Cronología / Chronology

Esta cronología es una idea del psicoanalista e investigador francés Théo Lucciardi y fue publicada originalmente en el número 3 de la revista LAPSUS NUMÉRIQUE. Su autor ha preparado esta versión actualizada a 2023 especialmente para este número de Aesthethica. La secuencia, que va desde la invención de la rueda hasta la IA generativa, permite detenernos en los grandes hitos del desarrollo científico tecnológico y a la vez advertir ve el grado de aceleración de la última década. Se pueden reconocer allí varios de los temas que integran la agenda contemporánea en materia de bioética y que están presentes en este número de la revista. Algunos de ellos son cruciales para la lectura ético-analítica que proponemos, como la vigencia de la lógica booleana, la actualización del Test de Turing o el porvenir de la IA y el Chat GPT

This chronology is an initiative of the French psychoanalyst and researcher Théo Lucciardi and was originally published in number 3 of the LAPSUS NUMÉRIQUE magazine. Its author has prepared this updated version to 2023 especially for this issue of Aesthethica. The sequence, which goes from the invention of the wheel to generative AI, allows us to stop at the great milestones of technological scientific development and at the same time notice the degree of acceleration of the last decade. Several of the issues that make up the contemporary agenda in bioethics and that are present in this issue of the magazine can be recognized there. Some of them are crucial for the ethical-analytical reading that we propose, such as the validity of Boolean logic, the updating of the Turing Test or the future of AI and Chat GPT

Targeting metabolic vulnerability in mitochondria conquers MEK inhibitor resistance in KRAS-mutant lung cancer

MEK is a canonical effector of mutant KRAS; however, MEK inhibitors fail to yield satisfactory clinical outcomes in KRAS-mutant cancers. Here, we identified mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) induction as a profound metabolic alteration to confer KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) resistance to the clinical MEK inhibitor trametinib. Metabolic flux analysis demonstrated that pyruvate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation were markedly enhanced and coordinately powered the OXPHOS system in resistant cells after trametinib treatment, satisfying their energy demand and protecting them from apoptosis. As molecular events in this process, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase IA (CPTIA), two rate-limiting enzymes that control the metabolic flux of pyruvate and palmitic acid to mitochondrial respiration were activated through phosphorylation and transcriptional regulation. Importantly, the co-administration of trametinib and IACS-010759, a clinical mitochondrial complex I inhibitor that blocks OXPHOS, significantly impeded tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. Overall, our findings reveal that MEK inhibitor therapy creates a metabolic vulnerability in the mitochondria and further develop an effective combinatorial strategy to circumvent MEK inhibitors resistance in KRAS-driven NSCLC.

La Inteligencia artificial generativa en la comunicación científica: retos y oportunidades / Generative Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Communication: Challenges and Opportunities

Se ofrece la visión panorámica sobre la inteligencia artificial generativa en el contexto de la comunicación científica desde dos puntos de vista: el de los investigadores y el de los editores de las revistas académicas. También se describen alguno de los retos y oportunidades más significativos de la aplicación de la IA en la comunicación académica y se concluye con una serie de recomendaciones de buenas prácticas

An overview of generative artificial intelligence in the context of scientific communication is offered from two points of view: that of researchers and that of the editors of academic journals. Some of the most significant challenges and opportunities of the application of AI in academic communication are also described and it concludes with a series of good practice recommendations

Ideologia gerencialista e plataformas de treinamentos de dados para Inteligência Artificial (IA): condições de trabalho e saúde dos trabalhadores no Brasil / Managerial ideology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) data training platform: working conditions and worker's health in Brazil / Ideología managerial y plataformas de anotación de datos para Inteligencia Artificial (IA): condiciones de trabajo y salud de los trabajadores en Brasi

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as condições de trabalho e os seus impactos na saúde dos trabalhadores no mercado de microtarefas de treinamento de dados para a produção de Inteligência Artificial (IA), em especial no que diz respeito a suas relações com a ideologia gerencialista. Os dados são provenientes de uma netnografia realizada entre os anos de 2020 e 2021, de análises dos websites das plataformas e de entrevistas realizadas com 15 trabalhadores. A partir da análise de quatro instâncias mediadoras (econômica, política, ideológica e psicológica), argumentamos que a ideologia gerencialista, consubstanciada a ideologia californiana, se caracteriza como um operador central na gestão do trabalho, que tem por finalidade garantir a adesão dos trabalhadores às plataformas e ocultar os conflitos do trabalho, direcionando-os para o nível individual e produzindo um cenário de individualização do sofrimento.

