Vasoespasmo cerebral y déficit isquémico tardío en la hemorragia subaracnoídea aneurismática: guías para su manejo clínico / Cerebral vasospasm and delayed ischemic deficit in the aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: guidelines to its clinical management

La presente revisión del tema Vasoespasmo y Déficit Isquémico Cerebral tardío (DIT) en la Hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática tiene como objetivo actualizar su manejo, basado en las hipótesis mas aceptadas que se han logrado para explicar su patogénesis. Se efectúa una introducción con conceptos generales, se revisan las bases patogénicas del Vasoespasmo y se plantea su manejo, tomando en cuenta su diagnóstico, monitorización, profilaxis y manejo avanzado de acuerdo a las últimas Guías de Manejo Clínico y según medicina basada en las evidencias.

The objective of the present review on cerebral vasospasm and cerebral delayed isquemic deficit due to subarachnoid haemorrhage secondary to ruptured cerebral aneurysm, is to update their management, based on the most accepted pathophysiological hypotesis explaining their pathogenetic mechanisms. An introduction is performed presenting general concepts, review of the most recent research works explaining their pathogenesis, and the management is stated touching diagnosis, monitoring, prophylaxis, and advanced management according with the last clinical guidelines for his management using medicine based on evidences.

Tratamiento endovascular plurimodal de aneurismas múltiples de la circulación anterior. Reporte de un caso / Multimodalities endovascular treatment of multiple aneurysms of the anterior circulation. Case report

Aneurismas cerebrales son una enfermedad grave, a pesar del alto grado de conocimiento respecto su fisiopatología y patogenia. La letalidad de ruptura de un aneurisma cerebral es todavía alrededor de 50%, allá de altas tasas de morbilidad. El tratamiento endovascular ha evolucionado en las últimas décadas para mejorar los resultados. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con síntomas neurológicos graves secundarios a la hemorragia subaracnoidea, cuya investigación mostró múltiples aneurismas. Varios dispositivos fueron utilizados en modalidades terapéuticas endovasculares consecutivas, incluyendo la embolización con remodelación, colocación de stents y desviador de flujo, con buen resultado clínico y angiográfico.

Cerebral aneurysms are a serious illness, despite the high degree of knowledge about its pathophysiology and pathogenesis. The lethality of cerebral aneurysm´s rupture is still about 50% beyond high morbidity. Endovascular treatment has evolved in recent decades to improve outcomes. It is reported the case of a patient with severe neurological symptoms secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage, whose examination showed multiple aneurysms. Several devices were used on consecutive endovascular therapeutic modalities, including remodeling embolization, stenting and flow diverter, with good clinical and angiographic outcome.

Sequelas em pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóide por ruptura de aneurisma intracraniano / Sequelae in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage by aneurysm intracranial rupture

Introdução: a hemorragia subaracnóidea (HSA) aneurismática é um evento clínico grave, que apresenta altas taxas de morbimortalidade. Dos indivíduos acometidos por HSA, apenas um terço voltam à vida normal, na grande maioria das vezes desenvolvem sequelas neurológicas significativas. Objetivo: conhecer os tipos de sequelas e prevalência em pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea por ruptura de aneurisma intracraniano no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição ? HNSC, Tubarão ? SC. Métodos: pesquisa transversal, constituída por prontuários médicos de pacientes pós-cirúrgicos de HSA por ruptura de aneurisma intracraniano, com idade superior a 18 anos. Resultados: foram analisados 7 prontuários. Houve predominância do sexo feminino (67,6%). A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 52,1 anos. O tempo de internação teve uma média de 36,7 dias. Dentre as complicações pesquisadas o vasoespasmo apresentou-se de forma mais frequente (20,3%), seguido de convulsões (17,6%), ressangramento (10,8%), hidrocefalia (9,5%), hematoma cerebral (4,1%), PIC elevada (1,4%) e outras complicações (4,2%). As sequelas neurológicas mais encontradas entre os indivíduos pesquisados foram: a alteração cognitiva (45,9%) e o déficit motor (31,1%), o déficit comportamental (2,7%) e outras sequelas (4,1%). Conclusão: no HNSC houve uma prevalência significativa de pacientes pós-cirúrgicos com sequelas neurológicas devido a HSA aneurismática. O vasoespasmo esteve associado às principais sequelas; e a taxa de mortalidade mostrou--se baixa em relação à literatura utilizada.

