Migraine preventive treatment failure: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary center in Brazil / Falha no tratamento preventivo da enxaqueca: um estudo transversal em um centro terciário no Brasil

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, there is a scarcity of evidence on migraine burden in patients who have experienced previous preventive treatment failure (PPTF). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations between ≥ 3 PPTF and clinical, psychiatric, and medical history data. METHODS: In a retrospective, cross-sectional study, the medical records of migraine patients who first visited a tertiary specialized clinic were examined. We selected adults of both sexes aged ≥ 18 who attended their first appointment between March and July 2017. Ordinal logistic regression models estimated the associations between number of PPTF (no previous treatment, 1 PPTF, 2, and ≥ 3 PPTF) and chronic migraine, the number of diagnosis exams performed, abortive drugs classes used, and non-pharmacological treatments tried (all categorized as none, 1- 3, and ≥ 4), and severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 15) and anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 15), adjusted for sex, age, and years with disease. RESULTS: Data from 440 patients (72.1 % female) with a mean (SD) age of 37.3 (13.0) years were analyzed. The frequency of no previous treatment was 37.7 % (166/440), while 31.8 % (140/440) showed ≥ 3 PPTF. In patients with ≥ 3 PPTF, 35.7 % (50/140) had episodic, and 64.3 % (90/140) had chronic migraine. Compared to no previous treatment, patients with ≥ 3 PPTF showed higher odds (95 % confidence interval) for chronic migraine [2.10 (1.47, 2.98)], ≥ 4 diagnosis exams [6.59 (3.38, 12.84)], ≥ 4 abortive drug classes [16.03 (9.53, 26.94)], ≥ 4 non-pharmacological treatments [5.91 (3.07,11.35)], and severe depression [1.75 (1.07, 2.88)] and anxiety [1.73 (1.05, 2.85)]. CONCLUSION: Patients first visiting a headache specialist had a high frequency of non-response treatment associated with higher migraine burden in terms of chronification, psychiatric comorbidity, acute medication and non-pharmacological treatment inefficacy, and unnecessary exams.

FUNDAMENTO: No Brasil, há escassez de evidências sobre a carga da enxaqueca em pacientes que apresentaram falha prévia no tratamento preventivo (FTPP). OBJETIVO: Avaliar as associações entre ≥ 3 PPTF e dados clínicos, psiquiátricos e de história médica. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo retrospectivo e transversal, foram examinados os prontuários de pacientes com enxaqueca que visitaram pela primeira vez uma clínica especializada terciária. Foram selecionados adultos de ambos os sexos com idade ≥ 18 anos que compareceram à primeira consulta entre março e julho de 2017. Modelos de regressão logística ordinal estimaram as associações entre número de PPTF (sem tratamento prévio, 1 PPTF, 2 e ≥ 3 PPTF) e enxaqueca crônica, o número de exames de diagnóstico realizados, classes de medicamentos abortivos utilizados e tratamentos não farmacológicos tentados (todos categorizados como nenhum, 1-3 e ≥ 4) e depressão grave (PHQ-9 ≥ 15) e ansiedade (GAD-7 ≥ 15), ajustado por sexo, idade e anos de doença. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados ​​dados de 440 pacientes (72,1% mulheres) com idade média (DP) de 37,3 (13,0) anos. A frequência de nenhum tratamento prévio foi de 37,7% (166/440), enquanto 31,8% (140/440) apresentaram ≥ 3 PPTF. Em doentes com ≥ 3 PPTF, 35,7% (50/140) tiveram enxaqueca episódica e 64,3% (90/140) tiveram enxaqueca crónica. Em comparação com nenhum tratamento anterior, pacientes com ≥ 3 PPTF apresentaram chances mais altas (intervalo de confiança de 95%) para enxaqueca crônica [2,10 (1,47, 2,98)], ≥ 4 exames de diagnóstico [6,59 (3,38, 12,84)], ≥ 4 classes de medicamentos abortivos [16,03 (9,53; 26,94)], ≥ 4 tratamentos não farmacológicos [5,91 (3,07;11,35)] e depressão grave [1,75 (1,07; 2,88)] e ansiedade [1,73 (1,05; 2,85)]. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes que consultaram pela primeira vez um especialista em dor de cabeça tiveram uma alta frequência de não resposta ao tratamento associada a maior carga de enxaqueca em termos de cronificação, comorbidade psiquiátrica, medicação aguda e ineficácia do tratamento não farmacológico e exames desnecessários.

