Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed in Colombia / Prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en los alimentos para animales en Colombia / Prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. em ração animal na Colômbia

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples collected between 2018 and 2021 in Colombia. Methods. This was a laboratory-based cross-sectional study using routine data from the program for inspection, surveillance, and control of animal feed at the Colombian Agriculture Institute. Samples of animal feed for swine, poultry, canine, feline, leporine, piscine, and equine species were processed for detection of E. coli and Salmonella spp. using enrichment and selective culture methods. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using an automated microdilution method. Results. Of 1 748 animal feed samples analyzed, 83 (4.7%) were positive for E. coli and 66 (3.8%) for Salmonella spp. The presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was highest in feed for poultry (6.4% and 5.5%) and swine (6.1% and 4.3%). Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed in 27 (33%) E. coli isolates and 26 (39%) Salmonella isolates. Among E. coli, resistance was most frequently observed to ampicillin (44.5%) followed by cefazolin (33.3%), ciprofloxacin (29.6%), ampicillin/sulbactam (26%), and ceftriaxone (11.1%). The highest resistance levels in Salmonella spp. isolates were against cefazolin (7.7%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (7.7%). Conclusions. This is the first study from Colombia reporting on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples. Its results establish a baseline over a wide geographical distribution in Colombia. It highlights the need to integrate antimicrobial resistance surveillance in animal feed due to the emergence of resistant bacteria in this important stage of the supply chain.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de piensos para animales tomadas entre el 2018 y el 2021 en Colombia. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en el laboratorio a partir de los datos regulares del programa de inspección, vigilancia y control de alimentos para animales del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Se procesaron muestras de alimentos utilizados en la cría de cerdos, aves de corral, cánidos, félidos, lepóridos, peces y equinos con el fin de detectar E. coli y Salmonella spp. por medio de métodos de enriquecimiento y cultivo selectivo. Se analizó la sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de las cepas aisladas mediante microdilución automatizada. Resultados. De 1748 muestras de alimentos analizadas, 83 (4,7%) resultaron positivas para E. coli y 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. La presencia de E. coli y Salmonella spp. fue mayor en los alimentos para aves de corral (6,4% y 5,5%) y cerdos (6,1% y 4,3%). Se realizaron pruebas de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en 27 (33%) cepas de E. coli y 26 (39%) de Salmonella. En las cepas de E. coli, se observó una mayor resistencia a la ampicilina (44,5%), seguida de la resistencia a la cefazolina (33,3%), la ciprofloxacina (29,6%), la ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) y la ceftriaxona (11,1%). En el caso de las cepas de Salmonella spp., los niveles de resistencia más elevados fueron para la cefazolina (7,7%) y piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Colombia en el que se informa sobre la prevalencia y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos de E. coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de alimentos para animales. Sus resultados establecen una línea de base para una zona geográfica mucho mayor dentro de Colombia. Se subraya la necesidad de integrar la vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los alimentos para animales debido a la aparición de bacterias resistentes en esta importante etapa de la cadena de suministro.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência e a resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonela spp. em amostras de ração animal coletadas entre 2018 e 2021 na Colômbia. Métodos. Estudo transversal de base laboratorial, usando dados de rotina do programa de inspeção, vigilância e controle de ração animal do Instituto Colombiano de Agricultura. Amostras de ração animal para as espécies suína, avícola, canina, felina, leporina, piscina e equina foram processadas para detecção de E. coli e Salmonella spp., usando métodos de enriquecimento e cultura seletiva. Os isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos usando um método automatizado de microdiluição. Resultados. Das 1.748 amostras de ração animal analisadas, 83 (4,7%) foram positivas para E. coli e 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. A presença de E. coli e Salmonella spp. foi maior em rações para aves (6,4% e 5,5%) e suínos (6,1% e 4,3%). O teste de resistência a antimicrobianos foi realizado em 27 (33%) isolados de E. coli e 26 (39%) isolados de Salmonella. Em E. coli, a resistência observada com maior frequência foi à ampicilina (44,5%), seguida da cefazolina (33,3%), ciprofloxacino (29,6%), ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) e ceftriaxona (11,1%). Os maiores níveis de resistência em isolados de Salmonella spp. foram contra cefazolina (7,7%) e piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusões. Este é o primeiro estudo da Colômbia a notificar a prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de E. coli e Salmonella spp. em amostras de ração animal. Os resultados estabelecem uma linha de base com ampla distribuição geográfica na Colômbia. Destaca-se a necessidade de integrar a vigilância da resistência a antimicrobianos na ração animal, devido ao surgimento de bactérias resistentes nesta importante etapa da cadeia de abastecimento.