The objective of this study is to analyze working conditions and their impacts on worker's health in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) data annotation microtask market, especially to highlight their relationship with managerial ideology. The data comes from a netnography carried out between the years 2020 and 2021, from analysis on the platform's websites, and from interviews with 15 workers. Drawing from the analysis of four different mediation systems (economic, political, ideological, and psychological), we argue that the managerial ideology, overlaid with the Californian ideology, is characterized as a central element in the management of labor, which aims to guarantee the adherence of workers to platforms and hide the labor conflicts, directing them to the individual level and producing a scenario of individualization of suffering.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las condiciones de trabajo y sus impactos en la salud de los tra-bajadores en el mercado de microtareas de anotación de datos para la producción de Inteligencia Artificial (IA), en particular en lo que concierne a su relación con la ideología managerial. Los datos provienen de una netnografía realizada entre los años 2020 y 2021, de análisis en los sitios web de las plataformas y de entrevistas con 15 trabajadores. A partir del análisis de cuatro instancias mediadoras (económica, política, ideológica y psicológica), argumentamos que la ideología gerencial, superpuesta en la ideología californi-ana, se caracteriza como un elemento central en la gestión del trabajo, que pretende garantizar la adhesión de los trabajadores a las plataformas y ocultar los conflictos del trabajo, dirigiéndolos al plano individual y produciendo un escenario de individualización del sufrimiento.

Comparative study of soleus H-reflex in normal humans and in patients with neuropathies

Background: The H-reflex derived its name from Hoffman. Hoffmann reflex is an electrically induced reflex analogous to the mechanically induced spinal stretch reflex. This measurement can be used to assess the response of the nervous system to various neurological conditions, musculoskeletal injuries, and application of therapeutic modalities, pain, exercise training, and performance of motor tasks. This simple and reproducible physiological response was studied to evaluate conduction along the course of the whole “final common pathway” from the moto neuron to the terminal axon as well as to gain some information regarding the function of large diameter group la afferent fibers supplying the muscle spindle. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the H-reflex latency between the normal person and in neuropathic patients. The study aimed to see whether there is any difference in H-reflex latency in the right leg of normal person and in neuropathic patients. The study aimed to see whether there is any difference in H-reflex latency in the left leg of normal person and in neuropathic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 25 normal subjects and 25 neuropathic patients between 20 and 70 years of age from Nootan Medical College and Research Centre, Visnagar. The normal subjects were evaluated clinically to find their normal condition. The neuropathic patients which are included in study are of diabetic neuropathy, plexopathy, radiculopathy, vitamin deficiency, and Guillain Barre Syndrome. The patients who had bilateral neuropathy were included in the study. The study was conducted using mainly stimulator circuit, stimulating and recording electrodes, preamplifier, and oscilloscope. The software used for this experiment was RMS EMG EPMK II, one of the latest software with facilities for nerve conduction velocity, electromyography, F-wave, and H-reflex recording. Results: Out of the 50 participants, 25 participants who were suffering with any kind of neuropathy evaluated for their H-reflex latency in both leg. Patients with neuropathy showed higher latency in the right leg compared to the 25 participants in the control group in the right leg demonstrated significantly higher latency in the group with neuropathy. The 25 participants who were suffering with any kind of neuropathy evaluated for their H-reflex latency left leg compared to the 25 participants in the control group left leg demonstrated significantly higher latency in the group with neuropathy. Conclusion: The results show that there is an increase in the H-reflex latency in neuropathy patients as compared to normal subjects but it can be not used as a specific test for diagnosis of neuropathies, because the H-reflex latency may also change in normal subjects as the age of the persons is increases or the height of the persons increases but H-reflex latency can be used for the diagnosis of the proximal nerve root injuries as it mainly investigates the proximal nerve reflex arc.

