Uma nova voz, um novo olhar: armadilhas da formação humorística / A new voice, a new look: traps of the humorous formation / Une nouvelle voix, un nouveau regard: les pieges de la formation humoristique

O estudo sobre os tipos de comicidade, em especial o humor, preocupou os românticos e influenciou os estudos no começo do século XX. Freud, influenciado por esse contexto tanto quanto o influenciando, escreveu duas obras que tratam do assunto. Neste artigo, o tema humor leva a algumas discussões: o riso humorístico como o emolduramento do afeto e o efeito da fala afável do supereu para essa formação. Entender a plástica representada pelo riso humorístico leva a considerar que esse processo reúne duas possibilidades de armadilha, que podem se constituir tanto por via da pulsão invocante quanto da escópica. A primeira, pela fala afável e consolatória do supereu, parece funcionar como um doma-voz; a sonoridade dessa fala oferta um novo lugar que não apenas o do imperativo mortífero. A segunda armadilha seria o riso humorístico, o qual se pode pensar como um doma-olhar. O riso contido que emoldura a sensação de travessura frente ao risco enfrentado, mesmo sabendo-se que esse desafio persiste para fora de sua borda, o que avizinha as lágrimas. Para pensar os efeitos das características estéticas e artísticas do humor, dois episódios da obra Dom Quixote de la Mancha são tomados como ilustração. Os trechos do romance ajudam a pensar como o riso, pela sua expressão imagética e sonora, pode emoldurar os afetos ou trans-bordar em excesso. Essa compreensão estética ajuda a situar o seu alcance, que tanto pode ser o compartilhamento do prazer ou a reafirmação solitária do gozo. Assim, o sorriso humorístico pode funcionar como uma armadilha para o afeto, emoldurando-o de modo a revelar, contidamente, que aquilo que aterroriza pode ser enfrentado, mesmo que não seja aniquilado; o resto é excesso. Portanto, mesmo que de forma arriscada, o humor é capaz de construir o discurso da falta que remete o sujeito ao seu desejo.

The study about the types of comicality, and in special the humor, worried the romantics and had an influence on the studies in the beginning of the XX century. Freud, influenced and influencing this context, writes two works that treat about this thematic. In this paper, the theme humor goes to some discussions: the humoristic laugh like the framing of the affection and the effect of the affable speech of the Superego for this formation. When the plastic represented by the humoristic laugh is understood, it takes into consideration that this process gathers two possibilities of a trap, both can be constituted either as by the invoking drive or as the scopic drive. The first, by the affable and consolatory speech of the superego, that seems to work as a voice-tamer, the sonority of this speak offers a new place that is not only the deadly imperative. The second trap would be the humoristic laugh, which can be thought as a look-tamer. The contained laugh that frames the sensation of the mockery play in front the risk confronted, even knowing that this challenge persists for out of your edge, which can be approached to tears. To think the effects of the artistic and esthetic characteristics of the humor, two episodes of the work Dom Quixote de La Mancha are taken as illustration. The parts of the romance help to think how the laugh, through the imagistic and sonorous expression, can frame the affections or overflow in excess. This esthetic comprehension helps to situate your reach, that either can be the share of the pleasure or the lonely reaffirmation of the jouissance. Thereby, the humoristic smile can work as a trap for the affection, frames it reveling, retracted, that what terrifies can be faced, even that's not annihilated; the rest is excess. Therefore, even in a risky way, the humor is capable of constructing the utterance of the loss, that remits the subject to their desire.

L'étude des types de comique, et plus particulièrement de l'humour, intéressa les romantiques et influença les recherches du début du XXème siècle. Freud, influencé et s'inscrivant dans ce contexte, écrivit deux ouvrages qui abordent cette thématique. Dans cet article, ce thème est discuté de la façon suivante: le rire lié à l'humour permettrait le bordage d'un risque, effet de la parole consolatrice du Surmoi. Appréhender la plasticité impliquée par le rire humoristique conduit à considérer que le processus humoristique convoque deux possibilités de pièges pouvant se manifester aussi bien par l'intermédiaire de la pulsion invocante que de la pulsion scopique. Premièrement, par la parole douce et consolatrice le Surmoi se constituerait comme dompte-voix. La sonorité de cette parole offre un nouvel espace au-delà de l'impératif mortifère. Le second piège serait le rire humoristique pouvant être compris comme dompte-regard. Le rire limite la sentiment désagréable face au danger, même s'il reste évident que le problème persiste hors de l'espace dessiné par l'humour ce qui peut conduire aux larmes mêlées au rire. Pour penser les effets esthétiques et artistiques de l'humour deux épisodes de l'oeuvre Don Quichotte de la Mancha sont utilisés. Les parties du roman permettent de penser comment le rire, dans sa dimension imageante et sonore peut encadrer les affects ou dé-border excessivement. Cette compréhension esthétique aide à situer sa portée: partage de plaisir autant que réaffirmation solitaire de la jouissance. Ainsi, l'humour peut fonctionner comme piège pour l'affect en l'encadrant, révélant par là-même qu'il est possible de faire face à ce qui terrifie même s'il ne peut être annihilé; reste en excès. Par conséquent, même d'une manière non dépourvue de risques, l'humour est capable de construire le discours de l'absence renvoyant le sujet à son désir.