Consenso Colombiano de Tratamiento del Espectro de Acretismo Placentario (EAP) / Colombian Consensus on the Treatment of Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS)

RESUMEN Introducción: el espectro de acretismo placentario (EAP) es una condición asociada a sangrado masivo posparto y mortalidad materna. Las guías de manejo publicadas en países de altos ingresos recomiendan la participación de grupos interdisciplinarios en hospitales con recursos suficientes para realizar procedimientos complejos. Sin embargo, algunas de las recomendaciones de estas guías resultan difíciles de aplicar en países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Objetivos: este consenso busca formular recomendaciones generales para el tratamiento del EAP en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: en el consenso participaron 23 panelistas, quienes respondieron 31 preguntas sobre el tratamiento de EAP. Los panelistas fueron seleccionados con base en la participación en dos encuestas realizadas para determinar la capacidad resolutiva de hospitales en el país y la región. Se utilizó la metodología Delphi modificada, incorporando dos rondas sucesivas de discusión. Para emitir las recomendaciones el grupo tomó en cuenta la opinión de los participantes, que lograron un consenso mayor al 80 %, así como las barreras y los facilitadores para su implementación. Resultados: el consenso formuló cinco recomendaciones integrando las respuestas de los panelistas. Recomendación 1. Las instituciones de atención primaria deben realizar búsqueda activa de EAP en pacientes con factores de riesgo: placenta previa e historia de miomectomía o cesárea en embarazo previo. En caso de haber signos sugestivos de EAP por ecografía, las pacientes deben ser remitidas de manera inmediata, sin tener una edad gestacional mínima, a hospitales reconocidos como centros de referencia. Las modalidades virtuales de comunicación y atención en salud pueden facilitar la interacción entre las instituciones de atención primaria y los centros de referencia para EAP. Se debe evaluar el beneficio y riesgo de las modalidades de telemedicina. Recomendación 2. Es necesario que se definan hospitales de referencia para EAP en cada región de Colombia, asegurando el cubrimiento de la totalidad del territorio nacional. Es aconsejable concentrar el flujo de pacientes afectadas por esta condición en unos pocos hospitales, donde haya equipos de cirujanos con entrenamiento específico en EAP, disponibilidad de recursos especializados y un esfuerzo institucional por mejorar la calidad de atención, en busca de tener mejores resultados en la salud de las gestantes con esta condición. Para lograr ese objetivo los participantes recomiendan que los entes reguladores de la prestación de servicios de salud a nivel nacional, regional o local vigilen el proceso de remisión de estas pacientes, facilitando rutas administrativas en caso de que no exista contrato previo entre el asegurador y el hospital o la clínica seleccionada (IPS). Recomendación 3. En los centros de referencia para pacientes con EAP se invita a la creación de equipos que incorporen un grupo fijo de especialistas (obstetras, urólogos, cirujanos generales, radiólogos intervencionistas) encargados de atender todos los casos de EAP. Es recomendable que esos grupos interdisciplinarios utilicen el modelo de "paquete de intervención" como guía para la preparación de los centros de referencia para EAP. Este modelo consta de las siguientes actividades: preparación de los servicios, prevención e identificación de la enfermedad, respuesta ante la presentación de la enfermedad, aprendizaje luego de cada evento. La telemedicina facilita el tratamiento de EAP y debe ser tenida en cuenta por los grupos interdisciplinarios que atienden esta enfermedad. Recomendación 4. Los residentes de Obstetricia deben recibir instrucción en maniobras útiles para la prevención y el tratamiento del sangrado intraoperatorio masivo por placenta previa y EAP, tales como: la compresión manual de la aorta, el torniquete uterino, el empaquetamiento pélvico, el bypass retrovesical y la maniobra de Ward. Los conceptos básicos de diagnóstico y tratamiento de EAP deben incluirse en los programas de especialización en Ginecología y Obstetricia en Colombia. En los centros de referencia del EAP se deben ofrecer programas de entrenamiento a los profesionales interesados en mejorar sus competencias en EAP de manera presencial y virtual. Además, deben ofrecer soporte asistencial remoto (telemedicina) permanente a los demás hospitales en su región, en relación con pacientes con esa enfermedad. Recomendación 5. La finalización de la gestación en pacientes con sospecha de EAP y placenta previa, por imágenes