Assessment of motor function in individuals with hemiplegia post-stroke / Evaluación de la función motriz en hemipléjicos posaccidente cerebrovascular / Avaliação da função motora em hemiplégicos pós-acidente vascular encefálico

ABSTRACT This study aims to compare the performance of the sit-to-stand test and walking speed in individuals with chronic hemiplegia post-stroke and a control group (CG). Moreover, we will investigate whether lower limb resistance, measured based on the sit-to-stand test, is related to walking speed in individuals with chronic hemiplegia and a CG. Finally, we will verify if there are intra-group differences for the tests by dividing the hemiplegia group (HG) according to motor and sensorimotor function assessment classification. A cross-sectional design was used among a group with chronic hemiplegia (n=28) and a healthy CG (n=22). The HG was classified by the Fugl-Meyer scale, and both groups were evaluated using the 1-minute sit-to-stand test. The walking speed was calculated using a 3D kinematics system. Lower limb resistance among HG differed significantly from the CG, as well as walking speed. We found a strong correlation between the tests (ρ=0.773; p<0.001). No differences were found for the sit-to-stand tests and walking speed when dividing the HG into individuals with greater or lesser motor and sensory impairment, using the Fugl-Meyer scale. Therefore, individuals with hemiplegia, regardless of having a more pronounced classification of motor and sensory impairment on the Fugl-Meyer scale, showed lower limb resistance and lower walking speed compared with individuals without hemiplegia post-stroke.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el desempeño del test de levantarse y sentarse y la velocidad de marcha en individuos con hemiplejía crónica debido a accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y un grupo control (GC). Además, se investigará si existe asociación entre la resistencia de los miembros inferiores, medida desde el test de levantarse y sentarse, y la velocidad de marcha en individuos con hemiplejía crónica y un GC. Por último, se verificará si existen diferencias intragrupales en las pruebas al dividir el grupo hemiplejía (GH) según la clasificación de evaluación de deterioro motor y sensorial. El método utilizado fue el transversal en un grupo con hemiplejía crónica (n=28) y un GC sin ninguna patología (n=22). El GH se clasificó mediante la escala de Fugl-Meyer, y ambos grupos se evaluaron mediante el test de levantarse y sentarse de un minuto. La velocidad de marcha se calculó mediante el sistema cinemático tridimensional. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se observó que la resistencia de los miembros inferiores entre GH difería significativamente del GC, así como la velocidad de marcha. Se demostró una fuerte correlación entre las pruebas (ρ=0,773; p<0,001). No se encontraron diferencias en las pruebas de levantarse y sentarse y la velocidad de la marcha al dividir el GH en individuos con mayor o menor deterioro motor y sensorial, utilizando la escala de Fugl-Meyer. Por lo tanto, las personas con hemiplejía, independientemente de tener un mayor deterioro motor y sensorial según la escala de Fugl-Meyer, tuvieron una menor resistencia de las extremidades inferiores y una menor velocidad de marcha en comparación con las personas sin hemiplejía pos-ACV.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os desempenhos no teste de sentar e levantar e a velocidade de caminhada de indivíduos com hemiplegia crônica decorrente de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) e um grupo-controle (GC). Além disso, será investigado se existe associação entre a resistência de membros inferiores, mensurada a partir do teste de sentar e levantar, e a velocidade de caminhada em indivíduos com hemiplegia crônica e um GC. Por fim, será verificado se existem diferenças intragrupo para os testes ao dividir o grupo hemiplegia (GH) de acordo com a classificação de avaliação do comprometimento motor e sensorial. O método utilizado foi o delineamento transversal entre um grupo com hemiplegia crônica (n=28) e um GC sem nenhuma patologia (n=22). O GH foi classificado a partir da escala de Fugl-Meyer, e ambos os grupos foram avaliados por meio do teste de sentar e levantar de um minuto. A velocidade de caminhada foi calculada a partir de um sistema de cinemetria tridimensional. Entre os resultados obtidos, foi percebido que a resistência de membros inferiores do GH diferiu significativamente do GC, assim como a velocidade de caminhada. Foi demonstrada uma correlação forte entre os testes (ρ=0,773; p<0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças nos testes de sentar e levantar e velocidade de caminhada ao dividir o GH em indivíduos com maior ou menor comprometimento motor e sensorial, com a escala de Fugl-Meyer. Portanto, indivíduos com hemiplegia, independentemente de ter uma classificação de comprometimento motor e sensorial mais acentuada na escala de Fugl-Meyer, apresentaram menor resistência de membros inferiores e menor velocidade de caminhada comparados com indivíduos sem hemiplegia pós-AVE.