Pertinencia del término humor en terminologia anatomica / Relevance of the term humor in terminologia anatomica

En el periodo del renacimiento se dieron múltiples traducciones del griego al latín. Los traductores latinos que llevaron a cabo dichas traducciones en diferentes ocasiones no captaron la semántica base de las palabras, lo cual condujo a errores o desviaciones en el significado de las mismas. Lo anterior, sentó un precedente para debatir la pertinencia de algunos términos anatómicos latinos vigentes en Terminologia Anatomica, como es el caso del humor acuoso y el humor vítreo. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la etimología del término humor con el fin de evaluar la coherencia entre su relación léxica y morfológica. La palabra latinizada umor deriva del griego χնµóς, que fue empleado en la Antigua Grecia por los médicos Hipócrates y Galeno para hacer referencia de manera específica a los cuatro humores de los cuales se encontraba compuesto el ser humano (sangre, bilis amarilla, bilis negra y flema) en relación con la salud, la enfermedad y el temperamento. Sin embargo, posterior a la traducción, esta palabra paso a denotar a cada uno de los líquidos de un organismo vivo, entre otros significados. Por lo tanto, se concluyó que al llevar a cabo la traducción del término en cuestión no se estimó el significado por el cual el mismo se originó y éste se generalizó de manera errónea. Esto, a su vez genera que no se correlacione la etimología del término con su significado léxico y respectiva relación morfológica.

SUMMARY: During the Renaissance era there were multiple translations from Greek into Latin. The Latin translators who carried out these translations often times did not grasp the basic semantics of words, which in turn led to errors or variations of their meaning. This set a precedent to discuss the relevance of some current Latin anatomical terms in Terminologia Anatomica, such as the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the etymology of the term humor in order to evaluate the coherence between its lexical and morphological relationship. The Latinized word umor derives from the Greek χնµóς, which was used in Ancient Greece by the physicians Hippocrates and Galen, to refer specifically to the four humors of which a human being was composed (blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm) in relation to health, disease and temperament. Following the translation however, and among other meanings, the term was used to indicate each one of the fluids in a living organism. Thus, it was concluded that when executing the translation of the term in question, its original meaning was not considered, and therefore it was inaccurately generalized. This, in turn, resulted in the etymology of the term not being correlated with its lexical meaning and respective morphological relationship.

Humor, Mindfulness and Aggression in College Studentsy

Background: The professional courses such as engineering, medical, paramedical and architecture are demanding and intense in nature. Similarly, it is observed that not only do students indulge in aggressive behaviour but also use humour as a coping mechanism. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between humour, mindfulness and aggression and also to assess if these variables had an effect on the participants gender and the courses they were enrolled in. Methodology: The sample consisted of 80 people between 18 to 25 years of age who were enrolled in professional courses (such as, engineering, architecture, medical and paramedical) from Maharashtra, India. The scales used were the Sense of Humour Scale (SOH), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and Brief Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ). Results: A significant low positive correlation was observed between SOH and BAQ and a significant moderate negative correlation was observed between BAQ and MAAS. However, an insignificant relationship was found between SOH and MAAS. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in males and females for mindfulness and aggression. However, a difference was found in males and females for sense of humour. Another test result represented no significant differences between the participants enrolled in engineering, architecture and healthcare courses in consideration with sense of humour, mindfulness and aggression. Conclusion: This study stated that an increase in sense of humour leads to an increased level of aggression whereas, an increase in mindfulness would lead to a decrease in the level of aggression. However, no significance was found between humour and mindfulness.

Hildegard von Bingen: El sustrato de la salud y la enfermedad / Hildegard von Bingen: the substratum of health and disease

Hildegard von Bingen, abadesa benedictina alemana del siglo XII, escribió Causas y remedios, libro en que expuso su sistema sobre la estructura y funcionamiento del ser humano. Este consta de un componente material: los cuatro elementos del universo y cuatro humores del cuerpo. Interviene un componente fisiopatológico, representado por el efecto de las cualidades de los elementos y los humores (flemas y livores) que activan el funcionamiento normal y anormal. El conjunto está regido por un componente espiritual: el alma. Von Bingen desarrolla su pensamiento desde una perspectiva teológica basada en Dios creador del universo y de la humanidad. En cambio, los autores hipocráticos precedentes se circunscribían al ámbito del hombre y de la naturaleza. Los humores hipocráticos conservaban cada uno sus propiedades; los hildegardianos modificaban sus cualidades dependiendo de la condición, sucesión, o mezcla en que participaban. La autora destaca la función de la médula ósea, las venas y la sangre por las reacciones que ocurrían en ellas entre los elementos y los humores. La médula imprimía fuerza y color rojo a la sangre; a veces formaba la sangre. Según Hildegard, la sangre fluía en las venas. En el siglo II Galeno pensaba que la sangre intravascular tenía un movimiento de flujo y reflujo, y que en su mayor parte se consumía en las venas después de transferir nutrientes al cuerpo. Actualmente se percibe, en algunos países, un interés creciente por recurrir a medicinas alternativas o complementarias: entre ellas se incluye la terapia hildegardiana.

