Bond strength of different orthodontic brackets produced with different materials and fabrication methods / Resistência de união de bráquetes ortodônticos produzidos com diferentes materiais e métodos de fabricação

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of material and processing methods on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Material and Methods: Five types of brackets were tested: Conventional metallic (CM), metallic sandblasted (SB), ceramic (C), polycarbonate (PC), and metallic fabricated by melting injection molding (MIM). Shear bond strength (SBS) was conducted to check bond strength of the brackets bonded to bovine teeth (n=10/group), and tensile bond strength (TBS) (20 brackets/group) to check bracket retention to bonding material (n=20/group). Both, SBS and TBS were conducted with 1mm/min crosshead speed in a universal testing machine. Bond strength was calculated in Megapascal (MPa) based on force (N) and bracket area (mm 2). Data normality was verified, and One-way ANOVA was the statistical test with Tukey post-hoc (α=0.05). Results: SB and MIM presented higher SBS compared to C, PC, and CM (p<0.05). SB and MIM also presented significantly higher TBS compared to CM and PC (p<0.05). However, MIM was not different of C for TBS. Conclusion: The type of material and method of fabrication are determinant factors that affect bond strength of orthodontic brackets and melting injection molding (MIM) is a remarkable technology to improve brackets retention during the orthodontic treatment. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos materiais e métodos de processamento na resistência de união de bráquetes ortodônticos. Material e Métodos: Cinco tipos de bráquetes foram testados: Convencionais metálicos (CM), metálicos jateados (SB), cerâmico (C), policarbonato (PC), e metálico fabricado por injeção de metal fundido em molde (MIM). A resistência de união ao cisalhamento (SBS) foi conduzida para verificar a resistência de união dos bráquetes aderidos a dentes bonivos (n=10/grupo) e a resistência à tração (TBS) (20 bráquetes/grupo) para verificar a retenção do bráquete ao material adesivo (n=20/grupo). SBS e TBS foram conduzidas com relação carga/velocidade de 1mm/min em uma máquina de ensaios universal. A resistência de união foi calculada em Megapascal (MPa) com base na força (N) pela área do bráquete (mm 2). A normalidade dos dados e a estatística foi realizada utilizando One-way ANOVA e Tukey post-hoc (α=0.05). SB e MIM apresentaram os maiores valores de SBS comparados com C, PC e CM (p<0.05). Resultados: SB e MIM também apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de TBS comparados com CM e PC (p<0.05). Contudo, os valores de TBS para o grupo MIM não foram significativamente diferentes de C. Conclusão: O tipo de material e o método de fabricação são fatores determinantes que afetam a resistência de união de bráquetes ortodônticos e a injeção de metal fundido em molde (MIM) é uma tecnologia relevante para melhorar a retenção dos bráquetes durante o tratamento ortodôntico. (AU)

Determination of acrylonitrile in injection molding process: data analysis and recommendations / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate whether the identification of acrylonitrile, an occupational hazard factor for the industry of injection molding and plastic products, reported in literature is reasonable, and to put forward some recommendations.@*Methods@#Professional articles published from 1990 to 2016 were searched, and an analysis was performed for the data on the determination of acrylonitrile in the industry of injection molding and plastic products from 2003 to 2016 in Longhua Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Shenzhen.@*Results@#According to the literature, the detection rate of acrylonitrile was 10.7%, and the detection results did not exceed the limit.@*Conclusion@#At present, acrylonitrile may not be used as a routine test item for the industry of injection molding and plastic products, in order to save manpower and material resources.

An in vitro study to compare the transverse strength of thermopressed and conventional compression-molded polymethylmethacrylate polymers.

