Clean beauty: artigo de revisão sobre a nova tendência em cosméticos / Clean beauty - literature review of new trends in cosmetics

Nos últimos anos, cresce a tendência pela busca de cosméticos "amigos da natureza", sem ingredientes químicos ou sintéticos, impulsionando as vendas de produtos pertencentes a este nicho de mercado. Atualmente, o termo clean beauty refere-se a produtos que não contenham ingredientes sobre os quais não se conheça o impacto que terão em nosso organismo ou seu potencial dano ambiental. Entretanto, a definição do que é um cosmético verde, bem como vegano, natural e orgânico, não é regulamentada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), sendo o objetivo deste artigo fazer uma revisão das definições para facilitar o entendimento médico sobre o tema.

In recent years, there has been an increasing trend toward the search for nature-friendly cosmetics without chemical or synthetic ingredients, thus boosting sales of products within this market niche. Currently, the term clean beauty refers to products that do not contain ingredients with unknown impacts on our bodies or that are potentially harmful to the environment. However, the definition of green beauty products, as well as vegan, natural, or organic products, is not regulated by ANVISA. Therefore, this study aimed to review these definitions to facilitate the medical understanding of the subject

Comparação entre métodos de pré-tratamento para determinação de sujidades leves em amostras de cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L) e páprica (Capsicum annuum L) / Comparing pretreatment methods for determination of light filth in turmeric (Curcuma longa L) and paprika (Capsicum annuum L) samples

O estudo teve como objetivo modificar, otimizar e avaliar através de estudo comparativo um método para a extração de sujidades leves em amostras de cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L.) e páprica (Capsicum annuum L.). Foram analisadas dez amostras de cúrcuma e vinte de páprica. As etapas de pré-tratamento dos métodos da AOAC, 975.49 (16.14.05) para cúrcuma e 977.25b (16.14.22) para páprica, foram modificadas, com adição do extrator Soxhlet. A avaliação do desempenho analítico foi realizada pela comparação entre os resultados das recuperações dos métodos. A recuperação média para cúrcuma utilizando o método AOAC foi 91,9% para fragmentos de insetos e 97,0% para pelos de roedor, enquanto que para o método modificado foi de 89,6% e 97,4%, respectivamente. Para páprica, usando método original a recuperação foi de 93,1% para os fragmentos de insetos e 96,5% para pelos de roedor, e para o método modificado, 92,2% e 93,1%, respectivamente. A análise estatística mostrou que não houve diferença significante entre os métodos. Apesar do maior tempo de análise, o método modificado apresenta vantagens tais como: permitir realização de análises simultâneas, baixa complexidade, economia de 57% de solvente e desempenho satisfatório, sendo uma alternativa para pesquisa de sujidades leves nas especiarias estudadas. (AU)

The study aimed to modify, optimize and evaluate through a comparative study a method for extraction of light filth from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) samples. Ten samples of turmeric and twenty samples of paprika were analyzed.The pretreatment steps of the AOAC methods, 975.49 (16.14.05) for turmeric and 977.25b (16.14.22) for paprika, were modified by adding the Soxhlet extractor. The evaluation of the analytical performance was carried out by comparing the results of the method recoveries. The average recovery for turmeric using the AOAC method was 91.9% for insect fragments and 97.0% for rodent hair. While using modified method, it was 89.6% and 97.4%, respectively. For paprika, using the original method, the average recovery was 93.1% for fragments and 96.5% for hair; and after the modifications, the average was, 92.2% and 93.1%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the methods. Despite the longer analysis time, the modified method has advantages such as: allowing simultaneous analysis, low complexity, 57% solvent economy and satisfactory performance; proving to be an alternative for light filth research in the studied spices. (AU)

Green Chemistry Synthesis of Nanostructured Zinc Oxide Powder Using Azadirachta indica Extract for Latent Fingermark Development