Hildegard von Bingen. An XII century german benedictine abbess wrote Causes and remedies, exposing her system about the structure and functioning of the human being. It consists of a material component: the four elements of the universe and four types of humour of the body. A physiopathologic component takes part: the properties of elements and humour that activate normal and abnormal functioning. This ensemble is governed by a spiritual constituent: the soul, inspired by God, since von Bingen displays her thinking from a theologic point of view, based on a God creator of the universe and humanity. Precedent Hippocratic writers, however, dealt with the scope of man and nature. Each Hippocratic humour preserved its properties, whereas Hildegardian ́s changed its attributes depending on condition, succession, a mixture between them. She emphasises the function of bone marrow, veins, and blood, explaining that they are the site of reactions of elements and humour. The marrow stamps strength and a red hue in blood and sometimes make blood. According to Hildegard, blood flowed inside veins. In the 2nd century, Galen thought that intravascular blood had a flux and reflux motion, and for the most part, it consumed itself in the veins after transferring nutrients to the body.Currently, in some countries, a growing interest in alternative or complementary medicinal practices is perceived: Hildegardian therapy is included among them.

Desaquendando o humor na pista de batalha: convites promovidos por travestis de baixa renda / Unleashing humor on the battlefield: invitations promoted by low-income transvestites / Desaquendando el humor en el campo de batalla: invitaciones promovidas por travestis de bajos ingresos / Dévoiler l'humour sur le champ de bataille: invitations faites par des travestis à faible revenu

Propõe-se analisar, por meio de percurso etnográfico, o humor de um grupo de travestis do interior de São Paulo, tendo por aporte teórico a psicanálise. Tem-se como objetivo específico compreender: o uso do pajubá, dialeto partilhado pelo grupo, no humor produzido por essas pessoas; as funções do humor nas relações estabelecidas com a heteronormatividade. Dialogaremos com excertos de entrevistas e situações observadas ao longo de trabalho de campo. A partir de análise temática, identificaram-se várias dimensões do humor criado entre elas, a saber: constituição de modos de sociabilidade, despatologização das travestilidades, indicação do caráter performático do binarismo de gêneros, transformação da angústia em riso e celebração da vida.

The aim is to analyze the humor among a group of transvestites in the inland of São Paulo state with psychoanalysis through an ethnographic route as its theoretical support. The specific objectives are to understand: the use of pajubá, a dialect shared by the group, in the humor produced by these people and the functions of humor in the relations established with heteronormativity. We will dialogue with excerpts from interviews and situations observed during fieldwork. Based on thematic analysis, several dimensions of the humor produced among them were identified, namely: constitution of modes of sociability, depathologization of transvestites, indication of the performance character of gender binarism, transformation of anguish into laughter and celebration of life.

Se propone analizar, a través de una investigación etnográfica, el humor de un grupo de travestis del interior de São Paulo, con el soporte teórico del psicoanálisis. Sus objetivos específicos son comprender: el uso del pajubá, un dialecto compartido por el grupo, en el humor que producen estas personas; las funciones del humor en las relaciones establecidas con la heteronormatividad. Dialogaremos con extractos de entrevistas y situaciones observadas durante el trabajo de campo. A partir del análisis temático, se identificaron varias dimensiones del humor producido, a saber: constitución de modos de sociabilidad, despatologización de la travestilidad, indicio del carácter de performance del binarismo de género, transformación de la angustia en risa y celebración de la vida.

On se propose à analyser, à travers un parcours ethnographique, ayant comme base théorique la psychanalyse, l'humour d'un groupe de travestis habitant la province de l'État de São Paulo, au Brésil. Le but spécifique de cette étude est de comprendre: l'utilisation du pajubá, un dialecte partagé par le groupe, lors de la production de l'humour et les fonctions de l'humour dans les relations établies avec l'hétéronormativité. On discute des extraits d'entretiens et des situations repérées lors du travail de terrain réalisé. À partir de l'analyse thematique, ont été identifiées plusieurs dimensions de l'humour créé par les travestis à l'intérieur de leur groupe, à savoir: la constitution de modes de sociabilité, la dépathologisation du travestissement, l'indication de la nature performative du binarisme de genres, la transformation de l'angoisse en rire et la célébration de la vie.

Evaluation of intraocular penetration of levofloxacin by high performance liquid chromatography / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To evaluate the levofloxacin eye drop into human eye penetration, levofloxacin eye drop concentrations in human ocular aqueous of 33 patients undergoing cataract surgery were measured by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).<p>METHODS:Totally 33 volunteer patients who scheduled for phacoemulsification surgery received one drop of levofloxacin every 6h for 3d before and on the day of surgery, administration of drug was stopped 1h before surgery. Levofloxacin concentration in aqueous humor was measured by HPLC method with fluorescence detector. <p>RESULTS:A simple, effective and sensitive HPLC method for determination of levofloxacin in human ocular aqueous was validated. Linearity was shown for levofloxacin concentration over a wide range of 1.95×10-3-1.50 μg/mL. The mean aqueous level of levofloxacin was 0.3399±0.03405 μg/mL. <p>CONCLUSION:Results from the present study demonstrate that topical administration of levofloxacin 0.5% before cataract surgery with routine dose(one drop every 6h)unable to reach MIC90 for most common microorganism causing acute bacterial endophthalmitis.