Analysis of serum cholesterol, statins and atherosclerotic plaque in ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysm / Análise de colesterol sérico, estatina e placa aterosclerótica em aneurisma intracraniano roto e não roto

Introduction Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a major healthcare concern. The use of statin to reduce serum cholesterol has shown evidence to reduce cardiovascular risk in various diseases, but the impact on IA has not been described. This study aims to determine whether statin use, and serum cholesterol levels interfere with outcomes after IA event. Methods A cohort of patients with IA was analyzed. Patients social and demographics data were collected.Modified Rankin scale (mRS) score after 6months of follow-up was the endpoint. The data regarding statins use, presence or not of atherosclerotic plaque in radiological images and serum cholesterol of 35 patients were included in our study. Linear regression models were used to determine the influence of those 6 variables in the clinical outcome. Results The prevalence of atherosclerotic plaque, high cholesterol and use of statins was 34.3%, 48.5%, and 14.2%, respectively. Statins and serum cholesterol did not impact the overall outcome,measured by mRS after 6 months (p>0.05), but did show different tendencies when separated by IA rupture status. Serum cholesterol shows na important association with rupture of aneurysm (p»0.0382). High cholesterol and use of statins show a tendency for worse outcome with ruptured aneurysm, and the opposite is true for unruptured aneurysm. The presence of atherosclerotic plaques was not related with worse outcomes. Conclusions Multiple and opposite mechanisms might be involved in the pathophysiology of IA. Ruptured aneurysms are associated with higher levels of serum cholesterol. Serum cholesterol and statins use were not correlated with worse outcomes, but further studies are important to clarify these relationships.

Introdução Aneurisma intracranial (AI) é uma grande preocupação para a saúde. Evidências apontam que o uso de estatina para reduzir o colesterol sérico diminui o risco cardiovascular em diversas doenças, mas o impacto em AI ainda não foi descrito. Este estudo almeja determinar se o uso de estatina e o nível sérico de colesterol interferem no desfecho clínico após a ocorrência de AIs. Métodos Uma coorte de pacientes com AI foi analisada. Os dados sociodemográficos dos pacientes foram coletados. Ao final de 6 meses de acompanhamento, aplicou-se a escala modificada de Rankin (mRS). Os dados sobre uso de estatina, existência de placa aterosclerótica em imagens radiológicas, e colesterol sérico de 35 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Modelos de regressão linear foram usados para determinar a influência dessas 6 variáveis nos desfechos clínicos. Resultados A prevalência de placa aterosclerótica, colesterol elevado, e uso de estatina foram respectivamente 34,3%, 48,5% e 14,2%. Estatina e colesterol sérico não impactaram nos desfechos medidos pela mRS em 6 meses (p > 0,05), mas mostraram diferentes tendências quando separados pelo estado de ruptura do AI. Colesterol sérico apresenta uma importante associação com ruptura de aneurisma (p » 0,0382). Colesterol elevado e uso de estatinas representam uma tendência a piores desfechos para aneurismas rompidos, e o oposto é verdade para os não rompidos. A presença de placa aterosclerótica não está relacionada com piores resultados. Conclusões Mecanismos múltiplos e opostos podem estar envolvidos na patofisio logia do AI. Aneurismas rompidos estão associados com maiores níveis de colesterol sérico. Colesterol sérico e estatinas não foram correlacionados com piores desfechos, mas mais estudos são importantes para clarificar a relação entre esses fatores

Efeitos da crise e políticas de austeridade na insegurança alimentar e na mortalidade na infância no Brasil / Effects of crisis and austerity policies on food insecurity and in mortality childhood in Brazil

Esta tese visa identificar e analisar fatores associados à insegurança alimentar (IA) e à mortalidade na infância, apontando tendências e distribuições espaciais para estratos de menores níveis de agregação possíveis que em conjunto tenham abrangência em todo o território brasileiro. As análises investigaram a hipótese de piora do desfecho de IA grave, medido pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) e desfecho de morte antes de completar 5 anos, como efeitos da crise e/ou da política de austeridade. O trabalho envolve estudos com desenhos transversais para análises seccionais e ecológico misto de tendências espaçotemporais, a partir de dados de 4 inquéritos nacionais do IBGE, dos sistemas de informações em saúde do Ministério da Saúde para os desfechos e dados das estatísticas do registro civil do IBGE, de indicadores do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e de outros indicadores socioeconômicos de variadas fontes, todos como exposições representantes proxies da crise e da austeridade. Para os estudos seccionais adotou-se procedimento de calibração dos pesos segundo distribuição populacional por sexo e faixa etária, assim como a aplicação de métodos de estimação e modelagem que incorporam os efeitos do desenho amostral. A regressão de Poisson com estimação robusta de variância foi empregada para estimar em nível etiológico razões de prevalências de IA grave. Para o nível ecológico, empregou-se duas abordagens de modelagem multinível para 4 ou 14 medidas repetidas de estratos ao longo de dois artigos diferentes: regressão múltipla do tipo log-log para associações e modelagem de splines cúbicas para estimação de tendências. Os achados apontam impactos da austeridade em vigor, com inflexões de tendências no PBF e ESF, com reflexos sobre o aumento da IA grave e da incidência de mortalidade na infância. Projeta-se o aumento da IA e afastamento do alcance da meta 2.1 do objetivo nº 2 dos ODS em 2030 pelo Brasil, a despeito do sucesso já alcançado em 2014 para o primeiro dos ODM. Aponta-se também que, no prosseguindo na rota austera estabelecida pela emenda do teto dos gastos, o Brasil poderá continuar caminhando em sentido oposto ao estabelecido pela meta 3.2 dos ODS, podendo não ter êxito no seu alcance em 2030.