@#Introduction: Application of nano-engineered fingerprint dusting powders has been a recent trend to achieve latent fingermark development with superior ridge clarity. As such, efforts have been made to utilise natural resources to increase the sustainability of these emerging nano-engineered powders. Lithium-doped zinc oxide, primarily used as white pigments, have been previously applied to latent fingermarks with success. In the current study, nanostructured zinc oxide, synthesised using neem extract as the reducing agent, was evaluated for fingermark development on non-porous surfaces. Methods: The reduction of zinc nitrate hexahydrate was facilitated by neem extract, prepared by boiling neem leaves in distilled water. The thick yellow paste recovered was calcined in the furnace to produce a light yellow powder. Physicochemical composition of the powder was determined using microscopic and spectroscopic instruments. The effectiveness of the powder was tested on natural fingermark deposited on several non-porous surfaces. Results: Nanostructured zinc oxide with particle size ranging in between 1 to 3 µm consisting of highly aggregated spherical particle with less than 100 nm dimensions were synthesised. Developed fingermarks revealed excellent ridge details and contrast on dark coloured surfaces. Studying the fingermark closely under scanning electron microscope displayed selective distribution of particle on the ridges of the fingermark residue and very minimal deposition on the fingermark valleys. Conclusion: Nanostructured zinc oxide fabricated using green chemistry approach can be applied for the development of fingermark. Nevertheless, future works can be undertaken to enhance particle dispersity and to confer strong photoluminescence to the zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles from waste watermelon and their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Background: Globally, large quantities (tonnes) of diverse sources of food wastes derived from horticulture are produced and offer a valuable renewable source of biochemical compounds. Developing new recycling and food waste utilisation strategies creates unique opportunities for producing gold (Au) nanoparticles with desirable antibacterial properties. The present study used an eco-friendly procedure for biologically synthesizing gold (Au) nanoparticle shapes from waste Citrullis lanatus var (watermelon).Methods: The green chemistry-based procedure used in this study was straightforward and used both red and green parts of waste watermelon. The generated Au nanoparticles were subsequently evaluated using several advanced characterization techniques. The antibacterial properties of the various extracts and synthesised nanoparticles were evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer sensitivity method.Results: The advanced characterization techniques revealed the Au particles ranged in size from nano (100 nm) up micron (2.5 µm) and had a variety of shapes. The red watermelon extract tended to produce spheres and hexagonal plates, while the green watermelon extract tended to generate triangular shaped nanoparticles. Both red and green watermelon extracts produced nanoparticles with similar antibacterial properties. The most favourable response was achieved using a 5:1 green watermelon-based mixture for Staphylococcus epidermidis, which produced a maximum inhibition zone of 12 mm. While gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli produced a maximum inhibition zone of 10 mm for the same mixture.Conclusions: The study has shown both red and green parts of waste watermelon can be used to produce Au nanoparticles with antibacterial activity towards both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The study has also demonstrated an alternative method for producing high-value Au nanoparticles with potential pharmaceutical applications.

Comparação dos processos de síntese e do desempenho de fotocatalisadores para a degradação do corante rodamina B / A comparison of synthesis processes and the performance of photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B dye

RESUMO Nanopartículas de óxidos de titânio (TiO2), zinco (ZnO) e ferro (Fe3O4) podem ser utilizadas na foto-oxidação de poluentes orgânicos, e em muitas outras aplicações. No entanto, entre os desafios para aplicação tecnológica dos desenvolvimentos científicos da nanotecnologia dois aspectos ainda são pouco explorados: a investigação sobre os métodos de preparação de nanomateriais compatíveis com o ambiente, e o estudo sobre a variabilidade das propriedades de nanomateriais. Diferentes métodos de síntese de partículas de TiO2, ZnO e Fe3O4 foram usados para obter dispersões coloidais com nano e micropartículas desses semicondutores. As partículas de TiO2, ZnO e Fe3O4 obtidas foram testadas como fotocatalisadores e aumentaram a taxa de fotodegradação do corante orgânico rodamina B (RHB) em até 20,5 vezes. Foram selecionadas as rotas de síntese que melhor atendem aos princípios da Química Verde para obtenção de partículas de ZnO e TiO2. Entretanto, para a aplicação comercial dessas partículas, ainda é preciso reduzir a variação em seus desempenhos fotocatalíticos.