Fear or Humour in anti-smoking campaigns? Impact on perceived effectiveness and support for tobacco control Policies / Medo ou Humor em campanhas antitabágicas? O impacto na perceção de eficácia e apoio a políticas antitabágicas

Abstract Several anti-smoking campaigns have been used for decades to reduce smoking consumption. However, so far, there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of inducing distinct emotions in reducing smoke consumption. This study tested the effects of two types of anti-smoking ads, inducing fear or humor, on emotions, perceived effectiveness, support for tobacco control policies, urges to smoke, and susceptibility to smoke. Participants (N = 108; 54 smokers) of both genders were randomly assigned to one of the two following emotion ads condition: fear (N = 52) or humor (N = 56). During exposure, the continuous flow of their emotions by self-report and physiologically was collected. Measures of ads impact on emotions, perceived effectiveness, urges and susceptibility to smoking, and support for tobacco policies were applied after exposure. The results have shown that fear ads were perceived as more effective and reduced the urges to smoke in smokers. Non-smokers were more supportive of tobacco control policies. In conclusion, this study showed that fear campaigns can reduce the urge to smoke among smokers and are perceived to be more effective. This perceived effectiveness can be partially explained by feelings of fear, regardless the other emotions it also triggers, and of the smoking status.

Resumo Várias campanhas antitabágicas são usadas para reduzir o consumo de tabaco. No entanto, até ao momento não existe um consenso sobre a eficácia da indução de emoções específicas nestas campanhas. Este estudo testou os efeitos de dois tipos de campanhas antitabágicas, induzindo Medo ou Humor, nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia das campanhas, no apoio a políticas antitabágicas, no desejo de fumar, e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os participantes (N = 108; 54 fumadores), de ambos os sexos, foram aleatoriamente distribuídos para uma das seguintes campanhas indutoras de emoções: medo (N = 52) ou humor (N = 56). Durante a exposição, registou-se o fluxo contínuo das emoções autorreportadas e as respostas fisiológicas. Após a exposição avaliou-se o impacto das campanhas nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia, nas políticas antitabágicas, no desejo e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os resultados evidenciaram que as campanhas indutoras de medo foram percecionadas como mais eficazes e reduziram o desejo de fumar em fumadores. Políticas antitabágicas foram mais apoiadas por não fumadores. Futuramente deverá considerar-se que induzir diferentes emoções em campanhas antitabágicas pode ter efeitos distintos a nível afetivo e cognitivo, com possível relevância para a mudança comportamental.

Ironia, humor e sublimação: o papel dos chistes no laço social / Irony, humour and sublimation: the role of jokes in the social bond / Ironía, humor y sublimación: el papel de los chistes en el lazo social

O chiste é uma das formações do inconsciente que mais se insere socialmente, porque necessita de, pelo menos, duas pessoas do discurso para sua realização. Dentre as técnicas de produção do chiste, a ironia é a categoria compreendida como uma representação pelo oposto e pelo uso do duplo sentido. Este artigo propõe uma discussão sobre a ironia nos textos freudianos, para indagar seu papel nos processos humorísticos e na produção do laço social. Este trabalho apresenta algumas indicações teóricas que reencontram a ironia como portadora de um potencial para a indução de laço social e discute o papel do humor nos processos sociais e, em última instância, indica a natureza sublimatória presente no humor.

The joke is one of the most socially inserted unconscious formations, because it needs at least two persons of speech for its realization. Among all the joke production techniques, irony is the one created by the representation of its opposite and by the use of double meaning. This paper aims to discuss irony in the Freudian texts in order to question its role in the humoristic processes and in the production of the social bond. This work presents some theoretical notes that highlight the irony as a potential way of creating social bonds and puts into discussion the role of humour in social processes; ultimately, it indicates the very sublimatory nature in humour.

El chiste es una de las formaciones del inconsciente que más se inserta socialmente, porque necesita de al menos dos personas del discurso para su realización. Entre las técnicas de producción del chiste, la ironía es la categoría comprendida como una representación por lo opuesto y por el uso del doble sentido. Este artículo propone una discusión sobre la ironía en los textos freudianos, para indagar su papel en los procesos humorísticos y en la producción del lazo social. Se presentan algunas indicaciones teóricas que consideran a la ironía como potencial para la producción del lazo social; y discuten el papel del humor en los procesos sociales; finalmente, indican la naturaleza sublimatoria presente en el humor.

A construção de personagens homossexuais em telenovelas a partir do cômico / The construction of homosexual characters in soap operas from the comic / La construcción de personajes homosexuales en telenovelas a partir del cómico / La construction de personnages homosexuels dans les feuilletons en utilisant de la comédie

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar de que modo aspectos cômicos presentes na performance de personagens homossexuais masculinos convencionam formações discursivas sobre homossexualidade em telenovelas brasileiras. O corpus do estudo contemplou personagens de novelas da faixa das 21h da Rede Globo, a saber, Félix (Amor à vida) e Téo Pereira (Império). A partir de depuração de 30 cenas previamente selecionadas de cada telenovela, foram eleitas e transcritas 15 de cada uma, totalizando 30 cenas. O corpus foi analisado segundo referenciais dos estudos culturais latino-americanos e dos estudos queer. Foram discutidos o arco de desenvolvimento de cada personagem e o papel da comicidade na construção de sua sexualidade, bem como de que modo as formações discursivas presentes nas telenovelas reiteram depreciações morais historicamente atribuídas aos homossexuais. Ainda que possam ser genericamente enquadrados no grupo dos personagens homossexuais constantemente defenestrados, Félix e Téo Pereira apresentam aspectos intersticiais entre a abjeção e a assimilação à lógica familista, recurso utilizado pela cultura da mídia a fim de pasteurizar as diferenças no âmbito das relações de gênero e da sexualidade.