Statement of Problem: Acrylic resins have been in the center stage of Prosthodontics for more than half a century. The flexural fatigue failure of denture base materials is the primary mode of clinical failure. Hence there is a need for superior physical and mechanical properties. Purpose: This in vitro study compared the transverse strength of specimens of thermopressed injection-molded and conventional compression-molded polymethylmethacrylate polymers and examined the morphology and microstructure of fractured acrylic specimens. Materials and Methods: The following denture base resins were examined: Brecrystal (Thermopressed injection-molded, modified polymethylmethacrylate) and Pyrax (compression molded, control group). Specimens of each material were tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials standard D790-03 for flexural strength testing of reinforced plastics and subsequently examined under SEM. The data was analyzed with Student unpaired t test. Results: Flexural strength of Brecrystal (82.08 ± 1.27 MPa) was significantly higher than Pyrax (72.76 ± 0.97 MPa). The tested denture base materials fulfilled the requirements regarding flexural strength (>65 MPa). The scanning electron microscopy image of Brecrystal revealed a ductile fracture with crazing. The fracture pattern of control group specimens exhibited poorly defined crystallographic planes with a high degree of disorganization. Conclusion: Flexural strength of Brecrystal was significantly higher than the control group. Brecrystal showed a higher mean transverse strength value of 82.08 ± 1.27 MPa and a more homogenous pattern at microscopic level. Based on flexural strength properties and handling characteristics, Brecrystal may prove to be an useful alternative to conventional denture base resins.

A Case of Occupational Asthma in a Plastic Injection Process Worker

OBJECTIVES: We report a case of death due to asthma attack in a plastic injection process worker with a history of asthma. METHODS: To assess task relevance, personal history including occupational history and medical records were reviewed. Samples of the substances utilized in the injection process were collected by visiting the patient's workplace. The work environment with the actual process was reproduced in the laboratory, and the released substances were evaluated. RESULTS: The medical records confirmed that the patient's conventional asthma was in remission. The analysis of the resins discharged from the injection process simulation revealed styrene, which causes occupational asthma, and benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, and octadecyl ester. Even though it was not the case in the present study, various harmful substances capable of inducing asthma such as formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetic acid are released during resin processing. CONCLUSION: A worker was likely to occur occupational asthma as a result of the exposure to the harmful substances generated during the plastic injection process.

Resistência à flexão e microestrutura de vidro-cerâmicas feldspáticas processadas por injeção em moldes à alta temperatura / Flexural strength and microstructure of feldspathic glass-ceramics processed by high-temperature injection molding

Enquanto os métodos tradicionais de processamento de restaurações cerâmicas tornaram-se notórios por sua complexidade, as técnicas mais modernas vêm privilegiando a simplicidade de execução e a automação. Dentre estas, destaca-se a injeção em moldes, que recentemente, foi associada a métodos CAD-CAM. Estudos anteriores demonstraram a viabilidade de utilização de um vidro feldspático de baixa expansão térmica, Alpha (Vita Zahnfabrik), para injeção, porém, faltam informações quanto às propriedades mecânicas e a microestrutura deste material quando submetido à injeção. Os objetivos deste estudo são: produzir pastilhas vidrocerâmicas para injeção a quente a partir de Alpha e da mistura deste vidro com partículas de alumina e zircônia; avaliar a resistência à flexão dos materiais processados, e compará-la a um material compatível existente no mercado (PM9 - Vita Zahnfabrik); estudar a estrutura microscópica dos materiais e correlacioná-la com suas propriedades mecânicas; identificar por meio de difração de raios X a formação de fases cristalinas durante as diferentes etapas de processamento. A injeção aumentou a resistência do vidro Alpha devido à redução na quantidade e tamanho dos defeitos internos, principalmente porosidades. Apesar de ter sido observada nucleação de cristais nos dois materiais, durante o processamento, não foi possível determinar de que forma este fenômeno afetou as propriedades mecânicas dos materiais. Não foi detectada alteração no padrão de distribuição das fases cristalinas observadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura antes e depois da injeção. Não foi verificada diferença estatística significante entre a resistência à flexão de Alpha injetado e PM9. A adição de partículas de alumina e zirconia ao vidro Alpha provocou redução da resistência, devido à formação de aglomerados durante a confecção das pastilhas e a incapacidade da injeção em dispersá-los. Tais aglomerados funcionaram como concentradores de tensões, enfraquecendo o material.