Influence of invertor and evertor muscle fatigue on functional jump tests and postural control: A prospective cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Objective: Fatigue of the ankle's stabilizing muscles may influence the performance of functional activities and postural control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of healthy young adults using functional jump tests and static posturography control under pre- and post-fatigue conditions of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles. Methods: Thirty physically active healthy male and female (15 male and 15 female) volunteers (24.3 years) were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. Participants performed tests on one day under a non-fatigued state of invertor and evertor muscles and on the second day in a fatigued state. Tests included static posturography on a force platform in a bipedal stance with eyes open and closed and in one-legged support with eyes open and functional jump tests (figure-of-8, side hop, 6-m crossover hop, and square hop). Fatigue of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles was induced using isokinetic dynamometry with 30 repetitions at 120°/s. Results: Participants had an average age of 24.3 years (SD ± 2.08), the height of 1.73 m (SD ± 0.08), and a weight of 68.63 kg (SD ± 10.29). The average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.88 (SD ± 2.46). A decrease in performance was observed in functional activities and postural control under all conditions after the induction of muscle fatigue, except for the speed at a bipedal stance with eyes open. Conclusions: Functional jump tests are low cost and useful for clinical practice and evaluation of the effects of muscle fatigue and could be used in clinical practice.

Alternativa metodológica para el diagnóstico físico del escolar ciego desde el contexto de la Educación Física / Alternativa metodológica para o diagnóstico físico da criança cega do contexto da Educação Física / Methodological alternative for the physical diagnosis of the blind schoolchild from the context of Physical Education

Resumen Son limitados los estudios realizados en función de valorar el componente físico, en edades tempranas del desarrollo y enfocados a la ceguera. La mayoría de los estudios relacionados con la ceguera se realizaron con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de la motricidad y no al estudio del componente físico; es por ello que, la investigación transitó desde el diagnóstico físico actual del escolar ciego, la selección de métodos y pruebas funcionales con sus adaptaciones, así como la valoración de la viabilidad de su aplicación en la enseñanza especial. Se constató que el diagnóstico pedagógico integral posee limitaciones ya que no incluye aspectos del componente físico, lo cual entorpece la adecuada dirección del proceso pedagógico de la Educación Física Especial. En este estudio, se utilizaron métodos del nivel empírico y del nivel teórico, alcanzando una gran significación el estudio de casos. De manera general, se constata que no se aplican, desde los Centros de Diagnóstico y Orientación, pruebas que permitan evaluar el componente físico de los escolares ciegos, lo cual atenta contra la calidad del proceso docente de la Educación Física.

Síntese Os estudos são limitados em termos de avaliação do componente físico em idades precoces de desenvolvimento e focando a cegueira. A maioria dos estudos relacionados com a cegueira foi realizada com o objectivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento das capacidades motoras e não para o estudo da componente física. Assim, a investigação partiu do diagnóstico físico atual do aluno cego, da seleção de métodos e testes funcionais com as suas adaptações, bem como da avaliação da viabilidade da sua aplicação na educação especial. Verificou-se que o diagnóstico pedagógico abrangente tem limitações, uma vez que não inclui aspectos do componente físico, o que dificulta a direção adequada do processo pedagógico da Educação Física Especial. Neste estudo, foram utilizados métodos a partir do nível empírico e do nível teórico, tendo o estudo de caso alcançado grande significado. Em geral, verificou-se que os centros de diagnóstico e orientação não aplicam testes para avaliar o componente físico dos alunos cegos, o que prejudica a qualidade do processo de ensino da Educação Física.

