 25 new fungicides were accomplished without the contrast of standard substances.The results indicated that 25 fungicides showed good linearity in the range of 0.02-200 μg/L, and the limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01-5.00 μg/kg and 0.02-20.00 μg/kg, respectively.The linear relative coefficients were greater than 0.995.The recoveries were in the range 71.8%-114.0% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were ranged from 0.1% to 21.3% (n=3).The method has some advantages such as simplicity, rapidity and high sensitivity, and is suitable for the rapid determination of the common fungicides in cereals, vegetables and fruits.

Fator de correção de frutas e hortaliças em unidades de alimentação e nutrição de Salv ador - BA / Factor of correction of fruits and vegetables in feeding and nutrition units of Salvador - BA

Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado durante os meses de agosto a outubro de 2015, com o objetivo de determinar os Fatores de Correção (FC) de frutas e hortaliças em duas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição localizadas em Salvador-Bahia, e comparar com os dados referidos na literatura. A amostra foi realizada em triplicata em dezoito tipos de hortaliças e nove de frutas, respeitando a incidência do cardápio e os procedimentos das unidades. Das hortaliças folhosas analisadas, a Unidade A foi a que apresentou maior desperdício quando comparada à Unidade B, destacando-se a alface crespa, cebolinha, coentro, repolho branco, rúcula e salsa. Essas perdas foram devido à má qualidade dos alimentos no momento do recebimento e de manipulação imprópria na seleção e no pré-preparo. Em relação às frutas, a Unidade A também apresentou maior variação, sendo a manga a que mais teve destaque. Cabe, portanto, ao nutricionista responsável pela UAN que apresentou maior desperdício, selecionar seus fornecedores exigindo matéria-prima de qualidade, além de treinamento adequado dos manipuladores responsáveis por realizar o pré-preparo, a fim de reduzir desperdícios e custos.

O que adolescentes brasileiros fisicamente ativos sabem sobre frutas e hortaliças? Conhecimento nutricional e fatores associados - Estudo Fitfood / What do active male brazilian adolescents know about fruits and vegetables?

OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare data on nutritional awareness regarding FV among adolescents from five Brazilian regions, according to demographics, physical activity levels, screen time and BMI METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 1.190 males aged 10-12 in five Brazilian regions, enrolled in a football tournament, with parental consent. BMI, weekly physical activity and daily screen time in minutes, awareness of FV recommendations in daily servings and recognition of food groups, home region, and residents of the household were obtained through self-administered questionnaire, adapted from a previously validated tool. ANOVA, Spearman correlation and chi-squared tests were performed, with a significance level of 5% RESULTS: Analysis showed 29% of overweight and obesity, less than 2 hours of daily screen time (70%) and insufficient levels of weekly physical activity (mean 226 minutes). Most (95%) lived with parents and with siblings (73%). About 29% of the sample were aware of FV recommendations and 60% recognized food groups. Awareness was not associated with BMI (p = 0.95), home region (p = 0,88), physical activity (p = 0.21), screen time (p = 0.46) or housing characteristics (p = 0.33 CONCLUSIONS: Data found on awareness of food groups are consistent with national and international studies, suggesting patterns of poor awareness worldwide. To our knowledge, there are no other Brazilian reports of level of awareness on recommendations of FV in this age group. The importance of behavioral interventions is acknowledged for stimulating healthy habits, which renders the results useful for the development of educational activities for this age group in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Identificar os padrões alimentares (PA) e sua relação com segurança alimentar e estado nutricional de pré-escolares MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 308 crianças entre 24 e 48 meses de idade atendidas em creches municipais de Taubaté, São Paulo, Brasil. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por questionário de frequência alimentar e analisado por meio de seus componentes principais. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo indicador IMC/idade e a situação de insegurança alimentar (IA) foi classificada pela pontuação da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar RESULTADOS: Identificou-se cinco PA: "Ocidental", "Frutas, verduras e legumes", "Prudente", "Lácteo" e "Tradicio- nal". Os pré-escolares com padrão "Ocidental" tem menores chances (OR:0,51; IC95%:0,27-0,98) de estarem em IA moderada e grave; contudo, a qualidade da alimentação está comprometida, caracterizando o IA leve. Enquanto as crianças com dieta "Tradicional" estão fortemente relacionadas às famílias que recebem benefício social e ao excesso de peso infantil (p < 0,05 CONCLUSÕES: PA "Ocidental" e "Tradicional" são qualitativa e quantitativamente inadequados, independente da condição de renda familiar e escolaridade materna. Assim, ações públicas que combatam padrões alimentares desfavoráveis à saúde são urgentes para prevenção de doenças crônicas

Knowledge and a Perceptions of Obesity Prevention and Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables among High School Girl Student in Shahr-e-kord.