This study aimed to analyze how comic aspects present in the performance of male homosexual characters convince discursive formations about homosexuality in Brazilian soap operas. The corpus of the study included characters from 9 p.m. soap operas from Rede Globo, namely, Felix (Amor à Vida) and Téo Pereira (Império). From the debugging of 30 previously selected scenes from each soap opera, 15 were chosen and transcribed, totaling 30 scenes. The corpus was analyzed according to Latin American cultural and queer studies. The arc of development of each character and the role of the comic in the construction of their sexuality were discussed, as well as how the discursive formations present in soap operas reiterate the moral depreciation historically attributed to homosexuals. Although they can be generically framed within the group of constantly defenestrated homosexual characters, Félix and Téo Pereira present interstitial aspects between abjection and assimilation to the familial logic, a resource used by media culture to pasteurize differences within gender and of sexuality.

El presente trabajo tuvo el objetivo de analizar de qué modo aspectos cómicos presentes en el rendimiento de personajes homosexuales masculinos combinan formaciones discursivas sobre homosexualidad en telenovelas brasileñas. El corpus del trabajo consideró personajes de novelas transmitidas a las 21hs, de la Red Globo, a saber, Félix (Amor a la vida) y Teo Pereira (Imperio). A partir de la depuración de 30 escenas previamente seleccionadas de cada telenovela, fueron escogidas y transcriptas 15 de cada una, totalizando 30 escenas. El corpus fue analizado según referencias de trabajos latino-americanos y de los estudios queer. Fueron discutidos el arco de desarrollo de cada personaje y la función de la comicidad en la construcción de su sexualidad, también de qué modo las formaciones discursivas presentes en las telenovelas reiteran depreciaciones morales históricamente atribuidas a los homosexuales. Aunque puedan ser genéricamente encuadrados en el grupo de los personajes homosexuales constantemente marginados, Félix y Teo Pereira presentan aspectos intersticiales entre la degradación y la asimilación a la lógica familista, recurso utilizado por la cultura de los medios con el fin de pasteurizar las diferencias en el ámbito de las relaciones de género y de la sexualidad.

La présente étude a l'objectif à analyser comment les aspects comiques présents dans la performance de personnages homosexuels masculins construisent des conventions discursives sur l'homosexualité dans des feuilletons brésiliens. Le corpus de l'étude comprend des personnages des feuilletons de la soirée chez Rede Globo, à savoir Felix (Amor à Vida) et Téo Pereira (Império). Après l'épuration de 30 scènes sélectionnées préalablement de chaque feuilleton, on en a sélectionné et transcrit 15 de chacun. À la fin, on a eu 30 scènes. Le corpus a été analysé selon les études culturelles latino-américaines et les études queer. L'arc de développement de chaque personnage et le rôle de la comédie dans la construction de leur sexualité ont été discutés, ainsi que la manière comment les formations discursives présentes dans les feuilletons réitèrent la dépréciation morale historiquement attribuée aux homosexuels. Bien qu'ils puissent s'insérer de manière générique dans le groupe de personnages homosexuels constamment mis à l'écart, Félix et Téo Pereira présentent des aspects interstitiels entre l'abjection et l'assimilation à la logique familialiste, une ressource utilisée par la culture médiatique pour pasteuriser les différences dans le contexte des relations de genre et de la sexualité.

Bergson y Freud: anidad y discrepancia acerca del fenómeno de la comicidad / Bergson and Freud: affinity and discrepancy on the comedy phenomenon

El presente trabajo indaga acerca de los puntos de afinidad y discrepancia entre dos prestigiosos autores que, contemporáneamente, se han ocupado de las condiciones de surgimiento de lo cómico. El primero de ellos, se trata de Henri Bergson, autor del conocido volumen titulado La risa; el segundo, que escribe tan sólo unos años después, es el propio Freud, autor del ensayo El chiste y su relación con lo inconsciente. En las siguientes páginas realizaremos una revisión de estas fuentes. Nos remitiremos también a una lectura común de ambos autores: El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Examinaremos las caracterizaciones que ambos autores realizan de este conocido personaje a los fines de situar, con mayor precisión, los puntos de confluencia y diferenciación de estos dos teóricos. Para concluir, retomaremos la lectura realizada por Lacan de la obra del filósofo y escritor francés.

This work inquires into the points of affinity and discrepancy between two prestigious authors which, in a contemporary way, have been dealing with the emergence of the comic conditions. The first of them, Henri Bergson, author of the well-known volume entitled Laughter; the second one, who writes just a few years later, is Freud himself, author of the essay The joke and its relation to the unconscious. Through the following pages we are going to make a revision of these sources. We will also refer to a common reading of both authors: The Ingenious nobleman Don Quijote de la Mancha, written by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. We are going to explore the characterizations which both of them make around this known character in order to place, more accurately, the points of confluence and differentiation of these two theorists. To conclude, we will return to the reading made by Lacan of the work of the French philosopher and writer.