ABSTRACT Titanium (TiO2), zinc (ZnO), and iron (Fe3O4) oxides nanoparticles can be used photo oxidation, of organic pollutants, as well as in many other ways. However, among the challenges for technological application (scale-up) of scientific developments that include nanotechnology, two aspects are still rarely explored: research on environmentally compatible preparation methods of the nanomaterials as well as the study of the variability of the properties of the nanomaterials. Different methods for the synthesis of TiO2, ZnO and Fe3O4 particles were used to obtain sols with these semiconductor nano- and microparticles. The TiO2, ZnO and Fe3O4 particles obtained were tested as photocatalysts, and they increased the photodegradation rate of the organic dye rhodamine B up to 20.5 times. The synthetic routes for obtaining ZnO and TiO2 particles that best met the Green Chemistry principles were selected. However, for commercial application of these particles, it is still necessary to reduce the variation in their photocatalytic performance.

Magnetita (Fe 3 O 4 ): Una estructura inorgánica con multiples aplicaciones en catálisis heterogénea / Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ): An inorganic structure with many applications for heterogeneous catalysis / Magnetita (Fe 3 O 4 ): Uma estrutura inorgânica com múltiplas aplicações em catálise heterogénea

Resumen Se describió la intervención del mineral magnetita como catalizador o como soporte catalitico, un material inorgánico con una estructura de espinela inversa (FeFe204), en el desarrollo de un número importante de reacciones quimicas de interes cientifico, tecnológico y ambiental. Debido a la necesidad actual de generar procesos quimicos eficientes y favorables ambientalmente, la magnetita se ha convertido en un material promisorio en los contextos de la quimica verde, la quimica fina y la catálisis heterogénea. Este óxido de hierro se ha estudiado en diversas reacciones: catalizador másico, soporte catalitico de metales y de óxidos metálicos, núcleo de catalizadores tipo core-shell, o modificado mediante el anclaje de organocatalizadores y complejos metálicos. Se discute el desempeno catalitico de estos sistemas basados en magnetita, en reacciones de catálisis asimetrica, ambiental, ácido-base, de óxido-reducción, de sintesis multicomponente y de acoplamiento C-C. Particularmente, dichos catalizadores han mostrado enorme importancia en ciertas reacciones de tipo Sonogashira, Sonogashira-Hagihara, Mannich, Ullman, Knoevenagel, Suzuki-Miyaura y Fenton heterogénea, entre otras. Finalmente, se detallaron algunos usos tecnológicos de la magnetita en el contexto nacional (Colombia) y se intentó localizar geográficamente los depósitos importantes.

Abstract This manuscript contains a review on the mediation of magnetite, an inorganic material with an inverse spinel structure (FeFe204), being used as either catalyst or catalytic support in many chemical reactions of scientific, technological and environmental interest. Because of current awareness on the efficient and environmentally friendly chemical processes, magnetite has become as a promising material in contexts such as green chemistry, fine chemistry, and heterogeneous catalysis. This iron oxide has been used in several reactions as bulk catalyst, catalytic support of either metals or metal oxides, core in catalysts type core-shell, or as solid modified by grafting with organocatalysts and metal complexes. The catalytic performance of these systems has been described in some chemical processes such as: asymmetric catalysis, environmental catalysis, acid-base catalysis, redox reactions, multicomponent synthesis reactions, and those of C-C coupling. Particularly, these catalysts have shown large importance in a variety of reactions: Sonogashira, Sonogashira-Hagihara, Mannich, Ullman, Knoevenagel, Suzuki-Miyaura, and the Fenton heterogeneous reaction, among others. Finally, some technological uses of magnetite in the national context (Colombia) are detailed, and localizing geographically the most important deposits of this mineral in the Colombian region was intended.