This thesis aims to identify and analyze factors associated with Food Insecurity (FI) and childhood mortality, pointing out trends and spatial distributions for strata with the lowest possible levels of aggregation that together cover the entire Brazilian territory. The analyzes investigated the hypothesis of worsening of the severe FI outcome, measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (BFIS) and death outcome before completing 5 years, as effects of the crisis and/or austerity policy. The work involves studies with cross-sectional designs for sectional and mixed ecological analysis of spatio-temporal trends, based on data from 4 national surveys by the IBGE, from the health information systems of the Ministry of Health for outcomes, and data from statistics from the civil registry from the IBGE, from indicators from the Bolsa Família Program (BFP), from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) and from other socioeconomic indicators from various sources such as exposures that are proxies representatives of the crisis and austerity. For the sectional studies, a procedure was adopted to calibrate the weights according to population distribution by sex and age group, as well as the application of estimation and modeling methods that incorporate the effects of the sample design. Poisson regression with robust variance estimation was used to estimate at the etiological level the prevalence ratios of severe FI. For the ecological level, two multilevel modeling approaches were used for 4 or 14 repeated measures of strata over two different articles: log-log multiple regression for associations; and, modeling cubic splines for trend estimation. The findings point to the impacts of the austerity in force, with inflections of trends in the BFP and FHS, with reflections on the increase in severe FI and the incidence of mortality in infancy. It is projected that FI will increase and move away from the achievement of target 2.1 of goal 2 of the SDGs in 2030 by Brazil, despite the success already achieved in 2014 for the first of the MDGs. It is also pointed out that, by continuing on the austere route established by the spending ceiling amendment, Brazil may continue to move in the opposite direction to that established by target 3.2 of the SDGs, and may not be successful in reaching it in 2030.

Comparison of the Promoter Activity of vip3A and cry1Ia using IeGFP as a Fluorescent Reporter / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

In spite of no homology in sequences‚ Vip3A and Cry1Ia toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) share common characteristics‚ such as translocation across cell membranes after synthesis at the early stage of sporulation. The aim of the present study was to compare the regulation patterns and activities of the promoters of vip3A (P

La inteligencia artificial, una herramienta para la Salud Digital / Artificial intelligence, a tool for Digital Health

El constante avance tecnológico ha permitido la evolución de la práctica médica, generando el concepto denominado salud digital, que consiste en incorporar las tecnologías de información y comunicación a los productos, servicios y procesos de atención sanitaria. Una de las herramientas que permiten este avance es la Inteligencia Artificial (IA), una rama de la informática que desarrolla algoritmos capaces de aprender de los datos y utilizar lo aprendido en la toma de decisiones tal y como lo haría un ser humano. Este estudio se identifica cómo la investigación, las decisiones de diagnóstico, el tratamiento en pacientes y la planificación para la prevención y control de la salud están siendo optimizados gracias a la implementación de la IA, mostrando análisis cuantitativos al nivel de interés y aplicación asociado a estos cuatro procesos con respecto a las enfermedades que más afectan a la población de Perú y Latinoamérica(AU)

The constant technological advance has allowed the evolution of medical practice, generating the concept digital health, which consists of incorporating information and communication technologies into health care products, services and processes. One of the tools that allow this advance is Artificial Intelligence (AI), a branch of computing that develops algorithms capable of learning from data and using what they have learned in decision-making just as a human being would. This study identifies how research, diagnostic decisions, patient treatment and planning for prevention and health control are being optimized thanks to the implementation of AI, showing quantitative analysis at the level of interest and application associated with these four processes with respect to the diseases that most affect the population of Peru and Latin America(AU)

Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies Among Young Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Malaysia

@#Introduction: Diabetes-associated autoantibodies (DAA) is the hallmark of T1DM and LADA which are frequently tested in young diabetes patients. It was noted that up to 10-15% of patients with initial diagnosis of T2DM also exhibit DAA. Regardless of the classification, the presence of DAA suggests an underlying islet autoimmunity which lead to progressive pancreatic β-cell failure. There is limited data reported on DAA in young diabetes patients in Malaysia. This study aims to determine the frequency of DAA positivity and its association with demographic and clinical characteristics among this cohort. Methods: A retrospective study using secondary data obtained from Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia. This study included 194 diabetes patients who were diagnosed before the age of 40 years old and tested for GADA, ICA, IA2A and IAA. Results: From 194 patients, 91 (46.9%) were positive for least one of the following DAA: ICA (79, 40.7%), GADA (61, 31.4%), IA2A (37, 19.1%) and IAA (9, 4.6%). Multiple positivity was higher (73.6%) compared to single positivity. Highest combination of double positivity was ICA+GADA (54, 59.3%) and triple positivity was ICA+GADA+IA2A (25, 27.5%). Simultaneous positivity of four autoantibodies was seen in only one (1.1%) patient. ICA, GADA and IA2A were associated with age group and ethnicity (all p < 0.001). Only IA2A was associated with gender (p = 0.012). Conclusions: GADA, ICA ad IA2A are more significant in young Malaysian diabetes patients. IAA has a very low frequency in this studied population.

Rehabilitación pediátrica en tiempos de Covid-19: retos y aprendizajes durante la pandemia / Pediatricre habilitation in times of Covid-19: Challenges and opportunities during the pandemic

A partir del modelo conceptual planteado en la Clasificación Internacional de Funcionamiento, Discapacidad y Salud (CIF), y específicamente en su versión para niños y adolescentes, se propone que los programas y servicios para la población pediátrica con discapacidad incluyan las diferentes dimensiones allí planteadas, pero muy especialmente los aspectos relacionados con la participación, la eliminación de barreras del contexto, e implementando modelos que se centren en la función y la independencia en las actividades cotidianas del niño. Basados en esta premisa, y en las recomendaciones de diferentes autores, el Comité de Rehabilitación de Antioquia, en la ciudad de Medellín ­ Colombia, ha venido implementando un modelo de atención que tiene como eje central el logro de independencia en las actividades de la vida diaria y la promoción de la participación. Los programas que se han derivado de este modelo para la atención de niños y adolescentes se presentan en este artículo. De otra parte, la pandemia actual por Covid-19 y la cuarentena en el país han revelado la importancia de la telerrehabilitación, de la defensa de los derechos de los niños con discapacidad y de los modelos de atención que se enfocan en la familia y en el contexto. Este artículo presenta al final una propuesta de agenda que permita transformar los modelos de atención en rehabilitación pediátrica y que tenga presente los aprendizajes que se han venido generando durante este período de emergencia sanitaria por el Covid-19

Based on the conceptual model proposed in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and specifically in its version for children and adolescents, it is proposed that programs and services for the pediatric population with disabilities include the different dimensions raised therein, but especially aspects related to participation, the elimination of barriers of the context, and implementing models that focus on function and independence in the child's daily activities. Based on this premise, and on the recommendations of different authors, the Rehabilitation Committee of Antioquia, in the city of Medellin - Colombia, has been implementing a model of care that has as its central axis the achievement of independence in the activities of daily living and the promotion of participation. The programs that have been derived from this model for the care of children and adolescents are presented in this article. On the other hand, the current Covid-19 pandemic and the quarantine in the country have revealed the importance of telerehabilitation, the defense of the rights of children with disabilities, and models of care that focus on the family and the context. Finally, this article presents a proposal for an agenda to transform the models of care in pediatric rehabilitation, taking into account the lessons learned during this period of health emergency due to Covid-19.