Background: Obesity is a major public health issue and the prevalence has increased in both the industrialized and developing world. Fruit and vegetable intake has been proposed to protec against Obesity. The purpose of this paper was to assess knowledge and perceptions of obesity prevention and consumption of fruits and vegetables among high school girl students in Shahr-ekord. Methods: This descriptive- cross-sectional survey was done on 308 high school girl students, aged 13-14 years, who were selected, based on a simple random selection method from eight schools. Data collected using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and researcher-made Questionnaire were based on Health Belief Model. Finally, data collected were analyzed by SPSS16. Results: The findings showed the mean score of knowledge was 39.14±20.40, perceived susceptibility: 31.65±16.40, perceived severity: 36.31±20.02, perceived benefit: 42.69±19.55 and perceived barriers was 40.50±18.59. There was a statistically significant and direct relationship between knowledge and perceived susceptibility and perceived benefit. The number of consumed units per day for fruits was 1.42 and the number of consumed serving per day for vegetables was 1.46. Also there was a statistically significant and indirect relationship between BMI of students with fruit and vegetables intake. Conclusions: The low level of appropriate practice of fruit and vegetable consumption by students in the study area needs to be improved by health workers and teachers via the mass media, health talks and one-on-one health education of students.

Evaluación de un programa de entrega de frutas con educación nutricional en escuelas públicas rurales de la Región Metropolitana, Chile / Evaluation of a fruits delivery program with nutrition education in rural public schools from the Metropolitan Region, Chile

The objective of this study was to assess the delivery of fruits with nutrition education in rural schools measuring its impact on food knowledge, food consumption and children nutritional status. A longitudinal quasi-experimental study of one year was carried out in an experimental group with delivery of fruits plus nutrition education, compared with a control group. Subjects were 784 school children (preschool to 8th grade) in 5 basic schools in María Pinto and 192 in the control group in Curacaví. Nutritional status, food knowledge, food consumption, the amount of fruit distributed and customer satisfaction were evaluated. Results showed that 85% of preschool to 2nd grade and 68.2% 3th to 8th grade children reported to consume fruit as a snack at least 3 times perweek. In children from 3th to 8th grade dairy consumption (more than 2 times per day) increased from 62% to 74%, respectively (p<0.01). Consumption of fruit more than 2 times per day increased to 34.9%, and legumes intake more than twice per week increased 37.7% to 51.7% (p<0.0001). In preschool from 57.6% to 76.2% and vegetables consumption more than 2 times per day increased from 26.8% to 2nd grade children there was a significant increase in healthy food knowledge in the period of the intervention (p<0.0001), while in children from 3th to 8th grade there was a significant improvement in consumption of fish and dairy food (p<0.0001). In the control group there were no changes either in food knowledge or in fruit consumption, and no changes in nutritional status were observed in both groups. In conclusion, the success of the program resides in the improvement of food knowledge and fruit consumption as a protective factor. To achieve an impact in nutritional status is necessary the long-term continuity of the program.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la entrega de fruta, con educación nutricional en escuelas básicas rurales midiendo su impacto en conocimiento, consumo y estado nutricional de los niños. Para ello se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, de seguimiento longitudinal de un año de duración en niños intervenidos con educación nutricional y entrega de frutas, comparados con un grupo control. La muestra fue de 784 niños de prekinder a 8° básico de 5 escuelas de María Pinto y 192 de una escuela control en Curacaví. Se evaluó el estado nutricional, consumo de alimentos seleccionados, conocimientos sobre alimentación saludable y consumo de la fruta entregada y satisfacción de usuarios. Resultados: el 85% de los niños de prekinder a 2° básico y el 68,2% de 3° a 8° básico reportaron consumir fruta de colación 3 días a la semana. En niños de 3° a 8° básico aumentó el consumo en 2 o más porciones al día de lácteos, de 62% a 74% (p<0,01). El consumo diario de 2 o más frutas aumentó de 57,6% a 76,2% y de 2 o más porciones de verduras de 26,8% a 34,9% y las legumbres 2 o más veces por semana aumentaron de 37,7% a 51,7% (p<0,0001). Hubo un aumento significativo en el conocimiento de una alimentación saludable entre el inicio y final (p<0,0001) en niños de prekinder a 2° básico; en los de 3° a 8° básico el cambio fue significativo en pescados y lácteos (p<0,0001). El grupo control no presentó cambios en el conocimiento ni consumo (p>0,1). No hubo cambios significativos en el estado nutricional del grupo intervenido ni del control. Se concluye que el programa fue exitoso ya que se cumplió el propósito de aumentar el conocimiento y consumo de fruta como un factor protector de la salud y que para lograr impacto en el estado nutricional se requiere darle continuidad en el tiempo.