The clinical research process management indicator system based on the theory of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To build an investigator-initiated clinical research process management indicator system based on the theory of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP).Methods:A plan was developed according to HACCP principles, and 23 experts were invited to form an expert advisory group. Literature research, panel discussion, and Delphi method were used to collect clinical research process management indicators, and the weight of each indicator was calculated via Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP).Results:Two rounds of expert consultation were carried out with a high positive coefficient and a high expert authority level, and finally formed 3 primary indicators and 14 secondary indicators. The primary indicators were project establishment, project process management, and project implementation assessment, with weights of 0.142 8, 0.714 4, and 0.142 8, respectively.Conclusions:This study established a clinical research process management system based on HACCP theory from 3 dimensions: project establishment, project process management, and project implementation assessment, carried out precise management of clinical research according to the weights of secondary indicators, focusing on the content of indicators with great weight, and provided an important reference for the management of investigator-initiated clinical research.

Construction status and development strategy of GAP bases for Chinese herbal medicine / 中国中药杂志

Good agricultural practices(GAP) for Chinese herbal medicine(CHM) is the source of quality control in the production of CHM. To ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of Chinese herbal and natural medicine, the international community has been exploring the implementation of GAP for CHM. The implementation of GAP for CHM has a far-reaching impact, and the scale planting of CHM has been expanding. However, the medicinal materials produced by the GAP bases for CHM still cannot fully meet the market demand, and the output and quality of CHM remain to be improved. This paper summarizes construction status of GAP bases for CHM.The 129 companies that passed the certification during the implementation of GAP for CHM included 196 GAP bases, forming the scale CHM production zone with Sichuan province, Yunnan province, Jilin province, Henan province, and Shandong province as the core.The total area of GAP bases for CHM in China is about 250 000-500 000 Mu(1 Mu≈667 m2), which is still less than 1% of the total production area of CHM. The international agricultural production quality management strategies are all market-oriented behaviors.Drawing on the international good agricultural and collection practice(GACP) and hazard analysis critical control point(HACCP) as well as the relevant policies of Chinese quality management of CHM, we put forward feasible suggestions for the further implementation of GAP for CHM:(1)The market rules and international experience should be followed and employed to promote GAP management of CHM and third-party implementation of GAP certification;(2)The sound development of GAP for CHM should be boosted with the HACCP management system and the revision of GAP for CHM;(3)The implementation of policies and standards should be stepped up to facilitate the building of a whole-course traceability system for the production of CHM with high quality and reasonable prices.

Application of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) traceability system based on TCM quality characteristics and HACCP system / 中国中药杂志

It is crucial to establish a complete set of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) quality traceability management process system, in order to stabilize the pricing order of TCM market and reconstruct the transmission path of TCM quality signals. In this study, we reviewed the mature experience of food and drug supervision at home and abroad, analyzed the quality characteristics of TCM, and put forward that the quality control of TCM products can learn from the hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP) system in food safety quality control. This study points out that the HACCP system provides not only technical guidance for the traceability management of TCM, but also ideas for improving the quality of TCM products and the safety risk control of TCM. The application of the HACCP system in TCM quality control can help establish an international dialogue platform for TCM and help realize the modernization and internationalization of TCM industry.