Abstract Studies are limited in terms of assessing the physical component at early ages of development and focusing on blindness. Most of the studies related to blindness were carried out in order to contribute to the development of motor skills and not to the study of the physical component. Therefore, the research evolved from a current physical diagnosis of the blind student, the selection of methods and functional tests with their adaptations, as well as the assessment of the viability of their application in special education. It was found that the comprehensive pedagogical diagnosis has limitations, since it does not include aspects of the physical component, which hinders the adequate direction of the pedagogical process of Special Physical Education. In this study, methods from both the empirical and theoretical levels were used, with the case studies being of great significance. In general, it has been observed that the Centos de Diagnóstico y Orientación do not apply tests to evaluate the physical component of blind schoolchildren, which affects the quality of the physical education teaching process.

Identificação de equipamentos e procedimentos utilizados por fisioterapeutas brasileiros para testes de endurance muscular inspiratória / Identificación de equipos y procedimientos utilizados por fisioterapeutas brasileños para pruebas de endurance muscular inspiratoria / Identification of equipment and procedures used by Brazilian physical therapists for inspiratory muscle endurance tests

RESUMO A avaliação da função dos músculos inspiratórios por meio do teste de endurance muscular inspiratória (EMI), definida como a capacidade de sustentação dessa tarefa ao longo do tempo, atualmente apresenta ampla variedade de instrumentos e procedimentos para sua mensuração. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os diferentes equipamentos, procedimentos e forma de avaliação dos testes de EMI entre fisioterapeutas brasileiros. É um estudo transversal realizado por meio de questionário enviado por correio eletrônico individualmente a cada participante. Cento e treze fisioterapeutas de diferentes regiões do país, grande parte com atuação conjunta na clínica e na docência (52,1%), responderam realizar poucas vezes a medida de EMI (48,7%). O manovacuômetro aneroide foi o aparelho mais utilizado por 42,5% dos profissionais. O clipe nasal e o bocal tubular de plástico rígido ou papel foram os acessórios mais utilizados durante o teste, correspondendo a 51,8% e 33%, respectivamente. O teste de ventilação voluntária máxima foi o mais utilizado para avaliação da endurance inspiratória, relatado por 23% dos respondentes. O teste de carga constante para avaliação da endurance foi adotado por 51,2% dos fisioterapeutas, sendo que 54,9% associaram comandos verbais à demonstração para explicação do teste. A interpretação dos valores aferidos era feita através de valores de referência por 25,7% dos entrevistados. Identificou-se que os fisioterapeutas brasileiros entrevistados não apresentaram a mesma conduta para os testes de EMI. No entanto os equipamentos, procedimentos e a forma de avaliação são utilizados com base nas diretrizes sobre o tema e de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos do serviço.

RESUMEN La evaluación de la función de los músculos inspiratorios a través del entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio (EMI), definida como la capacidad de sustentación de esta tarea a lo largo del tiempo, actualmente presenta una amplia variedad de instrumentos y procedimientos para su medición. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los diferentes equipos, procedimientos y forma de evaluación de las pruebas de EMI entre fisioterapeutas brasileños. Es un estudio transversal realizado por medio de un cuestionario enviado por correo electrónico a cada participante. Ciento trece fisioterapeutas de diferentes regiones del país, que en gran parte actúan a la vez en la clínica y en la enseñanza (52,1%), dijeron realizar pocas veces la medida de EMI (48,7%). El manovacuómetro aneroide fue el aparato más utilizado por el 42,5% de los profesionales. El clip nasal y la boquilla tubular de plástico rígido o papel fueron los accesorios más utilizados durante la prueba, correspondiendo al 51,8% y al 33%, respectivamente. La prueba de ventilación voluntaria máxima fue la más utilizada para la evaluación de la resistencia respiratoria, reportada por el 23% de los entrevistados. La prueba de carga constante para la evaluación de la resistencia se adoptó por el 51,2% de los fisioterapeutas, siendo que el 54,9% asoció comandos verbales a la demostración para la explicación de la prueba. La interpretación de los valores evaluados se hacía a través de valores de referencia por el 25,7% de los entrevistados. Se identificó que los fisioterapeutas brasileños entrevistados no presentaron la misma conducta para las pruebas de EMI. Sin embargo, los equipos, procedimientos y la forma de evaluación se utilizan con base en las directrices sobre el tema y de acuerdo con la disponibilidad de recursos del servicio.