Redistribuição postmortem de antidepressivos e seus produtos de biotransformação em tecidos biológicos humanos / Postmortem redistribution of antidepressants and their metabolites in human biological tissues

Os antidepressivos pertencem a uma importante classe de medicamentos investigados na toxicologia forense. Em casos de amostras provenientes de cadáveres, o intervalo entre o óbito e a obtenção da espécie biológica pode proporcionar a redistribuição postmortem destes fármacos. Com o objetivo de elucidar esse fenômeno, métodos analíticos foram desenvolvidos e aplicados utilizando sangue total (ST), humor vítreo (HV) e fígado. Para as amostras de ST e HV, o método de extração escolhido e validado foi a microextração em fase líquida (LPME) trifásica. Fibras ocas constituídas de polipropileno, com a extensão de 8 cm cada, foram tratadas com o solvente orgânico dodecano (fase orgânica), resultando em um membrana com permeabilidade seletiva. No lúmen destas fibras, adicionou-se ácido fórmico 0,1 mol/L (fase aceptora). Em frasco de fundo chato com 5 mL de capacidade, pipetou-se 3,5 mL de NaOH 0,1 mol/L (fase doadora) e 0,5 mL de ST ou HV. Ao término da extração, as amostras foram introduzidas no GC-MS, sem a necessidade de reações de derivatização. O estudo com ST contemplou os antidepressivos amitriptilina (AMI), nortriptilina (NTR), imipramina (IMI), desipramine (DES), clomipramina (CLO), desmetilclomipramina (DMC), fluoxetina (FLU) e norfluoxetina (NFL). Os limites de quantificação para estas substâncias ficaram inferiores aos níveis terapêuticos (20 ng/mL). As médias dos coeficientes de variação intradia e interdia foram, respectivamente, de 9,7 e 9,8%. As curvas de calibração apresentaram linearidade entre as concentrações de 20 até 1200 ng/mL. A validação do parâmetro integridade da diluição assegurou a mensuração de quantidades superiores ao limite apresentado na curva de calibração. O método foi aplicado em sete amostras reais postmortem e em apenas um caso foi observada uma diferença significativa (300%) entre os valores quantificados no ST periférico e central. Os antidepressivos tricíclicos AMI, NTR, IMI e DES foram avaliados no HV e o efeito matriz foi detectado para os dois últimos analitos. O método foi otimizado e validado utilizando solução salina adicionada de AMI e NTR. O limite de detecção igual a 5 ng/mL, foi obtido com a redução da voltagem da fonte de íons do espectrômetro de massa para 50 eV. Coeficientes de variação foram inferiores a 15%. Os procedimentos validados foram aplicados em seis amostras reais de HV. A relação encontrada entre os valores obtidos no ST periférico e HV foi de aproximadamente 0,1. A extração acelerada por solvente (ASE) e, posteriormente, a extração em fase sólida (SPE) foram as técnicas de separação dos analitos da matriz fígado. Ao término das citadas extrações, os antidepressivos foram analisados no GC-MS. Para esta matriz sólida, são necessários mais estudos, pois os valores encontrados nos ensaios analíticos estão em desacordo com as diretrizes utilizadas na validação dos métodos

Antidepressants belong to an important class of drugs investigated in forensic toxicology. In cases of samples from corpses, the interval between death and obtaining the biological specimens can provide the postmortem redistribution of these drugs. Aiming to elucidate this phenomenon, analytical methods were developed and applied using whole blood (WB), vitreous humor (VH) and liver. For samples of WB and HV, the extraction method chosen and validated was the three-phase liquid phase microextraction (LPME). Hollow fibers consist of polypropylene, with a length of 8 cm each were treated with dodecane organic solvent (organic phase) resulting in a membrane with selective permeability. Into the lumen of these fibers was added formic acid 0.1 mol/ L (acceptor phase). In the vial containing 3.5 mL of NaOH 0.1 mol / L (donor phase) was spiked 0.5 ml of biological fluids (WB or VH). Subsequently, the samples were injected in GC-MS without derivatization reactions. The study of the ST included antidepressants amitriptyline (AMI), nortriptyline (NTR), imipramine (IMI), desipramine (DES), clomipramine (CLO), desmethylclomipramine (DMC), fluoxetine (FLU) and norfluoxetine (NFL). The quantification limits for these substances were below the therapeutic levels (20 ng / ml). The mean coefficients of variation and separate intradays were respectively 9.7 and 9.8%. The calibration curves showed linearity between concentrations of 20 to 1200 ng / mL. The validation of the integrity of the dilution parameter assured measurement higher than the limit shown in the calibration curve quantities. The method was applied to seven real postmortem samples and in one case a significant difference (300%) between the measured values in the peripheral and central ST was observed. The tricyclic antidepressants AMI, NTR, IMI and DES were evaluated in VH and the matrix effect was detected in the last two analytes. The method was optimized and validated using saline spiked AMI and NTR. The limit of detection (5 ng/ml) was obtained by reducing the voltage of the ion source of the mass spectrometer 50 eV. Coefficients of variation were below 15%. The procedures were validated in six real samples of HV. The relationship found between the values obtained in the peripheral ST and HV was approximately 0.1. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and subsequently the solid phase extraction (SPE) were the techniques of separation of analytes liver matrix. At the end of the cited extractions, antidepressants were analyzed in GC-MS. To this solid tissue, further studies are needed, because the values found in the analytical tests were not in accordance with the guidelines used in the validation of the methods