Association between high sensitivity C-reactive protein and dietary intake in Vietnamese young women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a strong independent predictor of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We evaluated the relationship between hsCRP and dietary intake in apparently healthy young women living in southern Vietnam. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Serum hsCRP was measured and dietary intake data were obtained using the 1-day 24-hour recall method in women (n = 956; mean age, 25.0 +/- 5.7 years) who participated in the International Collaboration Study for the Construction of Asian Cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) in 2011. RESULTS: Women in the high risk group (> 3 mg/L) consumed fewer fruits and vegetables, total plant food, potassium, and folate than those in the low risk group (< 1 mg/L). A multiple regression analysis after adjusting for covariates revealed a significant negative association between hsCRP and fruit and vegetable consumption. A logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of having a high hsCRP level in women with the highest quartiles of consumption of fruits and vegetables [OR, 0.391; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.190-0.807], potassium [OR, 0.425; 95% CI, 0.192-0.939] and folate [OR, 0.490; 95% CI, 0.249-0.964] were significantly lower than those in the lowest quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in young Vietnamese women, an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables might be beneficial for serum hsCRP, a risk factor for future CVD events.

The relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, fruits, and vegetables intake with blood pressure among Korean adults aged 40 and older

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The inverse relationships of combined fruits and vegetables intake with blood pressure have been reported. However, whether there are such relationships with salty vegetables has rarely been investigated in epidemiologic studies. We evaluated the relation of combined and separate intake of fruits, vegetable intakes, and salty vegetables, as well as sodium and potassium, with blood pressure among the middle-aged and elderly populations. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The present cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort baseline survey was performed with 6,283 subjects (2,443 men and 3,840 women) and free of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The significantly inverse linear trend of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in fruits and non-pickled vegetables (81.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.0 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0040) and fruits only (80.9 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.4 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0430) among men. In contrast, sodium and sodium to potassium ratio were positively related with blood pressure among men (DBP, 78.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.6 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0079 for sodium; DBP, 79.0 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.7 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0199 and SBP, 123.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 125.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for sodium/potassium). Kimchies consumption was positively related to DBP for men (78.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for DBP, P for trend = 0.0003). Among women, these relations were not found. CONCLUSION: Fruits and/or non-pickled vegetables may be inversely, but sodium, sodium to potassium, and Kimchies may be positively related to blood pressure among men.

Evaluacion de mttodologías para el analisis de roductos tóxicos de la degradacción de fungicidas ditiocarbamatos / Evaluation of mtthodologies for the analysis oftoxic degradation products of ddithiocarbamates fungicides / Avaliaão de metoodologias para a análise dos produtos e degradação tóóxicos dos ditiocarbamatos fungicidas

Se evaluaron cuatro metodologías para la determinación de etilentiourea y propilentiourea en frutas y hortalizas; se seleccionó y optimizó un método de extracción utilizando una mezcla metanol:agua 3:1 y posterior limpieza con partición liquido-líquido soportada sobre extrelut. La determinación y cuantificación se llevó a cabo utilizando cromatografía liquida de alta eficiencia con detección de arreglo de diodos. La metodología validada es específica y selectiva, con porcentajes de recuperación entre 77,82% y 83,57%, coeficientes de variación menores al 20% y límites de detección entre 0,003 y 0,006 mg.kg-1. Los parámetros estadísticos de linealidad mostraron resultados adecuados en los rangos de concentración evaluados. La metodología es robusta para las variables evaluadas y no se observó efecto matriz. Se encontraron trazas de etilentiourea y propilentiourea en una muestra de tomate y una muestra de papa, respectivamente.