Resumo Foi descrita uma intervenção da mineral magnetita, um material inorgânico com estrutura de espinela inversa (FeFe204), como catalisador ou como suporte catalitico no desenvolvimento de um número importante de reações quimicas de interesse cientifico, tecnológico e ambiental. Devido à necessidade atual de gerar processos quimicos eficientes e favoráveis ambientalmente, a magnetita surge como um material promissório nos contextos da quimica verde, da quimica fina e da catálise heterogénea. Este óxido de ferro e objeto de estudo em diversas reações: catalizador mássico, suporte catalitico de metais e de óxidos metálicos, núcleo de catalizadores tipo core-shell, ou modificado mediante a ancoragem de organocatalizadores e complexos metálicos. E descrito o desempenho catalitico deste tipo de sistemas em algumas reacóes de catálise assimetrica, ambiental, ácido-base, de óxido-redução, de sintese multicomponente y de acoplamento C-C. Particularmente, ditos catalisadores tem mostrado enorme importáncia em certas reações do tipo Sonogashira, Sonogashira-Hagihara, Mannich, Ullman, Knoevenagel, Suzuki-Miyaura e a reação Fenton heterogénea, entre outras. Finalmente, são detalhados alguns usos tecnológicos da magnetita no contexto nacional (Colômbia) e realiza-se um esforço por localizar geograficamente os depósitos mais importantes do mineral no território colombiano.

Ultrasound pretreatment as an alternative to improve essential oils extraction / Pré-tratamento por ultrassom como alternativa para melhoria da extração de óleos essenciais

ABSTRACT: Essential oils are substances originated from plants in general. These compounds are well known to have a high biological activity, specially the antioxidant and antimicrobial. Several extraction techniques are employed to obtain these substances. However, the majority of these techniques require a long extraction time. In this sense, innovative and alternative extraction techniques, such as ultrasound, have recently been the target of studies. In view of the small amount of publications using ultrasonic pretreatment, this review aimed to congregate current relevant information on ultrasound-assisted extraction of essential oils. In this sense, theoretical aspects, such as the main factors that influence the performance of this technique as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the use of ultrasound as an environmental friendly alternative technique to improve the extraction of essential oil in comparison to traditional methods, are shown. Considering the available studies in the literature on essential oil extraction using ultrasonic pretreatment, low frequencies ranged from 20 to 50kWz and times ranged from 20 to 40min were used. The use of ultrasonic pretreatment represents a time reduction to near 70% in relation to the conventional hydrodistillation. Also, these conditions enabled a growth in the extraction of bioactive compounds and consequently improving the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils.

RESUMO: Óleos essenciais são substâncias originadas de plantas em geral. Estes compostos são bem conhecidos por apresentarem elevada atividade biológica, especialmente atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana. A fim de obter estas substâncias, são utilizadas várias técnicas de extração. A maioria destas técnicas é caracterizada por requererem um elevado tempo de processo. Neste sentido, a aplicação do ultrassom como uma técnica alternativa tem sido alvo de estudos, ganhando destaque nos últimos anos. Tendo em vista a pequena quantidade de publicações utilizando ultrassom previamente a extração, este trabalho visa reunir as atuais informações relevantes sobre a extração de óleo essencial empregando ultrassom como pré-tratamento. Além disso, aspectos teóricos como os principais fatores que influenciam o desempenho deste método e as vantagens e desvantagens do uso do ultrassom como uma alternativa para melhorar a extração de óleos essenciais de forma mais ambientalmente amigável em comparação com os métodos tradicionais são mostrados. Considerando os estudos disponíveis na literatura sobre a extração de óleos essenciais utilizando ultrassom como pré-tratamento, os melhores resultados obtidos empregam baixas frequências, que variam de 20 a 50kWz e tempos de extração entre 20 a 40min. A utilização de ultrassom como pré-tratamento possibilita uma redução de tempo de cerca de 70% em relação à hidrodestilação convencional. Além disso, estas condições permitem um aumento na extração de compostos bioativos e consequentemente melhoram a atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais obtidos.