ABSTRACT The assessment of inspiratory muscles through the inspiratory muscle endurance test (IME), defined as the ability to support this task over time, currently presents wide range of instruments and procedures for its measurement. This study aimed to identify the different equipment, procedures and assessments of IME tests among Brazilian physical therapists. It is a cross-sectional study carried out through a questionnaire sent individually by electronic mail to each participant. One hundred and thirteen physical therapists from different regions of the country, many practicing in the clinic and in the teaching field (52.1%), said they measured IME a few times (48.7%). The aneroid manovacuometer was used by 42.5% of the professionals. The nose clip and the hard plastic or paper tubular incentive spirometer were the most used accessories during the test, corresponding to 51.8% and 33%, respectively. The maximum voluntary ventilation test was used to assess the inspiratory endurance, reported by 23% of the respondents. The constant load test for endurance assessment was adopted by 51.2% of the physical therapists, and 54.9% associated verbal commands with the demonstration for the test application. The interpretation of the measured values was made with reference values by 25.7% of respondents. We identified that Brazilian physical therapists interviewed did not show the same conduct for IME tests. However, the equipment, procedures and assessment form are used based on the guidelines on the subject and according to the availability of resources of the service.

Coinfección por el virus de la hepatitis C y el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en una población de riesgo / Co-infection due to the hepatitis C virus and the human immunodeficiency virus in a population at risk

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal de 25 pacientes con coinfección por el virus de la hepatitis C y el de la inmunodeficiencia humana, quienes habían sido remitidos al Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" en Santiago de Cuba, en el período de enero del 2012 a igual mes del 2014, a fin de determinar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y humorales en ellos. En la serie se obtuvo que la infección por ambos virus fuera más frecuente en el grupo etario de 3039 años (36,0 %), en el sexo masculino (96,0 %) y en los integrantes del grupo de múltiples riesgos (64,0 %). La mayoría de los pacientes habían sido diagnosticados con la coinfección en un período inferior a los 3 años, referían más de una manifestación clínica y presentaron resultados elevados en las pruebas funcionales hepáticas.

A descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study of 25 patients with diagnosis of co-infection due to hepatitis C virus and that of the human immunodeficiency who had been referred to "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January, 2012 to the same month in 2014, in order to determine the epidemiological, clinical and humoral characteristics in them. In the series it was obtained that the infection due to both viruses was more frequent in the 30-39 age group (36.0%), in male sex (96.0%) and in the members of the multiple risks group (64.0%). Most of the patients had been diagnosed with the co-infection in less than the 3 years, they stated more than one clinical feature and presented high results in the liver functional tests.

Serial research of traceability and harmonization of thyroid-stimulating hormone detection approved by IFCC / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To implement the harmonization of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) of Mindray assay system by par-ticipating in harmonization research program of International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC)-Standardization of Thyroid Function Tests(C-STFT ) .Methods A total of three combinations of TSH reagents and calibrators were used to measure 20 serum samples of healthy human .Within-run precision and batch-to-batch variation were assessed .The concept of harmonization was dem-onstrated by comparing our test results with All Procedure Trimmed Mean (APTM ) provided by IFCC and recalibrating with Mater Calibrators .Results The within-run precision was 1 .96% ,batch-to-batch variation was 0 .47% - 1 .15% ,depending on the level of TSH analyte .There existed a positive bias compared to APTM values .After recalibration with Mater Calibrators and Passing &Bablok regression ,the slope of method comparison was 1 .0 ,and correlation coefficient was more than 0 .975 .Conclusion By using a panel of real human specimen and recalibration based on APTM ,the test results of Mindray assay system could be harmonized with mainstream manufacturers globally .