Development of andrographolide colon-targeting release pellets based on quality by design (QbD) approach / 中草药

Objective: To optimize andrographolide pellet by using a quality by design (QbD) approach. Methods: Usingthe cumulative in vitro release as evaluation index, the single-factor investigation and hazard analysis were used to study the core and coating process of andrographolide colon-targeting pellets, and the central composite design-response surface method was used to optimize and predict the three key factors of plasticizer dosage, aging time, and coating weight gain. Results: The optimum coating process parameters were as following: plasticizer dosage of 3 g, coating weight gain of 20%, and aging time of 1 h. The process had been verified that the optimal formulation process had a cumulative in vitro release of 6.9% in the acid phase (0.1 mol/L HCl)-buffered salt phase (pH 6.0) and a cumulative in vitro release of more than 90% in the pH 7.2 buffered salt phase. Conclusion: It is feasible to apply the QbD concept optimization in the study of andrographolide colon-targeting pellets.

Eficiência de detector de metais e barra magnética no controle de contaminações físicas / Efficiency of metal detector and magnetic bar in the control of physical contaminations

Dentre os três principais tipos de contaminações, a física, não menos importante que a química e biológica, deixa grandes dúvidas quando o assunto é metal. Qual a melhor forma de retê-los? A resposta certamente será obtida analisando a origem do risco, porém, o que implantar na linha de produção quando a dúvida é: detector de metais ou atrativo magnético? Neste artigo foi identificado que, para uma determinada situação de risco, nem a barra magnética nem o detector de metais reduzem os perigos a níveis aceitáveis. Para este estudo foram reunidos dados de uma barra magnética e dados do Serviço de Atendimento ao Cliente de uma empresa de confeitos durante 12 meses. Estes mesmos dados foram avaliados em comparação à eficácia de um detector de metais e em relação às leis vigentes no país. Desta forma foi identificado que, na empresa estudada, utilizar somente a barra magnética, apesar dos perigos não estarem dentro dos níveis aceitáveis, é mais viável pois apresentou melhores resultados que o detector de metais e não causa perdas por falsos rejeitos.(AU)

Among the three main types of contamination, physics, no less important than chemical and biological, leave bigs doubts when it comes to metal. What is the best way to retain them? The answer will certainly be obtained by analyzing the origin of the risk, but what to implant in the production line when the doubt is: metal detector or magnetic attraction? In this article it was identified that for a given risk situation the magnetic bar reduces the hazards to acceptable levels. For this study data was collected from a magnetic bar and customer service data in a confectionery company for 12 months.These same data were evaluated in comparison to the effectiveness of a metal detector and in relation to the laws in force in the country. In this way it was identified that in this confectionery company, only using the magnetic bar is enough to reduce the danger to acceptable levels

Application and Practice of Risk Managements Analysis Methods in Medication Error Prevention in Medi-cal Institutions / 中国药师

Medication safety is one of patient safety goals, and medication error prevention is its main content. Risk managements such as hazard analysis and critical control points ( HACCP) and failure mode and effect analysis ( FMEA) with a lot of applications in health care field have a proper condition to be used for medication error prevention. A risk management was carried out for medication error prevention through the design and practice in our hospital, which contained the following 7 steps:the medication error prevention project was determined, the management team was made up, the links of medication and types of medication errors were confirmed, the critical control points were determined by using HACCP, the critical control points were analyzed by using FMEA, the links with high scores were performed improvement in prevention plan, and the improvement plan was applied and evaluated. The results showed the risk management used in medication error prevention is flexible and practical, which is especially suitable for the risk management for high-alter drugs.

Application of HACCP Method in Risk Management of Drug Dispensing Error in Our Hospital / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To strengthen the comprehensive control of drug dispensing errors in our hospitals and ensure the medication safety of patients. METHODS:The steps and related contents for drug dispensing errors implemented in our hospital based on hazard analysis and critical control point method(HACCP)were introduced,and the management effects were evaluated by comparing the dispensing error before(2015)and after management(2016). RESULTS:Starting from establishing groups,our hospital drew flow chart of drug dispensing,and plans [including hazard analysis,determining critical control points(CCP),estab-lishing critical limits (CL),monitoring system,correlative measures,confirming process and quality records] were developed based on HACCP principle. And 4 CCPs were identified,naming reviewing prescription,dispensing drugs,writing drug bags or pasting labels and delivering the drugs to patients. Related measures were implemented,which had achieved the effective manage-ment and control for drug dispensing. Compared with before implementing HACCP,the drug dispensing error rate in our hospital was declined by 84.73%(0.753‰ vs. 0.115‰). CONCLUSIONS:Scientifically applying HACCP for drug dispensing in hospital can effectively control the drug error risk and promote the medication safety of patients.