While traditional processing routes in the fabrication of ceramic restorations became notorious for their complexity, modern techniques have been priviledging simplicity and automation. High-temperature injection molding is a clear example, and recently has been associated to CAD-CAM technology. Studies demonstrated the use of a low thermal expansion feldspathic glass (Alpha, Vita Zahnfabrik) for injection, although more information is needed in terms of mechanical properties and microstructure of this material after being submitted to injection. The objectives of this study are: produce Alpha glass-ceramic ingots and Alpha with alumina and zirconia particles ingots for injection; evaluate flexural strength of the processed materials and compare it to a compatible product (PM9-Vita Zahnfabrik); study microstructure of the materials and correlate it to their mechanical properties; identify the existing cristalline phases at different processing stages with X-ray diffraction. Injection increased mechanical properties of Alpha glass due to reduction in porosity of the material. Despite the observation of crystal nucleation on both materials during processing, a clear correlation of this phenomenon and mechanical behavior could not be made. No alterations on the pattern of the crystalline phase distribution due to injection were observed on scanning electron microscope images. Flexural strength did not vary significantly between injected Alpha and PM9. The addittion of alumina and zirconia particles resulted in poorer mechanical results due to agglomerate formation during ingot fabrication and the incapacity of its dispersion trough injection. These agglomerates worked as stress concentrators, weakening the material.

Resistência à flexão e microestrutura de vidro-cerâmicas feldspáticas processadas por injeção em moldes à alta temperatura / Flexural strength and microstructure of feldspathic glass-ceramics processed by high-temperature injection molding

Enquanto os métodos tradicionais de processamento de restaurações cerâmicas tornaram-se notórios por sua complexidade, as técnicas mais modernas vêm privilegiando a simplicidade de execução e a automação. Dentre estas, destaca-se a injeção em moldes, que recentemente, foi associada a métodos CAD-CAM. Estudos anteriores demonstraram a viabilidade de utilização de um vidro feldspático de baixa expansão térmica, Alpha (Vita Zahnfabrik), para injeção, porém, faltam informações quanto às propriedades mecânicas e a microestrutura deste material quando submetido à injeção. Os objetivos deste estudo são: produzir pastilhas vidrocerâmicas para injeção a quente a partir de Alpha e da mistura deste vidro com partículas de alumina e zircônia; avaliar a resistência à flexão dos materiais processados, e compará-la a um material compatível existente no mercado (PM9 - Vita Zahnfabrik); estudar a estrutura microscópica dos materiais e correlacioná-la com suas propriedades mecânicas; identificar por meio de difração de raios X a formação de fases cristalinas durante as diferentes etapas de processamento. A injeção aumentou a resistência do vidro Alpha devido à redução na quantidade e tamanho dos defeitos internos, principalmente porosidades. Apesar de ter sido observada nucleação de cristais nos dois materiais, durante o processamento, não foi possível determinar de que forma este fenômeno afetou as propriedades mecânicas dos materiais. Não foi detectada alteração no padrão de distribuição das fases cristalinas observadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura antes e depois da injeção. Não foi verificada diferença estatística significante entre a resistência à flexão de Alpha injetado e PM9. A adição de partículas de alumina e zirconia ao vidro Alpha provocou redução da resistência, devido à formação de aglomerados durante a confecção das pastilhas e a incapacidade da injeção em dispersá-los. Tais aglomerados funcionaram como concentradores de tensões, enfraquecendo o material.