Influência da dificuldade de inseminação, temperamento e cortisol plasmático sobre a taxa de concepção de vacas e novilhas da raça Nelore inseminadas em tempo fixo / Influence of difficulty of insemination, temperament and plasma cortisol on conception rate of Nelore cows and heifers in timed AI

O objetivo do presente experimento foi avaliar efeito do estresse e da dificuldade de inseminação (DifIA) sobre a taxa de concepção (TC) de vacas (n=93) e novilhas (n= 72) Nelore submetidas à IATF. No D9, anotou-se nota de temperamento (NTe) e tempo da saída do brete (TSB) de todos os animais e coletou-se sangue das novilhas. No dia da IATF (D11), anotou-se NTe, TSB, DifIA e tempo de IA. A TC foi 36% para vacas e 46% para novilhas (P>0,05). Não foi observado efeito de Nte sobre TC (P>0,05). Porém, houve tendência para maior (P<0,10) TC nos animais que não apresentaram dificuldade de inseminação (DifIA1; TP=42%) em comparação aos animais com moderada ou alta dificuldade (DifIA2+DifIA3; TP=27%). Foi observado menor (P<0,05) tempo de IA para animais DifIA1 (17:31±06:02s) que animais DifIA2-3 (30:10±15:45s). Novilhas com maiores (P<0,05) níveis de cortisol apresentaram maior NTe (P<0,05). Entretanto, TC (59%) das novilhas menos reativas (cortisol=4,12±1,12ng/mL; NTe=3,2±0,6) não diferiu da TC (41%; P>0,05) das mais agitadas (cortisol=7,76±1,33ng/mL; NTe=3,82±0,79). Concluiu-se que avaliações de temperamento se relacionaram com nível de estresse, embora esses parâmetros não tenham afetado a TC deste trabalho. A maior dificuldade e/ou tempo necessário para se completar a IA demonstrou ser um potencial fator para a redução da fertilidade na IATF.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the influence of stress and difficulty of insemination (DifIA) on conception rate (CR) of Nellore cows (n= 93) and heifers (n= 72) in Timed-AI. On D9, temperament (NTe) and time for chute exit (TSB) were recorded for all animals, and blood samples were colected from heifers. On the day of Timed-AI (D11), NTe, TSB, DifIA and time for AI were recorded. For cows, CR was 36% and for heifers 46% (P> 0.05). No effect (P> 0.05) of NTe was observed on CR. However, a tendency (P< 0,10) for higher CR was observed in animals with no difficulty for insemination (DifIA1; CR=42%) compared to animals that presented moderate or high difficulty (DifIA2+DifIA3, CR=27%). Time required for AI was lower (P< 0.05) in animals DifIA1 (17:31±06:02sec) than in animals DifIA2-3 (30:10±15:45sec). Heifers with greater (P< 0.05) cortisol levels presented higher Nte (P< 0.05). However, CR (59%) of less reactive heifers (cortisol=4,12±1,12ng/mL; NTe=3,2±0,6) did not differ from CR (41%; P> 0.05) of stressed animals (cortisol=7,76±1,33ng/mL; NTe=3,82±0,79). It was concluded that assessments of temperament were related to stress level, although these parameters did not affect the CR of this study. However, the higher difficulty and/or time to complete AI showed to be a potential factor for reducing fertility after timed-AI.(AU)

Effects of interpregnancy interval and outcome of preceding pregnancy on present pregnancy outcome

Background: The objective of the present study was to estimate the effects of interpregnancy interval and outcome of preceding pregnancy on present pregnancy outcome.Methods: This study was undertaken as observational study. 1000 women were included in this study then interpregnancy interval categorized in 4 groups. Outcome of preceding pregnancy were included in term of induce abortion, miscarriage, still birth and live birth.Results: For each group the highest rate of IA occur for woman whose previous pregnancy ended with an IA. For pregnancy after an IA the rate of subsequent IA is 16.6%, 11.6%, 5% for IPI of <6 month, 6-14 months and 27-50 months respectively. Overall lowest rate of IA found for IPI of 27-50 months following live birth i.e. 1.25% and for group III 2% only. Rate of miscarriage was higher for IPI of <26 months began with a miscarriage 15.6% and 13.6% for following live birth.Conclusions: Outcome of present pregnancy not only depend upon interpregnancy interval but also depend upon outcome of preceding pregnancy. So, outcome of previous pregnancy will also determine outcome of present pregnancy.

Application of Multi-stage Countercurrent Extraction Technology in the Extraction Process of Aesculi / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to optimize the extraction process of Aesculi. The extraction process of Aesculi wasoptimized through orthogonal experiment while the transfer rate of escin Ia and escin Ib. And the yield of dry extract. wasadopted as marks. And ratio of solid to liquid, the ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature werestudies. The results showed that optimized extraction conditions of Aesculi were determined as follows. The ratio of solidto liquid was 1: 10, the ethanol concentration was 70％, extracted for 20 minutes ever stage and the extractiontemperature was 60℃. It was concluded that the extraction process is efficacious for general flavone and icariinextraction. The method is suitable for the standardized production technology of Aesculi.