diagnósticas, sin evidencia de sangrado vaginal activo, debe llevarse a cabo entre las semanas 34 y 36 6/7. El tratamiento quirúrgico debe incluir intervenciones secuenciales que pueden variar según las características de la lesión, la situación clínica de la paciente y los recursos disponibles. Las opciones quirúrgicas (histerectomía total y subtotal, manejo quirúrgico conservador en un paso y manejo expectante) deben incluirse en un protocolo conocido por todo el equipo interdisciplinario. En escenarios sin diagnóstico anteparto, es decir, ante un hallazgo intraoperatorio de EAP (evidencia de abultamiento violáceo o neovascularización de la cara anterior del útero), y con participación de personal no entrenado, se plantean tres situaciones: Primera opción: en ausencia de indicación de nacimiento inmediato o sangrado vaginal, se recomienda diferir la cesárea (cerrar la laparotomía antes de incidir el útero) hasta asegurar la disponibilidad de los recursos recomendados para llevar a cabo una cirugía segura. Segunda opción: ante indicación de nacimiento inmediato (por ejemplo, estado fetal no tranquilizador), pero sin sangrado vaginal o indicación de manejo inmediato de EAP, se sugiere realizar manejo en dos tiempos: se realiza la cesárea evitando incidir la placenta, seguida de histerorrafia y cierre de abdomen, hasta asegurar la disponibilidad de los recursos recomendados para llevar a cabo una cirugía segura. Tercera opción: en presencia de sangrado vaginal que hace imposible diferir el manejo definitivo de EAP, es necesario extraer el feto por el fondo del útero, realizar la histerorrafia y reevaluar. En ocasiones, el nacimiento del feto disminuye el flujo placentario y el sangrado vaginal se reduce o desaparece, lo que hace posible diferir el manejo definitivo de EAP. Si el sangrado significativo persiste, es necesario continuar con la histerectomía haciendo uso de los recursos disponibles: compresión manual de la aorta, llamado inmediato a los cirujanos con mejor entrenamiento disponible, soporte de grupos expertos de otros hospitales a través de telemedicina. Si una paciente con factores de riesgo para EAP (por ejemplo, miomectomía o cesárea previa) presenta retención de placenta posterior al parto vaginal, es recomendable confirmar la posibilidad de dicho diagnóstico (por ejemplo, realizando una ecografía) antes de intentar la extracción manual de la placenta. Conclusiones: esperamos que este primer consenso colombiano de EAP sirva como base para discusiones adicionales y trabajos colaborativos que mejoren los resultados clínicos de las mujeres afectadas por esta enfermedad. Evaluar la aplicabilidad y efectividad de las recomendaciones emitidas requerirá investigaciones adicionales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a condition associated with massive postpartum bleeding and maternal mortality. Management guidelines published in high income countries recommend the participation of interdisciplinary teams in hospitals with sufficient resources for performing complex procedures. However, some of the recommendations contained in those guidelines are difficult to implement in low and medium income countries. Objectives: The aim of this consensus is to draft general recommendations for the treatment of PAS in Colombia Materials and Methods: Twenty-three panelists took part in the consensus with their answers to 31 questions related to the treatment of PAS. The panelists were selected based on participation in two surveys designed to determine the resolution capabilities of national and regional hospitals. The modified Delphi methodology was used, introducing two successive discussion rounds. The opinions of the participants, with a consensus of more than 80 %, as well as implementation barriers and facilitators, were taken into consideration in order to issue the recommendations. Results: The consensus drafted five recommendations, integrating the answers of the panelists. Recommendation 1. Primary care institutions must undertake active search of PAS in patients with risk factors: placenta praevia and history of myomectomy or previous cesarean section. In case of ultrasound signs suggesting PAS, patients must be immediately referred, without a minimum gestational age, to hospitals recognized as referral centers. Online communication and care modalities may facilitate the interaction between primary care institutions and referral centers for PAS. The risks and benefits of telemedicine modalities must be weighed. Recommendation 2. Referral hospitals for PAS need to be defined in each region of Colombia, ensuring coverage throughout the national territory. It is advisable to concentrate the flow of patients affected by this condition in a few hospitals