The role of liver function test in diagnosing concomitant asymptomatic common bile duct stone in patients with cholecystolithiasis / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To determine the role of liver function test in the preoperative diagnosis of concomitant asymptomatic common bile duct (CBD)stone in patients with cholecystolithiasis.Methods A retrospective study was conducted from January 2012 to October 2013 at the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College on 426 patients who were operated for cholecystolithiasis.According to whether they had abnormal liver function,these patients were divided into the CBD stone group (n =44) and the cholecystolithiasis group (n =382).The values of the different components of liver functions test such as ALT,AST,AKP,GGT,TBIL and DBIL in diagnosing CBD stone were statistically analyzed.Results This study involved 426 patients,159 men and 231 women,with a mean age of (50.96 ± 12.93) years.44 patients with both CBD stone and cholecystolithiasis.The rates of abnormal liver function were 77.27％ (34/44) vs 4.45％ (17/382) in CBD stone group vs cholecystolithiasis group.The difference was significant (x2 =198.54 ; P =0.000).In logistic regression analysis,only elevated serum level of GGT (OR =10.067 ; P =0.007) remained as an independent predictor of CBD stone.On ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves analysis,the area under the curve was 0.881.With a cut-off point for GGT at 84.5 U/L,there was a sensitivity of 72.2 per cent,specificity of 96.1 per cent,and positive and negative predictive values of 76.3 per cent and 96.2 per cent respectively.Conclusion Our study showed that liver function,especially GGT,was a predictor of CBD stone.

Experiencia en el uso video-Impulso Cefálico (vHIT) en la evaluación del reflejo vestíbulo-ocular para el canal semicircular horizontal / Assesing vestibulo-ocular reflex of the horizontal semicircular canal with video Head Impulse Testing (vHIT)

Introducción: La prueba de impulso cefálico consiste en una herramienta sencilla y rápida para evaluar la función del reflejo vestíbulo ocular. La implementación de un acelerómetro y una cámara de alta velocidad, permiten registrar alteraciones sutiles de este fenómeno, optimizando esta prueba. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia inicial y relevancia clínica de la prueba de impulso cefálico asistida por video y acelerómetro (vHIT). Material y método: Se realizó prueba vHIT a pacientes con indicación de estudio funcional de VIII par. Resultados: Utilizando prueba calórica como patrón de oro se evaluaron 60 pacientes. vHIT presentó una especificidad de 93% y una sensibilidad de 74%. En un paciente con colesteatoma bilateral con vértigo agudo, el examen contribuyó en la identificación del lado complicado, además de registrar fenómenos de compensación vestibular. Discusión y conclusión: vHIT demostró ser altamente específico. Los supuestos falsos positivos presentaban sintomatología vestibular, por lo que consideramos que podrían representar casos donde vHIT es más sensible que la prueba calórica. vHIT presenta además una buena sensibilidad. Los casos de falsos negativos podrían explicarse en relación a la diferencia de velocidad angular usada en la estimulación entre vHIT y la prueba calórica. vHIT podría representar un importante complemento al estudio del paciente con patología vestibular.

Introduction: The head impulse test is a simple and quick tool for assessing the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The implementation of an accelerometer and a high-speed camera, allows the recording of subtle, priorly unaccessible alterations, thus optimazing the test. Aim: To describe an initial experience and clinical relevance of a video and accelerometer assisted head impulse test (vHIT). Material and method: We performed vHITon patients with indication of vestibular testing due to vertigo or balance related symptoms. Results: Regarding caloric testing as gold standard, 60 patients were evaluated. vHIT had a specificity of 93% and a sensitivity of 74%. In a patient with bilateral cholesteatoma with acute vertigo, vHIT examination contributed in identifying the complicated side, in addition to recording previously undetectable vestibular compensation phenomena. Discussion and conclusion: vHIT proved to be highly specific. Every supposed false positive cases had vestibular symptoms, so we consider these cases to represent a scenario where vHIT is actually more sensitive than caloric testing. vHIT showed also good sensitivity. False negative cases could be explained in relation to the test's angular velocity stimuli difference existing between VHIT and caloric test. VHIT could represent an important contribution to patients with vestibular disorders.