Job Hazard Analyses for Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk Factors in Pressing Operations of Dry-cleaning Establishments

Job hazard analyses were conducted to assess exposure to musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risk factors in seven workers of three dry-cleaning establishments. In accordance with the Washington State Ergonomics Rule, the analyses were performed in two separate steps: (1) observation and checklist approaches were made to identify a “caution zone job” in the seven workers' pressing operations across the three shops; and (2) detailed posture and motion analyses were undertaken to determine a “MSD hazard” in one worker's operation using a video technique. One “caution zone job” was identified and it was the pressing operation job in which five physical risk factors were found in the pressing operations. The detailed analyses confirmed that one “MSD hazard”, i.e., awkward posture in shoulders, was prevalent in the pressing operations of the three dry-cleaning facilities. It would be desirable to reduce MSD risk factors including awkward shoulder posture in the dry-cleaning industry.

Application Evaluation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System in Wet Granulation and Tableting Technology / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system in the process of production of Loratadine tablets. METHODS:Taking wet granulation and tableting technology of Lorata-dine tablets as an example,and through the introduction of the concept of HACCP,the basic theory and method of HACCP were applied for hazard analysis on each production link to find critical control points and set critical limits for production quality man-agement. RESULTS:By HACCP analysis,three links namely drying,granules fitting and mixing,internal and external packaging were finally determined as the critical control points in the process of production of Loratadine tablets,thereby critical control lim-its were set for monitoring. After effective control over the risks in the process was ensured,HACCP work plan was made and veri-fied,and the results showed that HACCP system could effectively control and reduce the risks in the process of production and en-sure quality safety. CONCLUSIONS:Application of HACCP system to wet granulation and tableting technology of Loratadine tab-lets can fully embody its feasibility and effectiveness.

Assessment of bacteriological quality of ready to eat food vended in streets of Silchar city, Assam, India.

A total of 37 street vended food samples were examined for bacterial and the colony forming units counts ranged from 4.5 × 105 to 1.12 × 106. The isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (37.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.57%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.20%), Salmonella sp. (5.36%), Klebsiella sp. (10.71%), Shigella sp. (19.64%) and Enterobacter sp. (8.93%) respectively. All the 56 isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin while their susceptibility to the other drugs varied. These findings demonstrated that the ready‑to‑eat foods vended in Silchar city constitute an important potential hazard to human health and provision of health education to the vendors would improve quality of street foods.

Diseño de un programa de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Crítico en el proceso productivo de cacao en polvo en una industria alimentaria

El Análisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Crítico (HACCP) es una herramienta para la Gestión de Inocuidad de los alimentos que permite identificar los peligros físicos, químicos y biológicos asociados al proceso a través de toda la cadena productiva. Este trabajo tiene por finalidad diseñar el Programa de HACCP para el proceso de producción de cacao en polvo en una industria de alimentos venezolana. Previamente se evaluó el cumplimiento de las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) y los Procedimientos Operativos Estándar de Saneamiento (POES), elementos básicos para el establecimiento del HACCP. Se visitaron las instalaciones de varios proveedores a objeto de observar el cumplimiento de las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas (BPA). Para el desarrollo del programa HACCP se aplicaron los siete principios básicos del mismo y las cinco tareas preliminares, conforme a la metodología descrita por el Codex Alimentarius.Conducido el análisis de peligros, se identificaron tres puntos de control críticos en la línea de proceso: descascarillado (control de ocratoxina A), fase de tostado (control de Salmonella) y detección de partículas metálicas. Se establecieron los Límites Críticos, los Procedimientos de Vigilancia, las Acciones Correctivas, los Procedimientos de Verificación y de Documentación, recomendándose implementar el Programa HACCP en la industria procesadora de cacao en polvo con la realización de los ajustes correspondientes en los casos donde sea necesario. Recientemente la ocratoxina A (OTA),ha sido relacionada con el cacao en grano. Aunque se ha señalado que el descascarillado es una medida de control efectiva para este peligro químico, se recomienda estudiar la prevalencia de OTA en el cacao producido en el país y validar la etapa del descascarillado como control de micotoxinas.