Biological Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Evaluation of their Bioavailability

ABSTRACT Nanoparticles due to their unique properties have attracted more attention and their bacterial biosynthesis is more favorable because is environmental friendly and the size and yield of nanoparticles can be optimized. The aim of the present study was biosynthesis of Selenium nanoparticles using Bacillus cereus. For this purpose, bacterial culture was prepared in the presence of sodium selenate solution and incubated (30°C, 24 h). The produced nanoparticles were purified through consequent centrifugation, washing with 0.9% NaCl, sonication, washing with Tris- HCl containing Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and finally isolation with water- octanol two phase systems. Then using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scaning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, nanoparticle production was confirmed. The bioavailability of nanoparticles was also investigated in rat. As a result of this study spherical selenium nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 170 nm were biosynthesized. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) of selenium for Bacillus cereus were same and equal to 75mM. Absorption and secretion of nanoselenium was significantly higher than bulk Selenium (P<0.05). In conclusion in the present study without any chemical substance, spherical Selenium nanoparticles were produced that do not have any environmental contamination. Furthermore, the metabolism of these particles suggests higher absorption rate of them that facilitates its application in medicine and also veterinary medicine.

A Green Protocol for the Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Imidazo [1,2-A] Pyrazines.

In this work, we have described a simple and convenient method for the synthesis Imidazo [1,2-a] pyrazine derivatives using 2-amino5-bromo pyrazine, and phenacyl bromide in the presence of DABCO as a catalyst and evaluated as antimicrobial agents. The notable features of this protocol are the simple experimental procedure, short reaction time, easy handling and good yields using a catalytic amount of readily available and cost effective catalyst.

Facile Andgreen Solvent Approach for the Synthesis of Nitrogen Bridgehead-Fused Heterocyclic Nucleus.

Green Chemistry is defined as environmentally benign chemistry. The revolution in green chemistry provides enormous scopes for discovery and even application for new synthetic approaches. An efficient and general method has been described for the formation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine from 2-amino pyridine with substituted α- haloketones in the presence of water and acidic additives in efficient yields.

Study on the biodegradation of alternatives (four species including C8H8F9KO3S) for perfluorooctane sulfonate

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the biodegradation potential of four perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) alternatives that were developed at Changwon National University. While PFOS has been used widely in industrial and consumer products, it is known to be a persistent organic pollutant. Therefore, greener alternatives are highly desirable. METHODS: Biodegradation tests were run for 28 days using standard test protocols. The biochemical oxygen demand was measured daily throughout the experimental period, and the data were used to calculate the biodegradation rates. Microorganisms were isolated from the some of the tests that showed evidence of biodegradation. RESULTS: C8H8F9KO3S, which has the same number of carbons as the parent compound PFOS but a reduced number of fluorines, showed the highest biodegradation rate followed by C10H8F13KO3S. Chemical alternatives with lower number of carbons did not biodegrade readily in the experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results suggest that it may be advantageous to develop PFOS alternatives with 8 carbons, the same as PFOS, but a reduced number of fluorines; as such, chemicals are more susceptible to biodegradation than the parent compound.

Green Chemistry at the present in Korea

OBJECTIVES: Despite the great contribution made by chemical substances to the development of modern civilization, their indiscriminate use has caused various kinds of damage to the global environment and human beings. Accordingly, the major developed countries and international society have tried to ensure the safe use of chemicals and a reduction in the use of hazardous chemicals through the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme and various international agreements. In this reason, we tried to introduce about Green Chemistry progress at the present in worldwide and Korea. METHODS: We checked and analyzed relative journals, reports using keyword as like Green Chemistry, alternative chemicals, eco-friendly etc. and major country's government homepage search. RESULTS: Green Chemistry theory, which argues for the reduction or removal of harmfulness in chemicals throughout their entire life-cycle, has been spreading, and major developed countries, such as the US and Denmark, have developed and operate programs to provide reliable chemical information to help replace hazardous chemicals. Korea has also been conducting studies as like eco-innovation project. Through this project the "Alternative Chemical Search program," has been developed, distributed, and operated since 2011 to provide reliable information to small and medium-sized businesses that have difficulties collecting information to ensure conformity to international regulations. The program provides information that includes the regulations of major countries and Korea, information on 340 alternative chemicals, 70 application cases, and 1:1 consulting. CONCLUSIONS: The Alternative Chemical Search program is expected to contribute to the establishment of response systems for regulation of Korean small and medium-sized businesses, and it also will be used to provide basic data for Korean hazardous chemical regulation, together with the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances and the Chemical Control act, making it possible to establish an infrastructure for Green Chemistry in Korea and to increase national competitiveness.