"Velhice?: acho ótima, considerando a alternativa": reflexões sobre velhice e humor / "Old age?: it´s great, considering the alternative": reflections on old age and humor / "Vejez?: es gran, teniendo en cuenta la alternative": reflexiones sobre vejez e humor / "Vieillesse?: c'est trés bien, considérant l'alternative": réflexions dans la vieillesse e l'humour

O presente artigo objetiva articular a noção de humor, a partir da psicanálise, e a velhice. A sociedade hodierna, marcada pelo espetáculo e culto à beleza e juventude, reafirma as três fontes de sofrimento psíquico discutidas por Freud. No contexto atual, o sujeito velho encontra-se em um lugar quase de não-existência. O idoso ainda é considerado como uma pessoa que existiu em um passado, realizou seu percurso psicossocial e espera a morte. Destarte, o velho é lançado no passado para revisitá-lo através das lembranças, mas sem possibilidade de articulação com o presente e de se projetar no futuro. Além disso, a associação atual da velhice com decrepitude retira do sujeito idoso a possibilidade de elaboração de um projeto possível de futuro e traz efeitos para o psiquismo. Diante disso, três estilos psíquicos retratam formas do idoso lidar e manejar esse impasse: depressão, paranoia e mania. Entretanto, existem formas alternativas para enfrentar a finitude da vida e resgatar seu lugar na própria existência. Uma dessas formas é o humor irônico que tem como foco um olhar para dentro de si e para fora. Esses olhares irônicos provocam o riso perante os próprios problemas, mas também impulsionam o sujeito a encarar a realidade e seguir em frente...

This article aims to articulate the sense of humor and old age from a psychoanalytic perspective. Today's society, marked by the spectacle and the cult of beauty and youth, reaffirms the three sources of psychological distress discussed by Freud. In the present context, the elderly is almost in a place of non-existent. The elderly is still regarded as a person who existed in the past, made his own psychosocial pathway and now only expects the moment of death. Thus, old people are released in the past to revisit it through their memories, but without the possibility of re-articulate and re-launch themselves in the future. Furthermore, the current association between old age with decrepitude withdraws from the elderly the possibility of elaboration of future projects and has an impact in their psychic dynamics. Given this, three psychic styles portray the way the elderly cope and manage this impasse: depression, paranoia and mania. However, there are alternative ways to confront the finitude of life and rescue his place in existence. One such form is ironic humor that has as focus a look inward and outward. These ironic looks can provoke laughter in relation to ones' own problems, but also boost the individual to face reality and move on...

El presente artículo pretende articular la noción de humor, desde el psicoanálisis y la vejez. La sociedad hodierna, marcada por el espectáculo y el culto a la belleza y juventud, reafirma las tres fuentes de sufrimiento psíquico discutidos por Freud. En el contexto actual, el sujeto viejo se encuentra en un lugar casi de no-existencia. El anciano aún es considerado como una persona que existió en un pasado, realizó su recorrido psicosocial y espera el momento de su muerte para salir enteramente de la escena del mundo. Así, el anciano es lanzado en el pasado para visitarlo una vez más por medio de los recuerdos, pero sin posibilidad de articulación con el presente, también de lanzarse adelante en el futuro. Además de ello, la asociación actual de la vejez con decrepitud retira del sujeto anciano la posibilidad de elaboración de un proyecto posible de futuro y trae efectos para el psiquismo. Ante ello, tres estilos psíquicos retratan formas del anciano enfrentar y manejar ese dilema: depresión, paranoia y manía. Sin embargo, existen formas alternativas para encarar la finitud de la vida y rescatar su lugar en la propia existencia. Una de estas formas es el humor irónico que tiene como foco una mirada para dentro de sí y para fuera. Estas miradas irónicas provocan la risa delante los propios problemas, pero también estimulan el sujeto a encarar la realidad y seguir adelante...

Cet article vise à articuler la notion de l'humour, de la psychanalyse, et la vieillesse. Dans la société actuelle, marquée par le spectacle et le culte de la beauté et de la jeunesse, réaffirme les trois sources du souffrance psychique discuté par Freud. Dans le contexte actuel, le sujet vieux se retrouve dans un endroite de guere non-existense. Le vieil homme est toujours consideré comme une personne qui a existé dans un temp passé, qu'a realizé son parcours psychosocial et attent la mort. Ainsi, l'ancien est mis dans le passé pour lui revisité à travers les souvenirs, mais sans possibilité de l'articulation avec le présent et aussi de se projeter dans l'avenir. L'association actuel de la vieillesse avec la décrépitude a retiré du sujet vieux la possibilité d'elaboration d'un projet possible de futur et apporte des effect pour le psychisme. Ainsi, trois formes de styles psychiques dépeindre les personnes âgées à faire face et gérer cette impasse: la dépression, la paranoia et la manie. Ce pendant, il existe des moyens alternatifs pour faire face à la finitude de la vie et restaurer sa place dans l'existence. Un de ces moyens est l'humour grinçant qui se concentre un coup d'oeil vers l'intérieur et l'extérieur. Ces regards ironiques provoquent devant leurs propres problèmes, mais aussi à propulser l'individu à faire face à la réalité et passer à autre chose...