Four methodologies were evaluated for the determination of ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea in fruits and vegetables. An extraction method using a mixture of methanol:water 3:1 and subsequent clean up with liquid-liquid partition supported on extrelut was selected and optimized. Identification and quantification was carried out using high-efficiency liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The validated methodology is specific and selective, with recoveries between 77,82% and 83,57% with coefficients of variation below 20% and detection limits between 0,003 and 0,006 mg.kg-1. Linearity parameters showed adequate results in the concentration range. The method is robust for the evaluated factors and matrix effect was not observed to any analyte in the whole concentration range tested. It was found traces of ethylenethiourea in one sample of tomato and propylenethiourea in one sample of potato.

Quatro metodologias para a determinação de Etilenotiouréia e propylenethiourea foram avaliados em frutas e legumes, foi selecionado e otimizado um método de extração utilizando um metanol: água 3:1 e limpeza posterior com partição líquido-líquido suportado em Extrelut. A identificação e quantificação foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção de díodos. A abordagem validado é específica e seletiva, com recuperações entre 77,82% e 83,57%, coeficiente de variação inferior a 20% e limites de detecção entre 0,003 e 0,006 mg.kg-1. Os parâmetros de resultados estatísticos mostraram linearidade adequada nas faixas de concentração testados. O método é robusta para a matriz de variáveis ​​avaliadas e nenhum efeito foi observado na resposta dos analitos. Encontrado vestígios de etileno tioureia e propylenethiourea numa amostra de tomate e batata amostra, respectivamente.

Evaluacion de metodologías para el analisis de productos tóxicos de la degradación de fungicidas ditiocarbamatos / Evaluation of methodologies for the analysis of toxic degradation products of dithiocarbamates fungicides / Avaliação de metodologias para a análise dos produtos de degradação tóxicos dos ditiocarbamatos fungicidas

Se evaluaron cuatro metodologías para la determinación de etilentiourea y propilentiourea en frutas y hortalizas; se seleccionó y optimizó un método de extracción utilizando una mezcla metanol:agua 3:1 y posterior limpieza con partición liquido-líquido soportada sobre extrelut. La determinación y cuantificación se llevó a cabo utilizando cromatografía liquida de alta eficiencia con detección de arreglo de diodos. La metodología validada es específica y selectiva, con porcentajes de recuperación entre 77,82% y 83,57%, coeficientes de variación menores al 20% y límites de detección entre 0,003 y 0,006 mg.kg-1. Los parámetros estadísticos de linealidad mostraron resultados adecuados en los rangos de concentración evaluados. La metodología es robusta para las variables evaluadas y no se observó efecto matriz. Se encontraron trazas de etilentiourea y propilentiourea en una muestra de tomate y una muestra de papa, respectivamente.

Four methodologies were evaluated for the determination of ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea in fruits and vegetables. An extraction method using a mixture of methanol:water 3:1 and subsequent clean up with liquid-liquid partition supported on extrelut was selected and optimized. Identification and quantification was carried out using high-efficiency liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The validated methodology is specific and selective, with recoveries between 77,82% and 83,57% with coefficients of variation below 20% and detection limits between 0,003 and 0,006 mg.kg-1. Linearity parameters showed adequate results in the concentration range. The method is robust for the evaluated factors and matrix effect was not observed to any analyte in the whole concentration range tested. It was found traces of ethylenethiourea in one sample of tomato and propylenethiourea in one sample of potato.