Role of regenerating gene IA expression on local invasion and survival in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Regenerating gene IA (REGIA) plays an important role in tissue regeneration and tumors prognosis of epithelium origin. However, the role of REGIA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is unclear. This study aims to investigate the expression and function of REG1A in NPC. RESULTS: We have found that there was 63 patients with REGIA positive expression of 155 patients in this study (40.65%). The positive expression rate of REGIA was 30.50, 44.44 and 47.83% in stage T2, T3 and T4 patients, respectively. The REGIA expression was significantly difference in T2 and T4 stage tumors or T2 and T3-T4 stage. The positive expression rate of REGIA was found to be higher in patients with cervical lymph node persistence than those with cervical lymph node complete regression. Patients with negative REGIA expression had a better overall survival and free survival than those with REGIA positive expression. In addition, according to the univariate and multivariate analysis, the REGIA expression was an independent adverse prognostic factor for NPC patients. CONCLUSION: REGIA expression was a useful biomarker in NPC patients for assessing T stage and survival.

Metabolic Characteristics of Lethal Bradycardia Induced by Myocardial Ischemia / 法医学杂志

Objective T o explore the m etabolic characteristics of lethal bradycardia induced by m yocardial ischem ia in rat's serum . Methods A rat m yocardial ischem ia-bradycardia-sudden cardiac death (M I-B-SC D ) m odel w as established, w hich w as com pared w ith the sham-operation group. T he m etabolic pro-file of postm ortem serum w as analyzed by gas chrom atography-m ass spectrom etry (G C-M S ), coupled w ith the analysis of serum m etabolic characteristics using m etabolom ics strategies. Results T he serum m etabolic profiles w ere significantly different betw een the M I-B-SC D rats and the control rats. C om pared to the control rats, the M I-B-SC D rats had significantly higher levels of lysine, ornithine, purine, serine, alanine, urea and lactic acid; and significantly low er levels of succinate, hexadecanoic acid, 2-ketoadipic acid, glyceraldehyde, hexendioic acid and octanedioic acid in the serum . T here w ere som e correlations am ong different m etabolites. Conclusion T here is obvious m etabolic alterations in the serum of M I-B-SC D rat. B oth lysine and purine have a high value in diagnosing M I-B-SC D . T he results are expected to provide references for forensic and clinical applications of prevention and control of sudden cardiac death.

Research Progress of the Relationship between SUNDS and OSAHS / 法医学杂志

Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrom e (SU N D S ) is alw ays a difficulty in forensic m edicine researches. A lthough the developm ent of m olecular genetics prom otes the etiologic study of SU N D S, the pathogenesis of m ost such cases is still unclear. Sleep apnea syndrom e (SA S) is one of the com m on form s of sleep disorders, and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom e (O SA H S ) is the m ost com m on. In recent years, som e dom estic and international researches show that O SA H S is related to the developm ent of cardiovascular disease, w hich m ay cause cardiac arrhythm ia, even sudden death. T his article review s the relationship betw een SU N D S and O SA H S and aim s to provide new ideas for the pathogenesis of SU N D S.

Clinical study on serum changes of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in different clinical indexes of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy / 天津医药

Objective To determine the correlation between high serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy), low folate and vitamin B12 levels and the clinical index of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), providing the reference for the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal patients with HIE. Methods Totally 94 cases of neonatal patients with HIE (32 mild, 40 moderate, and 22 severe) treated by Tianjin children’s hospital from April 2010 to April 2011 were enrolled. The control group was 20 cases of neonatal patients with neonatal swallowing syndrome at the same period. The serum levels of Hcy, folate and vitamin B12 were compared between four groups. Results There were significant differences in serum levels of Hcy, folate and vitamin B12 between four groups (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, there was higher level of Hcy and lower levels of folate and vitamin B12 in HIE groups. The Hcy levels increased with the deterioration of HIE in three HIE groups. The serum level of vitamin B12 was significantly lower in severe group than that in moderate group (P<0.05). Conclusion The serum Hcy level has certain reference value in tassessment of the severity of HIE. The supplementation of folate and vitamin B12 may play an active role in the process of the treatment in neonatal patients with HIE.