with surgical teams specifically trained in PAS, availability of specialized resources, and institutional efforts at improving quality of care with the aim of achieving better health outcomes in pregnant women with this condition. To achieve this goal, participants recommend that healthcare regulatory agencies at a national and regional level should oversee the process of referral for these patients, expediting administrative pathways in those cases in which there is no prior agreement between the insurer and the selected hospital or clinic. Recommendation 3. Referral centers for patients with PAS are urged to build teams consisting of a fixed group of specialists (obstetricians, urologists, general surgeons, interventional radiologists) entrusted with the care of all PAS cases. It is advisable for these interdisciplinary teams to use the "intervention bundle" model as a guidance for building PAS referral centers. This model comprises the following activities: service preparedness, disease prevention and identification, response to the occurrence of the disease, and debriefing after every event. Telemedicine facilitates PAS treatment and should be taken into consideration by interdisciplinary teams caring for this disease. Recommendation 4. Obstetrics residents must be instructed in the performance of maneuvers that are useful for the prevention and treatment of massive intraoperative bleeding due to placenta praevia and PAS, including manual aortic compression, uterine tourniquet, pelvic packing, retrovesical bypass, and Ward maneuver. Specialization Obstetrics and Gynecology programs in Colombia must include the basic concepts of the diagnosis and treatment of PAS. Referral centers for PAS must offer online and in-person training programs for professionals interested in improving their competencies in PAS. Moreover, they must offer permanent remote support (telemedicine) to other hospitals in their region for patients with this condition. Recommendation 5. Patients suspected of having PAS and placenta praevia based on imaging, with no evidence of active vaginal bleeding, must be delivered between weeks 34 and 36 6/7. Surgical treatment must include sequential interventions that may vary depending on the characteristics of the lesion, the clinical condition of the patient and the availability of resources. The surgical options (total and subtotal hysterectomy, one-stage conservative surgical management and watchful waiting) must be included in a protocol known by the entire interdisciplinary team. In situations in which an antepartum diagnosis is lacking, that is to say, in the face of intraoperative finding of PAS (evidence of purple bulging or neovascularization of the anterior aspect of the uterus), and the participation of untrained personnel, three options are considered: Option 1: In the absence of indication of immediate delivery or of vaginal delivery, the recommendation is to postpone the cesarean section (close the laparotomy before incising the uterus) until the recommended resources for safe surgery are secured. Option 2: If there is an indication for immediate delivery (e.g., non-reassuring fetal status) but there is absence of vaginal bleeding or indication for immediate PAS management, a two-stage management is suggested: cesarean section avoiding placental incision, followed by uterine repair and abdominal closure, until the availability of the recommended resources for safe surgery is ascertained. Option 3: In the event of vaginal bleeding that prevents definitive PAS management, the fetus must be delivered through the uterine fundus, followed by uterine repair and reassessment of the situation. Sometimes, fetal delivery diminishes placental flow and vaginal bleeding is reduced or disappears, enabling the possibility to postpone definitive management of PAS. In case of persistent significant bleeding, hysterectomy should be performed, using all available resources: manual aortic compression, immediate call to the surgeons with the best available training, telemedicine support from expert teams in other hospitals. If a patient with risk factors for PAS (e.g., myomectomy or previous cesarean section) has a retained placenta after vaginal delivery, it is advisable to confirm the possibility of such diagnosis (by means of ultrasound, for example) before proceeding to manual extraction of the placenta. Conclusions: It is our hope that this first Colombian consensus on PAS will serve as a basis for additional discussions and collaborations that can result in improved clinical outcomes for women affected by this condition. Additional research will be required in order to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of these recommendations.