Quatro metodologias para a determinação de Etilenotiouréia e propylenethiourea foram avaliados em frutas e legumes, foi selecionado e otimizado um método de extração utilizando um metanol: água 3:1 e limpeza posterior com partição líquido-líquido suportado em Extrelut. A identificação e quantificação foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção de díodos. A abordagem validado é específica e seletiva, com recuperações entre 77,82% e 83,57%, coeficiente de variação inferior a 20% e limites de detecção entre 0,003 e 0,006 mg.kg-1. Os parâmetros de resultados estatísticos mostraram linearidade adequada nas faixas de concentração testados. O método é robusta para a matriz de variáveis avaliadas e nenhum efeito foi observado na resposta dos analitos. Encontrado vestígios de etileno tioureia e propylenethiourea numa amostra de tomate e batata amostra, respectivamente.

Avaliação da ingestão de frutas e hortaliças entre estudantes universitários / Assessment of intake of fruit and vegetables among college students

The intake of fruits and vegetables is low in most countries, making individuals more susceptible to chronic diseases. In the case of university students, a new lifestyle begins when they go to college, and they have to choose and prepare their feeding by themselves; it can be interpreted negatively by them, in relation to their capacity of making decisions about their own feeding, so, undesirable attitudes can be observed, such as low intake of fruits and vegetables. The target was 122 students majoring in Nutrition, at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFTM), aged 17 to 28 years old. A survey of general information was carried out through an application form; also, a food frequency semi-quantitative questionnaire was filled out to evaluate the frequency and consumption of fruits and vegetables. Regarding the number of meals, 68.9% of students take five or more meals a day. Most students have the habit of consuming vegetables weekly, although consumption is not satisfactory in quantity. The most frequently consumed are raw vegetables (daily). Fruit consumption is still low, with only 27.79% of them eating three or more servings daily. In summary, most of the population studied showed appropriate feeding habits in relation to the number of meals; however, the number of servings of fruits and vegetables is low. This is a challenge for nutritionists in search of interventions, such as health promotion programs, to encourage healthy eating habits.

El consumo de frutas y hortalizas es bajo en la mayoría de los países, tornando a los individuos más susceptibles a las enfermedades crónicas. En relación a los estudiantes, un nuevo estilo de vida surge al ingresar a la universidad. Ellos deben elegir y preparar sus propios alimentos, pudiendo eso ser interpretado negativamente con relación a su capacidad de tomar decisiones sobre su alimentación, observándose, entonces, actitudes indeseables, como el bajo consumo de frutas y verduras. El objeto de este estudio fueron 122 estudiantes de la Carrera de Nutrición de la Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) de entre 17 y 28 años de edad. Se realizó un levantamiento de informaciones generales a través de un formulario y se aplicó un cuestionario semi-cuantitativo de frecuencia de alimentación (CSCF) para evaluar la frecuencia del consumo de frutas y verduras. Se observó que 68,9% de los estudiantes realizaron cinco o más comidas diarias. La mayoría de los estudiantes tienen la costumbre de consumir hortalizas durante la semana, aunque la cantidad consumida no es adecuada. Los vegetales más consumidos diariamente fueron los crudos. La ingesta de frutas fue baja, sólo 27,79% comen tres o más porciones diarias. En resumen, la mayoría de la población estudiada posee hábitos alimentarios adecuados en relación con el número de comidas, sin embargo, el número de porciones de frutas y verduras consumidas es bajo. Este es un reto para los nutricionistas que buscan intervenciones tales como programas de promoción de la salud para fomentar hábitos alimentarios saludables.

O consumo de frutas e hortaliças é baixo na maioria dos países, tornando os indivíduos mais susceptíveis às doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. No caso dos universitários, surge um novo estilo de vida a partir do ingresso na universidade. Eles devem escolher e preparar a própria alimentação, o que pode ser interpretado por eles de forma negativa quanto a sua capacidade de tomar decisões sobre a própria alimentação, observando-se então atitudes indesejáveis na alimentação como a baixa ingestão de frutas e hortaliças. O público alvo foram 122 estudantes do curso de Graduação em Nutrição da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) com idades entre 17 e 28 anos. Foi feito levantamento de informações de âmbito geral em formulário e também a aplicação de um questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo (QFSQ) para avaliação de frequência e consumo de frutas e hortaliças. Segundo o número de refeições realizadas, 68,9% dos estudantes fazem 5 ou mais refeições por dia. A maioria dos estudantes tem o hábito de consumir hortaliças semanalmente, apesar do consumo não ser adequado em quantidade. Os mais consumidos diariamente são as hortaliças cruas. O consumo de frutas ainda é baixo, sendo que apenas 27,79% deles ingerem igual ou mais de 3 porções diárias. Em síntese, a maioria da população estudada possui o hábito alimentar adequado em relação ao número de refeições, porém o número de porções de frutas e hortaliças é considerado baixo. Este é um desafio para os nutricionistas em busca de intervenções como programas de promoção da saúde, para incentivo de práticas alimentares saudáveis.