A contagem dos folículos antrais na predicão de resultados em ciclos de fertilizacão in vitro: uma revisão sistemática / Antral follicle count in the prediction of in vitro fertilization cycles results: A systematic review

Objetivo: Revisar a capacidade da contagem dos folículos antrais de predizer resultados nos ciclos de fertilização in vitro. Método: Foi feita revisão sistemática de trabalhos publicados nos últimos 13 anos que tiveram como objetivo determinar a capacidade da contagem dos folículos antrais de predizer resultados nos ciclos de fertilização in vitro. Esses estudos estavam disponíveis nas bases de dados científicas Medline, Lilacs e Scielo. Os descritores de busca foram contagem de folículos antrais, reserva ovariana e fertilização in vitro. Resultados: Verificou-se a existência de 975 artigos publicados. Foram selecionados 16 deles publicados de 2000 a 2013 que mostraram a importância de a contagem dos folículos antrais predizer resultados nos ciclos de fertilização in vitro em pacientes em idade fértil, sem história prévia de cirurgia ovariana, não fumantes e submetidas ao primeiro ciclo de fertilização in vitro. Conclusão: Grande parte dos estudos mostrou que a contagem de poucos folículos antrais está associada com a ocorrência de má resposta ovariana e maior chance de cancelamento dos ciclos de fertilização in vitro, assim como com uma baixa quantidade de oócitos aspirados. Ainda não há um método ideal para predizer gravidez de forma confiável.

Objective: To review the ability of the antral follicle count in the prediction of in vitro fertilization cycles outcomes. Method: A systematic review of studies published in the last 13 years that aimed to determine the ability of the antral follicle count to predict outcome in IVF cycles was done. These studies were available in the scientific databases MEDLINE, LILACS and Scielo. The keywords were the antral follicle count, ovarian reserve and in vitro fertilization. Results: During the search it was found that there were 975 published articles. We selected 16 articles published between the years of 2000 to 2013 that showed the importance of the antral follicle count to predict in vitro fertilization cycles outcomes in patients of childbearing age, with no history of ovarian surgery, non-smokers and undergoing the first in vitro fertilization cycle. Conclusion: Most studies show that few antral follicle counts is associated with the occurrence of poor ovarian response and greater chance of canceling cycles of in vitro fertilization cycles, as well as a low amount of collected oocytes. There is still no ideal method for predicting pregnancy reliably.

Repercusión del hábito de fumar en la función pulmonar de fumadores activos / Repercussion of smoking on the pulmonary functions of active smokers

Introducción: en el presente siglo ha habido un incremento inusual del tabaquismo, hábito que constituye el factor de riesgo más importante para el desarrollo de limitación ventilatoria, dicha adicción se ha convertido en un problema entre el personal de salud. Objetivo: determinar la posible repercusión del tabaquismo en la función pulmonar. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en trabajadores fumadores del Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay. Para ello fueron estudiados 60 individuos fumadores a quienes se les realizó un estudio espirométrico. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino y el grupo de edad entre 40 y 49 años. El personal auxiliar fue el grupo en que existió mayor número de fumadores. El cigarro fuerte resultó el tóxico más consumido. Hubo predominio de los fumadores moderados (11-20 cigarrillos al dia) con un tiempo de más de 21 años, entre los que se encontró el mayor número de pacientes con síntomas respiratorios. Conclusiones: el patrón espirométrico predominante fue el normal, pero hubo un importante porcentaje de fumadores con una disfunción ventilatoria obstructiva, lo que muestra daño de la función pulmonar en personal fumador

Introduction: in this century has been an unusual increase of smoking, habit that is the more important risk factor for development of ventilatory limitation, such action has became a problem in the health staff. Objective: to determine the possible repercussion of smoking on the pulmonary function. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in smokers working in the "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central and Military Hospital. Sixty smokers underwent a spirometry study. Results: there was predominance of female sex from the 40 and 49 age-groups. The assistant staff was the group with a greater figure of smokers. Cigarette was the more consumed toxic agent. Also, there was predominance of moderate smokers (11-20 cigarettes by day) during more of 21 years with the greater figure of patients with respiratory symptoms. Conclusions: the predominant spirometry pattern was normal, but there was a significant percentage of smokers presenting with an obstructive ventilatory dysfunction, showing the damage to pulmonary function in the smokers staff