Design of an HACCP program for a cocoa processing facility. The HACCP plan is a food safety management tool used to control physical, chemical and biological hazards associated to food processing through all the processing chain. The aim of this work is to design a HACCP Plan for a Venezuelan cocoa processing facility.The production of safe food products requires that the HACCP system be built upon a solid foundation of prerequisite programs such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP). The existence and effectiveness of these prerequisite programs were previously assessed.Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) audit to cocoa nibs suppliers were performed. To develop the HACCP plan, the five preliminary tasks and the seven HACCP principles were accomplished according to Codex Alimentarius procedures. Three Critical Control Points (CCP) were identified using a decision tree: winnowing (control of ochratoxin A), roasting (Salmonella control) and metallic particles detection. For each CCP, Critical limits were established,the Monitoring procedures, Corrective actions, Procedures for Verification and Documentation concerning all procedures and records appropriate to these principles and their application was established. To implement and maintain a HACCP plan for this processing plant is suggested. Recently OchratoxinA (OTA) has been related to cocoa beans. Although the shell separation from the nib has been reported as an effective measure to control this chemical hazard, ochratoxin prevalence study in cocoa beans produced in the country is recommended, and validate the winnowing step as well.

Evaluación del riesgo de infecciones alimentarias en pacientes internados en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad y su sistema de prevención / Risk assesment of food infections in patient in a pediatric tertiary-care hospital and its prevention

The Garrahan Hospital is a tertiary-care center for pediatrics patients with complex diseases. Infections, including food-borne infections, contribute considerably to the morbidity and mortality in this population at risk. In order to prevent food-borne infections, the Foodservice Area has developed a preventive process approach system of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (process approach HACCP) in food production and service. Objective: To conduct a thorough review and assessment of risk from food borne pathogens according to the pathology of patients or the therapeutic practice used, and to standardize food production and service. With the criterion "degree of safety at the time of service" preventive measures were standardized. The food was classified into four levels of process. One or more food levels are indicated according to risk, and if necessary individual adjustments are made.

El hospital Garrahan brinda asistencia a pacientes pediátricos con patologías complejas. Las infecciones, incluidas las alimentarias, contribuyen considerablemente en la morbilidad y mortalidad en esta población en riesgo. Con la finalidad de prevenir infecciones alimentarias, el Área de Alimentación desarrolla un Sistema Preventivo de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control con enfoque en procesos (HACCP process approach) en la producción y servicio de alimentos. Objetivo: realizar una exhaustiva revisión y evaluación de los patógenos alimentarios de riesgo según patología o práctica terapéutica de los pacientes y estandarizar la producción y servicio de alimentos. Con el criterio "grado de inocuidad al momento del servicio" se estandarizaron las medidas preventivas. La alimentación fue clasificada en cuatro niveles de proceso. A cada grupo de población asistida, según riesgo, se le indica uno o más niveles de alimentación y se realizan los ajustes individuales necesarios.

Needing to promote more rapidly the applying Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) in food processable and productive enterprises

The concept of Hazard Analysis Critical Control point was introduced for implementing the 12 step procedures of HACCP in the production and the processing of food. The development and compliance of HACCP in food industry and trade in Vietnam were reviewed.

Application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point in Health Inspection of Barber and Beauty Shops / 环境与健康杂志

ve To explore new methods for health inspection of barber and beauty shops. Methods By using the method of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), the preventive health inspection, identification of hazardous factors, establishment of critical control points, sanitary standard and control countermeasures for sanitary quality were carried out in barber and beauty shops. Results After the application of HACCP in health inspection, the hazardous factors of sanitary quality were eliminated, the qualified rates of sanitary indexes increased significantly (P