Green Chemistry at the present in Korea

OBJECTIVES: Despite the great contribution made by chemical substances to the development of modern civilization, their indiscriminate use has caused various kinds of damage to the global environment and human beings. Accordingly, the major developed countries and international society have tried to ensure the safe use of chemicals and a reduction in the use of hazardous chemicals through the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme and various international agreements. In this reason, we tried to introduce about Green Chemistry progress at the present in worldwide and Korea. METHODS: We checked and analyzed relative journals, reports using keyword as like Green Chemistry, alternative chemicals, eco-friendly etc. and major country's government homepage search. RESULTS: Green Chemistry theory, which argues for the reduction or removal of harmfulness in chemicals throughout their entire life-cycle, has been spreading, and major developed countries, such as the US and Denmark, have developed and operate programs to provide reliable chemical information to help replace hazardous chemicals. Korea has also been conducting studies as like eco-innovation project. Through this project the "Alternative Chemical Search program," has been developed, distributed, and operated since 2011 to provide reliable information to small and medium-sized businesses that have difficulties collecting information to ensure conformity to international regulations. The program provides information that includes the regulations of major countries and Korea, information on 340 alternative chemicals, 70 application cases, and 1:1 consulting. CONCLUSIONS: The Alternative Chemical Search program is expected to contribute to the establishment of response systems for regulation of Korean small and medium-sized businesses, and it also will be used to provide basic data for Korean hazardous chemical regulation, together with the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances and the Chemical Control act, making it possible to establish an infrastructure for Green Chemistry in Korea and to increase national competitiveness.

Research on the development of green chemistry technology assessment techniques: a material reutilization case

OBJECTIVES: This study presents a methodology that enables a quantitative assessment of green chemistry technologies. METHODS: The study carries out a quantitative evaluation of a particular case of material reutilization by calculating the level of "greenness" i.e., the level of compliance with the principles of green chemistry that was achieved by implementing a green chemistry technology. RESULTS: The results indicate that the greenness level was enhanced by 42% compared to the pre-improvement level, thus demonstrating the economic feasibility of green chemistry. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment technique established in this study will serve as a useful reference for setting the direction of industry-level and government-level technological R&D and for evaluating newly developed technologies, which can greatly contribute toward gaining a competitive advantage in the global market.

Research on the development of green chemistry technology assessment techniques: a material reutilization case

OBJECTIVES: This study presents a methodology that enables a quantitative assessment of green chemistry technologies. METHODS: The study carries out a quantitative evaluation of a particular case of material reutilization by calculating the level of "greenness" i.e., the level of compliance with the principles of green chemistry that was achieved by implementing a green chemistry technology. RESULTS: The results indicate that the greenness level was enhanced by 42% compared to the pre-improvement level, thus demonstrating the economic feasibility of green chemistry. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment technique established in this study will serve as a useful reference for setting the direction of industry-level and government-level technological R&D and for evaluating newly developed technologies, which can greatly contribute toward gaining a competitive advantage in the global market.

Priority survey between indicators and analytic hierarchy process analysis for green chemistry technology assessment

OBJECTIVES: This study presents the indicators and proxy variables for the quantitative assessment of green chemistry technologies and evaluates the relative importance of each assessment element by consulting experts from the fields of ecology, chemistry, safety, and public health. METHODS: The results collected were subjected to an analytic hierarchy process to obtain the weights of the indicators and the proxy variables. RESULTS: These weights may prove useful in avoiding having to resort to qualitative means in absence of weights between indicators when integrating the results of quantitative assessment by indicator. CONCLUSIONS: This study points to the limitations of current quantitative assessment techniques for green chemistry technologies and seeks to present the future direction for quantitative assessment of green chemistry technologies.