Características antropométricas y funcionales de individuos físicamente activos / Anthropometric and functional characteristics of phisically active individuals

Para conocer su estado de salud y su grado de aptitud física, se hizo una revisión médicodeportiva a 57 mujeres y 60 varones inscritos en el Programa de Actividad Física del Centro para la Investigación en Salud y Rendimiento Humano ZOE, en Cali, Colombia. Con elobjeto de aportar datos de referencia, hasta ahora inexistentes en Colombia, se presentan los valores obtenidos. La evaluación antropométrica (peso, talla) sirvió para calcular el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). Se practicaron los siguientes estudios físicos: una prueba incremental en cicloergómetro para evaluar el consumo máximo de oxígeno que, junto con los Met, clasificaría la capacidad funcional; pruebas de potencia y flexibilidad. Los resultados fueron como sigue: edad media: 51,4 ± 6,4 años; talla media: 165,0 ± 9,2 cm; peso corporal medio: 72,0 ± 13,4 kg; IMC: 26,6 ± 3,4 kg/m2. La media general del consumo máximo de oxígeno fue 26,5 ± 9,0 mL/kg/min y los Met alcanzados, 7,6 ± 2,6. La potencia anaeróbica media fue 70,6 ± 39,6 kg/seg y la flexibilidad media evaluada con la prueba Sit and Reach fue 23,3 ± 10,7 cm. La información obtenida no se puede extrapolar a la población general pero sirve de punto de partida para otros estudios que caractericen la población colombiana desde los puntos de vista antropométrico y funcional.

In order to determine their health status and physical fitness, studies were carried out in 57 women and 60 men, aged between 45 and 77 years, registered in a physical activity program in Cali, Colombia. We report the results of the anthropometric and functional tests. Measurements of weight and height were used to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI). Functional studies included power and flexibility tests as well as an incremental test in cyclergometer to evaluate themaximum oxygen consumption which, along with the Mets, would classify the functional capacity. Average results were as follows: age 51.4 ± 6.4 years; height 165 ± 9.2 cm; body weight 72.0 ± 13.4 kg; BMI 26.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2; maximum oxygen consumption 26.5 ± 9.0 mL/kg/min; Mets 7.6 ± 2.6; anaerobic power 70.6 ± 39.6 kg/seg and flexibility, evaluated with the Sit andReach test, 23.3 ± 10.7 cm. Due to the reduced number of individuals studied, our data can not be extrapolated to the general Colombian population, but they may be the basis for other studies thatcharacterize it from the anthropometrical and functional points of view.

Teste de caminhada de seis minutos na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica com diferentes graus de obstrução / Six-minute gait test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with different degrees of obstruction

INTRODUÇÃO: Alguns testes funcionais são utilizados complementando a avaliação dinâmica na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), como o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). OBJETIVOS: Verificar quanto o grau de obstrução compromete a tolerância ao esforço avaliado pelo TC6 e comparar a distância percorrida e prevista através da equação de Enright e Sherrill (1998) para indivíduos saudáveis e com DPOC apresentando grau de obstrução leve, moderado e grave, além de comparar a distância percorrida entre os grupos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 90 indivíduos do sexo masculino, sendo 19 saudáveis (grupo 1-G1, idade média de 67 ± 6,6 anos), 24 indivíduos com DPOC apresentando obstrução leve (grupo 2-G2, idade média de 69 ± 11,3 anos), 26 com DPOC moderada (grupo 3-G3, idade média de 71 ± 9,1 anos) e 21 com DPOC grave (grupo 4-G4, idade média de 70 ± 9,4 anos) quanto à distância percorrida, além da distância prevista através da equação. RESULTADOS:Constatou-se diferença significativa (teste t de Student, p < 0,05) ao comparar distância percorrida e prevista para G3 (387 ± 71m vs 456 ± 56m) e G4 (318 ± 97m vs 477 ± 52m), sendo a percorrida menor que a prevista para ambos. Na análise intergrupos, quanto à distância percorrida verificou-se diferença significativa (ANOVA, p < 0,05), sendo que G1 (506 ± 56m) e G2 (452 ± 60m) apresentaram valores maiores (Newman-Keuls, p < 0,05) que G3 (387 ± 71m) e G4 (318 ± 97m), assim como G3 maior que G4. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que quanto maior a limitação ao fluxo aéreo, menor a tolerância ao esforço físico; indivíduos saudáveis e com DPOC leve obtiveram desempenho semelhante, além de mostrar distância percorrida similar à prevista. Assim, o TC6 permite avaliar a capacidade funcional dos indivíduos saudáveis e com DPOC, estimando quanto o grau de obstrução do fluxo aéreo compromete o desempenho físico.