1．COVID-19 and HTA / 薬剤疫学

“Appropriate/Rational allocation for limited healthcare resources”, which was the fundamental concept of the health economics, had not been widely accepted/disseminated for the general public in Japan. Although vast majority agreed with the existence of healthcare budget constraint, it had not been widely recognized that “physical” healthcare resources, such as healthcare professional and/or healthcare facilities, were also limited and restricted, until current COVID-19 ERA. The HTA （Health Technology Assessment） concept could be used for COVID-19 related resource allocation issues, such as prioritization of the vaccination. Kohli et al. conducted cost-utility analysis of various treatment strategy for the hypothetical vaccine in the US setting. They proved that vaccination for elderly and stuffs for health care/long term care facilities were cost-effective （dominant and USD 20,000/QALY, respectively）, while we need to take into account relatively low incidence rate of COVID-19 in Japan.However, current framework of the HTA with narrower perspective, could not capture entire value of the preventive intervention against COVID-19. Appleby et al. argued that broader perspective, under which external impacts, outside of healthcare area, would be incorporated, would be needed for appropriate decision making.Faced with COVID-19 pandemic, importance of re-defining （or expanding） the value of intervention would be widely recognized and further conceptual research should be warranted.

COVID-19: Adaptation of a model to predicting healthcare resources needs in Valle del Cauca, Colombia / COVID-19: Predicción de las necesidades de recursos sanitarios en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Abstract Background: Valle del Cauca is the region with the fourth-highest number of COVID-19 cases in Colombia (>50,000 on September 7, 2020). Due to the lack of anti-COVID-19 therapies, decision-makers require timely and accurate data to estimate the incidence of disease and the availability of hospital resources to contain the pandemic. Methods: We adapted an existing model to the local context to forecast COVID-19 incidence and hospital resource use assuming different scenarios: (1) the implementation of quarantine from September 1st to October 15th (average daily growth rate of 2%); (2-3) partial restrictions (at 4% and 8% growth rates); and (4) no restrictions, assuming a 10% growth rate. Previous scenarios with predictions from June to August were also presented. We estimated the number of new cases, diagnostic tests required, and the number of available hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) beds (with and without ventilators) for each scenario. Results: We estimated 67,700 cases by October 15th when assuming the implementation of a quarantine, 80,400 and 101,500 cases when assuming partial restrictions at 4% and 8% infection rates, respectively, and 208,500 with no restrictions. According to different scenarios, the estimated demand for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests ranged from 202,000 to 1,610,600 between September 1st and October 15th. The model predicted depletion of hospital and ICU beds by September 20th if all restrictions were to be lifted and the infection growth rate increased to 10%. Conclusion: Slowly lifting social distancing restrictions and reopening the economy is not expected to result in full resource depletion by October if the daily growth rate is maintained below 8%. Increasing the number of available beds provides a safeguard against slightly higher infection rates. Predictive models can be iteratively used to obtain nuanced predictions to aid decision-making

Resumen Introducción: Valle del Cauca es el departamento con el cuarto mayor número de casos de COVID-19 en Colombia (>50,000 en septiembre 7, 2020). Debido a la ausencia de tratamientos efectivos para COVID-19, los tomadores de decisiones requieren de acceso a información actualizada para estimar la incidencia de la enfermedad, y la disponibilidad de recursos hospitalarios para contener la pandemia. Métodos: Adaptamos un modelo existente al contexto local para estimar la incidencia de COVID-19, y la demanda de recursos hospitalarios en los próximos meses. Para ello, modelamos cuatro escenarios hipotéticos: (1) el gobierno local implementa una cuarentena desde el primero de septiembre hasta el 15 de octubre (asumiendo una tasa promedio de infecciones diarias del 2%); (2-3) se implementan restricciones parciales (tasas de infección del 4% y 8%); (4) se levantan todas las restricciones (tasa del 10%). Los mismos escenarios fueron previamente evaluados entre julio y agosto, y los resultados fueron resumidos. Estimamos el número de casos nuevos, el número de pruebas diagnósticas requeridas, y el numero de camas de hospital y de unidad de cuidados intensivos (con y sin ventilación) disponibles, para cada escenario. Resultados: El modelo estimó 67,700 casos a octubre 15 al asumir la implementación de una nueva cuarentena, 80,400 y 101,500 al asumir restricciones parciales al 4 y 8% de infecciones diarias, respectivamente, y 208,500 al asumir ninguna restricción. La demanda por pruebas diagnósticas (de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) fue estimada entre 202,000 y 1,610,600 entre septiembre 1 y octubre 15, a través de los diferentes escenarios evaluados. El modelo estimó un agotamiento de camas de cuidados intensivos para septiembre 20 al asumir una tasa de infecciones del 10%. Conclusión: Se estima que el levantamiento paulatino de las restricciones de distanciamiento social y la reapertura de la economía no debería causar el agotamiento de recursos hospitalarios si la tasa de infección diaria se mantiene por debajo del 8%. Sin embargo, incrementar la disponibilidad de camas permitiría al sistema de salud ajustarse rápidamente a potenciales picos inesperados de infecciones nuevas. Los modelos de predicción deben ser utilizados de manera iterativa para depurar las predicciones epidemiológicas y para proveer a los tomadores de decisiones con información actualizada.