Estimation of post-mortem interval from the changes in vitreous biochemistry.

Accurate estimation of the post-mortem interval is an important research topic in Forensic Medicine. But unfortunately all methods till now in use to determine the time of death are to a degree unreliable. A vitreous Biochemical change, in the post-mortem period has been researched for many years, but till date it has not been practically used. Various authors have found the co- relation of vitreous humour Na+, K+ & Ca²+ concentration, with increasing post-mortem interval. Some authors have used flame photometry method, while others have used Beckman coulter analyser method. Some authors have found changes in Vitreous Na+, K+ & Ca²+ concentration, between the two eyes of the study subjects and gender variation was also noticed. But still various lacunae exist in the present knowledge because of which estimation of post-mortem interval from vitreous biochemistry is not being practically used till date. So this topic needs further research to bring it in to routine use.

Os ideais e a sublimação / The ideals and the sublimation / Les idéaux et la sublimation / Los ideales y lal sublimación

Pretende-se, nesse artigo, relacionar o trabalho da sublimação com a constituição dos ideais que caracterizam a economia narcísica do sujeito freudiano. Partindo da diferenciação, sublinhada por Freud, entre sublimação e idealização, demonstra-se de que modo o processo sublimatório se aproxima do trabalho de desidealização promovido pelo humor. Na sublimação, assim como no humor, assiste-se a uma ôereção do eu no euõ, ao mesmo tempo em que se elabora o luto pelos objetos idealizado da infância. O papel da pulsão de morte para a emergência de processos criativos é também analisado

The intention of this article is to relate the work of the sublimation with that of the constitution of the ideas that characterise the narcissistic economy of the Freudian subject. Based on the differentiation, highlighted by Freud, between sublimation and idealization, the article aims to demonstrate in what manner the sublimate process approaches the work of breaking down the defence mechanism through humour. In sublimation, as with humour, are we witnessing the erecting of I in the Self? While we elaborate the mourning for the idealized objects of childhood. The role of the death drive in the emergence of the creative process is also analysed

Le but de cet article est celui d'articuler le travail de sublimation avec la constitution des idéaux qui caractérisent l'économie narcissique du sujet freudien. En partant de la différenciation, soulignée para Freud, entre la sublimation et l'idéalisation, la manière par laquelle le procès sublimatoire s'approche du travail de desidéalisation promu par l'humour est démontrée. Dans la sublimation, ainsi que dans l'humour, on assiste à une érection du moi dans le moi, en même temps que s'élabore le deuil des objets idéalisés de l'enfance. Le rôle de la pulsion de mort dans le surgissement du procès créatif est aussi analysé

En este artículo, se pretende relacionar el trabajo de la sublimación con la constitución de los ideales que caracterizan la economía narcisista del sujeto freudiano. Partiendo de la diferenciación, anotada por Freud, entre sublimación e idealización, se demuestra de qué forma el proceso sublimatorio se aproxima del trabajo de desidealización promovido por el humor. En la sublimación, así como en el humor asistimos a ¿una erección del yo en el yo?, al mismo tiempo que elaboramos el luto por los objetos idealizado de la infancia. El papel de la pulsión de la muerte para la emergencia de procesos creativos también es analizado

Changes in the levels of vitreous potassium with increasing time since death.

This study was done to know the changes in the levels of potassium in the vitreous humour of eye with increasing time since death by flame photometry method. 200 cases brought to the mortuary of Govt. Medical College, Patiala, formed the material of this study. The cases were divided in 2 groups, burn cases (24) and non-burn cases (176). The data thus collected was analyzed statistically. It was found that the vitreous humour potassium concentration was increasing in a linear fashion with increasing time since death and this increase in the level was independent of the factors like age, sex, environmental temperature and humidity.

A study of vascular endothelial growth factor levels of aqueous humour and vitreous in proliferative diabetic retinopathy / 中华实验眼科杂志

ObjectiveTo detect the content of vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF）in aqueous humour and in vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy（PDR）．MethodsEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）was used，which is one of the basic methods of protein quantitative analysis．ResultsThe VEGF levels in aqueous humour of PDR（mean level 398．6 pg/ml）were higher than those of the controls（mean level 106.5 pg/mlP＜0.05）．The VEGF levels in vitreous of the four PDR（mean level 1395.2 pg/ml)were higher than those in aqueous humour of the four PDR(P＜0.05，Primer t test）．The increased VEGF level in vitreous was positively correlated with the level in aqueous humour．In the normal group，the mean value of VEGF in the vitreous was 64.6 pg/ml．In comparison with that of 1140.4 pg/ml in the PDR group，there was a significant difference between the two groups （P＜0.05，Primer t test）．ConclusionVEGF might play an important role in the pathogenesis of neovascularization of PDR．

A Study On The Genetics Of Sense Of Humour.

An attempt was made to assess the role of genetic factors in the expression of humour. The IPAT Humour Test was used to evaluate humour as a quantitative parameter. Correlation coefficients were calculated between pairs of first degree relatives. Variation in mean scores obtained for each of the 13 components of humour for the comparable pairs was high, and the correlations in general were poor. Our results may be explained on the basis of cultural and environmental influences.