Background: subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured aneurysms is a severe clinical event that presents high morbimortality rates. Just a third part of patients have a normal life after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Usually the major part of patients will develop significant neurological sequelae. Objective: to know the prevalence and every kind of sequelae that occurs in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage event caused by a ruptured aneurysms in Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, Tubarão ? SC. Methods: transversal study constituted by medicals handbooks of patients older than 18 years old after aneurysm intracranial surgery from January of 2000 to May of 2008. Results: 74 medicals handbooks were analyzed. There was a female predominance (67,6%). The age average was 52,1 years old. The time average spent into the hospital for each was 36,7 days. About surgery complications, vasospasm was more common (20,3%), convulsions (17,6%), rebleeding (10,8%), hidrocephalia (9,5%), cerebral hematoma (4,1%), high intracranial pressure (1,4%) and others complications (4,1%). About neurological sequelaes were found: cognitive alteration (45,9%), motor deficits (31,1%), behavior deficits (2,7%) and others sequelaes (4,1%). Conclusion: we verify that had a significant prevalence of patients with neurological sequelae consequently subaracnoid hemorrhage aneurismal in Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital. The main sequelaes and vasospasm usually were associated. Comparing with literature, mortality rates were lower.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de los aneurismas intracraneales gigantes de la circulación anterior del circulo de Willis / Surgical treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms of the anterior circulation of the circle of Willis

Introducción: Los aneurismas intracraneales gigantes, son lesiones con características muy particulares, que implican la utilización de métodos quirúrgicos específicos para su exclusión de la circulación, dependientes de su tamaño, localización, morfología, relaciones con otras estructuras neurales y vasculares, así como características propias del saco. Método: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, de todos los pacientes portadores de aneurismas intracraneales gigantes, que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el servicio de neurocirugía del Hospital “Roberto Rodriguez”, de la ciudad de Morón, en la provincia de Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, en el período comprendido entre enero de 1996 y diciembre del 2008. La evaluación al ingreso fue con la escala de Hunt y Hess, el diagnóstico se obtuvo con imágenes de angiotomografía computarizada multicortes, angioresonancia magnética nuclear o angiografía cerebral. El corredor quirúrgico fue el frontopterional de Yasargil y se emplearon medidas adyuvantes para lograr el presillamiento. Resultados: La muestra estuvo representada por 13 pacientes. Predominaron los aneurismas de la comunicante posterior (61,53 por ciento), ocho (61,54 por ciento), debutaron con una hemorragia subaracnoidea y cinco (38,46 por ciento), con compresión de estructuras adyacentes. De los tres operados en fase aguda, dos fallecieron (ERG I) (66,67 por ciento) y uno (33,33 por ciento) quedó con secuelas severas (ERG III). Los operados en fase tardía, dos (20 por ciento) quedaron con secuelas severas (ERG III), tres (30 por ciento) mostraron secuelas moderadas (ERG IV) y cinco (50 por ciento) quedaron con secuelas ligeras o sin ellas (ERG V). La mortalidad global fue de 15,38 por ciento. Conclusiones: La microcirugía constituye un método eficaz en centros que no cuentan con tratamiento endovascular.

Introduction: The surgical treatment of giant intracraneal aneurysms aims to exclude them from the circulation and to reduce its mass effect while preserving normal vasculature. Method: We have carried out a descriptive study in thirteen patients with a giant aneurysm located in the anterior circulation of Willis circle operated on in neurological surgery department of Moron General Hospital, Ciego de Avila, Cuba between January of 1996 to December of 2008. The neurological status in emergency department was evaluated by Hunt and Hess scale, the results were evaluated by Glasgow outcome scale. The diagnosis was obtained by CT scan, MRI and conventional angiography. Results: From thirteen aneurysms, 9 were excluded of circulation (69,23 percent), 7 were clipped, 2 were trapped and 4 reinforced. Three patients were operated on in acute phase with poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, two of them died (66,67 percent) (GOS I), and one (33,33 percent) had a severe disability (GOS III). Delayed surgery was carried out in 10 patients, two of them (20 percent) showed severe disability (GOS III), 3 (30 percent) had moderate disability and 5 (50 percent) had favorable outcome (GOS 5). The global mortality in the group was 15,38 percent. Conclusion: Microsurgery is the more important treatment in countries without possibilities of endovascular treatment for giant intracranial aneurysms.