Problemas éticos en la asignación de recursos escasos y cuidado intensivo en la atención de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 Una reflexión desde los principios, criterios, derechos y deberes / Ethical problems in the assignment of scarce resources and intensive care in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic healthcare Thoughts based on principles, criteria, rights and responsibilities

Resumen Este documento tiene como finalidad identificar algunos problemas éticos de los procesos de atención en el contexto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en Colombia, y proponer un conjunto de principios y criterios éticos que permitan a las instituciones y los trabajadores de la salud la toma de decisiones éticamente sustentables y jurídicamente factibles, con un especial enfoque en la protección del núcleo de los derechos fundamentales de pacientes y trabajadores, en un contexto extraordinario caracterizado por la inequidad estructural y la discrepancia entre la oferta y la demanda de bienes, recursos y servicios de salud, con el objetivo de mitigar el estrés moral, maximizar los beneficios derivados de la utilización de los recursos escasos y modular los riesgos éticos y jurídicos asociados.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1952).

Abstract The purpose of this document is to identify some ethical problems in healthcare processes within the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Colombia, and propose a collection of ethical principles and criteria which will allow healthcare institutions and workers to make ethically supported and legally feasible decisions. These decisions should especially focus on protecting the core of the fundamental rights of patients and workers, in an extraordinary context characterized by structural inequity and a discrepancy between the supply and demand of healthcare goods, resources and services. Ultimately, this will mitigate moral stress, maximize the benefits derived from the use of scarce resources, and modulate the associated ethical and legal risks.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1952).

Analysis of the current pediatric healthcare resources in Chengdu / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To analyze the amount and allocation of pediatric healthcare resources in Chengdu,and to recommend on local pediatric healthcare resources shortages.Methods Pediatric healthcare resources data of Chengdu came from pediatric relevant data reported regularly at yearend by the counties and districts to healthcare administration of the city.Data from such reports were subject to statistics with various indexes and descriptive analysis.Analyzed in focus was the distribution in 2015 of pediatric healthcare resources of the city among medical institutions of various types,levels and properties,as well as causes for such shortage.Results Tertiary hospitals hold 62.3% of the pediatric beds and 64.2% of pediatricians,and provide around 70% of the medical workload for pediatric outpatients and inpatients,upon the majority of pediatricians with master degree and above,and senior ones of/above associate chief physician titles;Tertiary hospitals have 58.7% of the pediatric beds and 49.7% of pediatricians,yet the outpatients served by specialized hospitals were 5% above tertiary hospitals.Conclusions The imbalance and shortage in total of pediatric resources in Chengdu result from stable source of manpower supply,high professional risk exposure,low income,and long training duration among others.Such measures as a better pediatrician development system,greater incentives for pediatric development,and enhanced development pediatric service consortiums,as well as greater support for private specialized pediatric hospitals.Those measures combined can effectively alleviate the shortage of pediatric resources.

Milestones and enlightenments of healthcare resources integration at home and abroad / 中华医院管理杂志

Covered herein are the milestones and researches made on healthcare resources integration in China and abroad,focusing on characteristic horizontal and vertical integration of healthcare resources based on medical service value chain.It also analyzed influencing factors on healthcare resources integration,such as health insurance payment and informationization.With reference to global experiences,suggestions are made on the horizontal integration of the resources,in terms of governance,operation mechanism,health insurance payment,informationization and discipline development.

On the Interactive Ethical Relation between the Integration of Healthcare Resources and Humanistic Hospice Care from an Emotional Sense / 中国医学伦理学

The aging trend in China′s population sets an creasing demand for attention on senile people from both legal and emotional senses,including detailed and thoughtful humanistic hospice care.The traditional clinical service concept which values living while neglects dying should be modified,with a novel and overall humanistic hospice care for the dying and family members,in order to achieve the social harmony under the novel life value which enjoys living and a peaceful dying.