The effect of a healthy school tuck shop program on the access of students to healthy foods

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a healthy school tuck shop program, developed as a way of creating a healthy and nutritional school environment, on students' access to healthy foods. Five middle schools and four high schools (775 students) participated in the healthy school tuck shop program, and nine schools (1,282 students) were selected as the control group. The intervention program included restriction of unhealthy foods sold in tuck shops, provision of various fruits, and indirect nutritional education with promotion of healthy food products. The program evaluation involved the examination of students' purchase and intake patterns of healthy foods, satisfaction with the available foodstuffs, and utilization of and satisfaction with nutritional educational resources. Our results indicated that among of the students who utilized the tuck shop, about 40% purchased fruit products, showing that availability of healthy foods in the tuck shop increased the accessibility of healthy foods for students. Overall food purchase and intake patterns did not significantly change during the intervention period. However, students from the intervention schools reported higher satisfaction with the healthy food products sold in the tuck shop than did those from the control schools (all P < 0.001), and they were highly satisfied with the educational resources provided to them. In conclusion, the healthy school tuck shop program had a positive effect on the accessibility of healthy food. The findings suggest that a healthy school tuck shop may be an effective environmental strategy for promoting students' access to healthy foods.

Association between Oxidative DNA Damage, Fruits and Vegetables Intake with Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Study in Klang Valley / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

A preliminary study was conducted to determine the level of oxidative DNA damage, fruits and vegetables intake among 50 breast cancer patients (cases) as compared to 50 healthy women (controls) with no known medical history of breast cancer in Klang Valley. Both groups were matched for age and ethnicity. Data on socio-demographic, health status and medical history, fruits and vegetables intake, and supplements intake were obtained through an interviewbased questionnaire. Anthropometry measurements included weight, height, and waist and hip circumference were also carried out on subjects. A total of 3mL fasting venous blood was drawn to assess lymphocytes oxidative DNA damage using Alkaline Comet Assay. Results indicated that the mean intake of fruits and vegetables was lower in cases (4.09 ± 1.17 servings/d) than controls (4.77 ± 0.90 servings/d)(p < 0.05) The intake of fruits and vegetables from family groups of solanaceae, myrtaceae, caricaceae, apiaceae, brinjal, rutaceae, broccoli, orange, carrot, watermelon were 0.5 - 1 servings/week significantly higher among controls as compared to cases (p < 0.05 for all parameters). However, the intake of fruits from rosaceae family and apple was higher among controls than cases (p < 0.05). The estimated intake of β-carotene, carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C (p < 0.001), α-carotene and lycopene (p < 0.05) from fruits and vegetables were higher among controls than cases. Mean DNA damage level of cases (4.55 ± 1.78 % DNA in tail, %TD; 0.35 ± 0.21 tail moment, TM) were 3.5 and 3.9 times higher than the value of controls (1.3 ± 0.70% TD; 0.09 ± 0.09 TM) (p < 0.001) and the damage increased with higher values of waist hip ratio (% TD, r = 0.396, p < 0.05; TM, r = 0.349, p < 0.05) and waist circumference (% TD, r = 0.334, p < 0.05; TM, r = 0.360, p < 0.05). There was an inverse relationship between oxidative DNA damage with intake of total fruits and vegetables, cauliflowers and water convolvulus and also consumption from rutaceae and solanaceae families. Similar trend was noted for estimated intake of vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin C, β-carotene and lycopene. In conclusion, the intake of fruits and vegetables of five servings/d and the consumption of specific families and types of fruits and vegetables might protect against oxidative DNA damage and further reduce breast cancer risk.