Priority survey between indicators and analytic hierarchy process analysis for green chemistry technology assessment

OBJECTIVES: This study presents the indicators and proxy variables for the quantitative assessment of green chemistry technologies and evaluates the relative importance of each assessment element by consulting experts from the fields of ecology, chemistry, safety, and public health. METHODS: The results collected were subjected to an analytic hierarchy process to obtain the weights of the indicators and the proxy variables. RESULTS: These weights may prove useful in avoiding having to resort to qualitative means in absence of weights between indicators when integrating the results of quantitative assessment by indicator. CONCLUSIONS: This study points to the limitations of current quantitative assessment techniques for green chemistry technologies and seeks to present the future direction for quantitative assessment of green chemistry technologies.

Bionanoparticles, a green nanochemistry approach

Background: In the past decade, considerable attention has been paid for the development of novel strategies for the synthesis of different kind of nano-objects. Most of the current strategies are usually working by the use physical or chemical principles to develop a myriad of nano-objects with multiple applications. Main fields of nanotechnology applications range from catalysis, micro- and nano-electronics (semiconductors, single electrons transistors), non-linear optic devices, photo-electrochemistry to biomedicine, diagnostics, foods and environment, chemical analysis and others. Results: Two main avenues for nanoparticles synthesis: cell-free extract and cell cultivation have been reported. The state of art of both biotechnological approaches for different type nanoparticles are reviewed in this work. Conclusions: Nanotechnology is a revolutionary field just at its onset, the trend in the next decades being its integration with the green chemistry approach. Several strategies involving exhaustive strain selection, cultivation modes, recombinant gene expression, metabolic engineering, protein re-design and re-engineering, and predictive modeling will allow to create nanobioreactors, a new nanobiotechnology arena with a high potential impact in many fields.

Desenvolvimento e validação de método seguro e ambientalmente adequado para quantificação de atenolol em matéria prima e comprimidos / Development and validation of a safe and environmentally adequate method for the quantification of atenolol in raw material and tablets

Um dos ensaios descritos na Farmacopéia Brasileira para determinação do fármaco anti-hipertensivo atenolol como matéria prima e em comprimidos utiliza espectrofotometria ultravioleta (UV). Porém, o solvente utilizado é o metanol, um agente químico inflamável e tóxico, cujos resíduos químicos são de difícil tratamento. Portanto, é interessante o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos que sejam mais seguros e ambientalmente adequados. Considerando que o atenolol é solúvel em soluções ácidas diluídas, foi avaliado o uso de ácido clorídrico 0,01 mol.L -1 como um método alternativo. Para isto, foi realizada a validação do novo método avaliando sua linearidade, especificidade, seletividade, intervalo, limite de quantificação e detecção, precisão, exatidão e robustez. Todas as figuras de mérito mostraram-se dentro dos limites recomendados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). A comparação com o método original mostrou equivalência estatística entre os métodos. Assim, o método mostrou-se adequado como um procedimento mais seguro e ambientalmente adequado para as etapas de controle de qualidade relacionadas a produção de medicamentos a base de atenolol pelas indústrias farmacêuticas.

One of the tests described in the Farmacopéia Brasileira 5ª Edição (F. Bras. V) to assay the antihypertensive drug atenolol as raw material and tablets use ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV). However, the solvent is methanol, a flammable and toxic chemical agent whose chemical residues are not easily manageable. Therefore, it is necessary to develop analytical methods that are safer and environmentally appropriate. Considering that atenolol is soluble in dilute acid solutions, the use of hydrochloric acid 0.01 mol L-1 as solvent was evaluated as an alternative method. For this, it was performed a validation of the new method assessing its linearity, specificity, selectivity, range, limit of quantification and detection, precision, accuracy and robustness. All figures of merit were within the limits recommended by the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). The comparison with the original method showed statistical equivalence between the procedures. Thus, the new method was considered suitable as a safer and more environmentally appropriate for quality control of the production of drugs with atenolol by pharmaceutical industries.