Protective effect of Pd-Ia on LPS-induced mouse acute lung injury and its mechanism / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the protective effects of dl-praeruptorin ( Pd-Ia) against acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) .Methods Acute lung injury model was induced by intranasal instillation LPS, and Pd-Ia was administered by intraperitoneal in-jection after 1 h of LPS exposure .Lung tissue samples were collected after 24 h of LPS administration to in-vestigate the role of Pd-Ia in acute lung injury .Results Pathomorpholoy showed a marked improvement of in-flammatory cell infiltration in Pd-Ia treated group , cel-lular staining also indicated a marked decrease of in-flammatory cells in BALF, and quantitative PCR and ELISA revealed a significant inhibition of cytokine IL-6,TNF-α, IL-1β, and chemokine MIP-1α, MIP-2 ex-pression .Pd-Ia attenuated LPS-induced histological se-verities and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β,MIP-1αand MIP-2 production .Conclusion Pd-Ia can alleviate the lung injury by ameliorating inflammation in lung .

Spatial-temporal variation of dissolved inorganic material in the Amazon basin / Variação espaço-temporal do material inorgânico dissolvido na bacia Amazônica

The Amazon River basin is important in the contribution of dissolved material to oceans (4% worldwide). The aim of this work was to study the spatial and the temporal variability of dissolved inorganic materials in the main rivers of the Amazon basin. Data from 2003 to 2011 from six gauging stations of the ORE-HYBAM localized in Solimões, Purus, Madeira and Amazon rivers were used for this study. The concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO4 -2, HCO3 - and SiO2 were analyzed. At the stations of Solimões and Amazon rivers, the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3 - and SO4 -2 had heterogeneous distribution over the years and did not show seasonality. At the stations of Madeira river, the concentration of these ions had seasonality inversely proportional to water discharge (dilution-concentration effect). Similar behavior was observed for the concentrations of Cl- and Na+ at the stations of the Solimões, Amazon and Madeira rivers, indicating almost constant release of Cl- and Na+ fluxes during the hydrological cycle. K+ and SiO2 showed almost constant concentrations throughout the years and all the stations, indicating that their flows depend on the river discharge variation. Therefore, the temporal variability of the dissolved inorganic material fluxes in the Solimões and Amazon rivers depends on the hydro-climatic factor and on the heterogeneity of the sources. In the Madeira and Purus rivers there is less influence of these factors, indicating that dissolved load fluxes are mainly associated to silicates weathering. As the Solimões basin contributes approximately 84% of the total flux of dissolved materials in the basin and is mainly under the influence of a hydro-climatic factor, we conclude that the temporal variability of this factor controls the temporal variability of the dissolved material fluxes of the Amazon basin.

A bacia do rio Amazonas é importante no aporte de material dissolvido para o oceano (4% a nível mundial). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variabilidade espaço-temporal do material inorgânico dissolvido nos principais rios da bacia Amazônica, para o qual foram utilizados dados entre 2003 e 2011 de seis estações hidrológicas do ORE-HYBAM localizadas nos rios Solimões, Purus, Madeira e Amazonas, analisados Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO4 -2, HCO3 - e SiO2. Nas estações do rio Solimões e Amazonas as concentrações de Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3 - e SO4 -2 tiveram distribuição heterogênea ao longo dos anos e não apresentaram sazonalidade. Nas estações do rio Madeira a concentração desses íons mostraram sazonalidade inversamente proporcional à vazão (efeito diluição-concentração). Comportamento similar tiveram Cl- e Na+ nas estações dos rios Solimões, Amazonas e Madeira, indicando liberação quase constante desses fluxos ao longo do ciclo hidrológico. K+ e SiO2 apresentaram concentrações quase constantes ao longo dos anos e entre as estações, indicando que seus fluxos dependem da variação da vazão. Portanto, a variação temporal do fluxo de material inorgânico dissolvido no rio Solimões e Amazonas depende do fator hidroclimatológico e da heterogeneidade das fontes. Nos rios Madeira e Purus há menor influência desses fatores, o que evidencia maior aporte dos silicatos. Como a bacia do Solimões aporta aproximadamente 84% do fluxo total de material dissolvido na bacia e está sob influência, principalmente, do fator hidroclimático, pode-se concluir que a variabilidade temporal desse fator controla a temporalidade dos fluxos do material dissolvido na bacia Amazônica.