INTRODUCTION: Some functional tests are used as a complement to the dynamic evaluation in the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), such as the six-minute gait test (GT6). OBJECTIVES: To verify how much the degree of obstruction compromises the tolerance to the exertion evaluated by the GT6 and to compare the distances completed and expected through the equation by Enright and Sherrill (1998) for healthy individuals as well as the ones with COPD presenting mild, moderate and severe degrees of obstruction, besides to compare the completed distance among groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 90 male individuals were evaluated, being 19 healthy (group 1-G1, mean age 67 ± 6.6 years); 24 individuals with COPD presenting mild obstruction (group 2-G2, mean age 69 ± 11.3 years); 26 with moderate COPD (group 3-G3, mean age 71 ± 9.1 years) and 21 with severe COPD (group 4-G4, mean age 70 ± 9.4 years) concerning the completed distance, besides the distance expected through the equation. RESULTS: Significant difference was observed (t-Student test, < 0.05) when comparing completed and expected distances for G3 (387 + 71 m vs 456 ± 56 m) and G4 (318 ± 97 m vs 477 ± 52 m), being the completed distance shorter than the expected one for both. In the inter group analysis, concerning the completed distance significant difference was verified (ANOVA, < 0.05), where G1 (506 ± 56 m) and G2 (452 ± 60 m) presented higher values (Newman-Keuls, < 0.05) than G3 (387 ± 71 m) and G4 (318 ± 97 m), as well as G3 higher than G4. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the higher the limitation to the air flow, the lower the tolerance to physical exertion. However, healthy individuals and the ones with mild COPD obtained similar performance, besides having similar completed and expected distances. Thus, the GT6 allows us to evaluate the functional capacity of healthy individuals and the ones with...

Development of Upgraded Cortical Impact Model (Part II: Functional outcome)

OBJECTIVE: With the technical support from department of mechanical engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST), we began to develop a better head trauma model named "Chung-Ang University Hospital Model 1.0(CAUH-1)" in March 2001 and completed it August 2001. In addition, we conduct functional tests(postural reflex, balance beam test, rotarod test, and etc) to verify this model. METHODS: Twelve four hours after moderate head injury(air tank pressure : 125psi, impact velocity: 1.34m/sec, depth of deformation : 2.5mm, dwell time : 84.5msec), we conducted various functional tests. Then, we compared the results with those of sham group. RESULTS: Using this device, we revive neurobehavioral changes(decreased reflexes, hemiparesis, decreased vestibulo-motor function) occuring after human head trauma. CONCLUSION: In our opinion, this is a very useful experimental head trauma model and will be helpful to many head trauma researchers.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF JIAOGULANOSIDE ON THE CANINE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

The effects of Jiaogulanoside on the cardiovascular system were observed anesthetized chest-opened dogs,JS lmg/kg iv significantly increased BP, LVSP and ?dP/dt_(max); 20mg/kg iv significantly decreased HR, BP, LVSP, +dP/dt_(max),CI, V_(CE)-- +dP/dt_(mxa), These results suggested that the changes of BP and cardiac function was varied with the different doses of JS.