Síntese e avaliação da segurança in vitro da rutina e do succinato de rutina visando sua incorporação em formulações fotoprotetoras eficazes associados a filtros químicos e físico / Synthesis and in vitro safety evaluation of rutin and rutin succinate aiming their incorporation into effective sunscreens associated with chemical and physical filters

A tendência atual do mercado cosmético é desenvolver produtos que contenham insumos de origem vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a aplicação da Tecnologia da Química Verde na síntese da rutina visando o aumento da estabilidade dessa em formulações cosméticas com sua eficácia antioxidante e fotoprotetora. Realizou-se a síntese química por meio da introdução de grupos carboxilatos às hidroxilas do dissacarídeo na molécula de rutina, gerando como produto final o succinato de rutina. Este derivado e/ou a rutina foram incorporados em 74 formulações-teste e, selecionadas 12 (sistemas emulsionados O/A), após serem submetidas à Avaliação Preliminar de Estabilidade (APE) e ao Teste de Estabilidade Acelerada (TEA), sob variações de temperatura e umidade. Utilizou-se agentes emolientes e silicones para facilitar a solubilização e/ou dispersão dos filtros químicos e físicos. A segunda etapa deste trabalho foi a avaliação da segurança do succinato de rutina, tendo como padrão a rutina, por meio do método alternativo de toxicidade in vitro, o XTT. Após o screening das concentrações ensaiadas, as que apresentaram menor nível de morte celular foram respectivamente, 0,1% ou 1 mg/mL (rutina) e 0,4% ou 4 mg/mL (succinato de rutina). Segundo os resultados do TEA, as formulações contendo succinato de rutina associada ou não aos filtros solares em ambas as bases cosméticas (A - Crodafos®CES + Uniox®C e B - Hostacerin®SAF) foram selecionadas para a continuidade do Teste de Estabilidade Normal (TEN). Neste teste, as emulsões fotoprotetoras foram avaliadas frente aos parâmetros: propriedades organolépticas (aspecto, cor e odor), aspectos físico-químicos (medição de pH e de viscosidade) e funcionais (atividade antirradicalar e eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro). Os resultados apresentados pela formulação MS (succinato de rutina associado aos filtros químicos e físico) foram: homogeneidade, a não modificação de cor e odor em temperatura ambiente, a não alterações significativas...

The current cosmetic market trend is to develop products containing vegetables raw materials. This work proposed to use the Technology of Green Chemical to increase the rutin stability in cosmetic formulas as regards of its antioxidant and photoprotective properties. The chemical synthesis was realized by the introduction of carboxylate groups on sugar moiety of rutin producing in rutin succinate. This derivative and/or rutin were incorporated into 74 test formulas. After the undergoing to preliminary and accelerated stabilities under different temperature and humidity conditions were selected 12 formulas (O/W emulsions). Emollient agents and silicones were used to improve the solubility and/or dispersion of the chemical and physical filters. The second stage of this work was to evaluate the safety of rutin succinate, rutin used as an internal standard, using the alternative method of in vitro toxicity, the XTT. After the screening of tested concentrations, the concentrations of the samples with the lowest level of cell death were 0.1% or 1 mg/mL (rutin) and 0.4% or 4 mg/mL (rutin succinate), respectively. According to results obtained in accelerated stability testing, the formulations containing rutin succinate in combination or not with UV filters in both O/W emulsions (A - Crodafos®CES + Uniox®C and B - Hostacerin®SAF) were selected for the long term stability test. In this test the sunscreens were evaluated in the following parameters: the organoleptic properties (appearance, color and odor), physico-chemical aspects (pH value and viscosity) and functional (antiradicalar activity and in vitro photoprotection efficacy). The results presented by the MS formula (rutin succinate associated with physical filter and chemical filters) were: uniformity, stability of color and odor at room temperature and showed no significant difference, as well stability in: pH and SPF (Sun Protection Factor) values, hysteresis area, antiradicalar activity. These results were...