While traditional processing routes in the fabrication of ceramic restorations became notorious for their complexity, modern techniques have been priviledging simplicity and automation. High-temperature injection molding is a clear example, and recently has been associated to CAD-CAM technology. Studies demonstrated the use of a low thermal expansion feldspathic glass (Alpha, Vita Zahnfabrik) for injection, although more information is needed in terms of mechanical properties and microstructure of this material after being submitted to injection. The objectives of this study are: produce Alpha glass-ceramic ingots and Alpha with alumina and zirconia particles ingots for injection; evaluate flexural strength of the processed materials and compare it to a compatible product (PM9-Vita Zahnfabrik); study microstructure of the materials and correlate it to their mechanical properties; identify the existing cristalline phases at different processing stages with X-ray diffraction. Injection increased mechanical properties of Alpha glass due to reduction in porosity of the material. Despite the observation of crystal nucleation on both materials during processing, a clear correlation of this phenomenon and mechanical behavior could not be made. No alterations on the pattern of the crystalline phase distribution due to injection were observed on scanning electron microscope images. Flexural strength did not vary significantly between injected Alpha and PM9. The addittion of alumina and zirconia particles resulted in poorer mechanical results due to agglomerate formation during ingot fabrication and the incapacity of its dispersion trough injection. These agglomerates worked as stress concentrators, weakening the material.

Dimensional change and flexural strength in complete dentures fabricated by injection molding and conventional compression processing / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Fracture and dimensional change of an acrylic resin denture are a rather common occurrence. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare differences in dimensional changes and flexural strength of separate maxillary complete dentures after immediate deflasking by injection molding and conventional compression processing. MATERIAL AND METHOD: To evaluate dimensional stability, the maxillary dentures were fabricated by using different materials and methods. Lucitone 199(Dentsply Trubyte, york, pennsylvania, USA) and Vertex(Dentimex, zeist, Netherlands) were used as materials. Compression and injection packing methods were used as processing methods. The impression surface of the dentures was measured by 3D Scanning System(PERCEPTRON, USA) and overlapped original impression surface of the master cast. To evaluate flexural strength, resin specimens were made according to the different materials, powder/liquid ratio and processing methods. Flexural strength of the complete resin specimens (64mm*10mm*3.3mm) were measured by INSTRON 467.(INSTRON, England) The data was analyzed by ANOVA, t-test and Tukey test.(p<.05 level of significance) RESULT: The results were as follows: 1. There was no significant differences between master model and denture base for each group in overall dimensional changes. 2. Palatal area was more stable than flange or alveolar area in dimensional stability. but, there was no significant differences among each area. 3. Materials and power/liquid ratio had an effect on flexural strength.(p<.05) Especially materials was most effective.(p<.05) 4. Lucitone 199(powder/liquid ratio followed by manufacturer's direction) showed higher flexural strength than Vertex. CONCLUSION: Dimensional stability or flexural strength are affected by materials rather than packing techniques.

The level of residual monomer in injection molded denture base materials / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The residual monomer of denture base materials causes hypersensitivity on oral mucosa and intereferes with the mechanical properties of the cured resin. The amount of residual monomer is influenced by materials, curing cycle, processing method, and etc. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the residual methyl methacrylate(MMA) content of injection molded denture base polymer, and to compare this with the self-cured resin and the conventional compression molded heat-cured resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disc shaped test specimens (50mm in diameter and 3mm thick) were prepared in a conventional flasking technique with gypsum molding. One autopolymerized denture base resins (Vertex SC. Dentimex. Netherlands) and two heat-cured denture base resins (Vertex RS. Dentimex. Netherlands, Ivocap. Ivoclar Vivadent, USA) were used. The three types of specimens were processed according to the manufacturer's instruction. After polymerization, all specimens were stored in the dark at room emperature for 7 days. There were 10 specimens in each of the test groups. 3-mm twist drills were used to obtain the resin samples and 650mg of the drilled sample were collected for each estimation. Gas chromatography (Agillent 6890 Plus Gas Chromatograph, Agillent Co, USA) was used to determine the residual MMA content of 10 test specimens of each three types of polymer. RESULTS: The residual monomer content of injection molded denture base resins was 1.057+/- 0.141%. The residual monomer content of injection molded denture base resins was higher than that of compression molded heat cured resin (0.867+/-0.169%). However, there was no statistical significant difference between two groups (p > 0.01). The level of residual monomer in self cured resin(3.675+/-0.791) was higher than those of injection molded and compression molded heat cured resins (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: With respect to ISO specification pass/fail test (2.2% mass fraction) of residual monomer, injection molding technique(1.057+/-0.141%) is a clinicaly useful and safe technique in terms of residual monomer.