On the Medical Justice View based on People’s Health / 中国医学伦理学

Medical justice is the concrete embodiment of social equity and justice in the field of medical care. The socialist system is a strong guarantee to solve the problem of medical justice. Basic medical service, which "guaranteed by the government, fairly obtained by all the people", is an inevitable requirement of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics in the new era. The development of health and wellness in the new era should establish the core value concept of "taking people’s health as the center", take the "great health concept" as the guide, construct the medical justice concept based on people’s health, so as to provide a solid ideological guarantee for comprehensively promoting the construction of Healthy China, and then contribute to the Chinese model and Chinese scheme for global health governance. The main contents of medical justice based on people’s health should include fair medical treatment, accessible medical treatment and public welfare medical treatment. Its implementation path are: promoting the equalization of basic public medical services in urban and rural areas, continuously pressing forward the fairness of medical resource allocation; giving priority to people’s health and ensuring the justice of medical management system; coordinating the imbalance between doctors and patients effectively, and effectively promote the harmonious relationship between doctors and patients.

Reflection on the Elderly Discrimination in the Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources from the Age Restriction Phenomenon in ICU of a Certain Country / 中国医学伦理学

In March 2020, the outflow of age limited videos from ICU in Spain inspired us to rethink whether there is age discrimination in the allocation of scarce medical resources. This paper frist reflected on the problem of age discrimination caused by this phenomenon from four moral intuitions: the sacred view of life, the quality of life and values, public health ethics and Chinese culture, and then examined whether it is illegal from the legal level, finally pointed out the negative impact on the society, and put forward that taking age as the standard for the allocation of scarce medical resources is not suitable for China’s national conditions.

Cuerpo y narrativas: escenas sociodramáticas desde la cotidianidad necropolítica mexicana / Corpo e narrativas: cenas sociodramáticas da vida cotidiana necropolítica mexicana / Body and narratives: sociodramatic scenes from mexican necropolitical everyday life

RESUMEN Este trabajo intenta responder a la pregunta: "¿Cuáles cuestiones de nuestros países atraviesan a nuestras instituciones?", que fue el título de una de las mesas del 14 Congreso Iberoamericano de Psicodrama celebrado en Florianópolis, Brasil en septiembre del 2023. El objetivo es dar una mirada macro del contexto mexicano desde los lentes de la necropolítica para aterrizar en la experiencia sociodramática del Microlaboratorio de escenarios de justicia social en Nuevo León, un proyecto transdisciplinario cuyo propósito estuvo centrado en imaginar escenarios futuros sobre justicia social, realizado entre marzo y junio del 2023 en la ciudad de Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, México.

RESUMO Este artigo tenta responder à pergunta: "Que questões de nossos países atravessam nossas instituições?", que foi o título de uma das mesas do 14º Congresso Ibero-Americano de Psicodrama realizado em Florianópolis, Brasil, em setembro de 2023. O objetivo é lançar um olhar macro sobre o contexto mexicano por meio das lentes da necropolítica para aterrissar na experiência sociodramática do Microlaboratorio de escenarios de justicia social en Nuevo León, um projeto transdisciplinar cujo objetivo se concentrou em imaginar cenários futuros sobre justiça social, realizado entre março e junho de 2023 na cidade de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.

ABSTRACT This work attempts to answer the question: "What issues in our countries affect our institutions?", which was the title of one of the tables at the 14 Ibero-American Congress of Psychodrama held in Florianópolis, Brazil in September 2023. The objective is to give a macro view at the Mexican context from the lenses of necropolitics to land on the sociodramatic experience of the Microlaboratory of social justice scenarios in Nuevo León, a transdisciplinary project whose purpose was focused on imagining future scenarios on social justice that was carried out between March and June 2023 in the city of Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico.

Equity in health and justice: a look at the Brazilian unified health system (SUS) from the perspective of John Rawls

This study addresses the issue of equity in health and justice from the perspective of public health bioethics, describing the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), equating legitimate interests for essential goods, such as health. The conception of John Rawls' theory of justice is "justice as fairness" and has a seventeenth century contractualism tenor. Although it was not conceived specifically for health and marked by the "difference principle", it promoted, in the field of health care, the institution of health systems created on the basis of universal access and equity in the distribution of scarce resources. The principles of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) guarantee access to all levels of care, equality in health care, without distinctions or privileges of any kind, integrity in health care, free of charge, community participation and decentralization, regionalization and hierarchization of health actions and services, which gives the SUS a strong Rawlsian bias. The Brazilian model was built on the principle that health is a right of all and a duty of the State, therefore, it is based on the assumption of universal and equal access to health actions and services for its promotion and recovery.

Este estudio aborda el tema equidad en salud y justicia desde la perspectiva de la bioética de la salud pública, describiendo el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño, equiparando intereses legítimos por los bienes esenciales, como la salud. La concepción de la teoría de justicia de John Rawls es la "justicia como equidad" y tiene un tenor de contractualismo del siglo XVII. Aunque no fue concebida específicamente para la salud y marcada por el "principio de la diferencia", impulsó, en el ámbito de la atención sanitaria, la institución de sistemas de salud creados sobre la base del acceso universal y la equidad en la distribución de recursos escasos. Los principios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño garantizan el acceso para todos los niveles asistenciales, igualdad en la atención a la salud, sin distinciones ni privilegios de ningún tipo, integridad en la asistencia a la salud, gratuidad, participación comunitaria y una descentralización, regionalización y jerarquización de las acciones y servicios de salud, lo que da al SUS un fuerte sesgo rawlsiano. El modelo brasileño se construyó sobre el principio de que la salud es un derecho de todos y un deber del Estado, por lo tanto, se basa en el supuesto del acceso universal e igualitario a las acciones y servicios de salud para su promoción y recuperación.

Este estudo aborda a questão da equidade em saúde e da justiça sob a perspectiva da bioética da saúde pública, descrevendo o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), equiparando interesses legítimos para bens essenciais, como a saúde. A concepção da teoria da justiça de John Rawls é "justiça como equidade" e tem um teor contratualista do século XVII. Embora não tenha sido concebida especificamente para a saúde e marcada pelo "princípio da diferença", ela promoveu, no campo da assistência à saúde, a instituição de sistemas de saúde criados com base no acesso universal e na equidade na distribuição de recursos escassos. Os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) garantem o acesso a todos os níveis de atenção, a igualdade na assistência à saúde, sem distinções ou privilégios de qualquer espécie, a integralidade na assistência à saúde, a gratuidade, a participação da comunidade e a descentralização, regionalização e hierarquização das ações e serviços de saúde, o que confere ao SUS um forte viés rawlsiano. O modelo brasileiro foi construído com base no princípio de que a saúde é um direito de todos e um dever do Estado, portanto, parte do pressuposto do acesso universal e igualitário às ações e serviços de saúde para sua promoção e recuperação.

Factores sociodemográficos en la dinámica del comportamiento delictivo: análisis descriptivo de criminalidad en Colombia, año 2022 / Socio-demographic factors in the dynamics of criminal behaviour: descriptive analysis of criminality in Colombia, year 2022 / Fatores sociodemográficos na dinâmica do comportamento criminal: análise descritiva da criminalidade na Colômbia, ano de 2022

El presente estudio de carácter descriptivo y analítico tiene como objetivo principal presentar el comportamiento criminal en Colombia para el 2022, desde un enfoque cuantitativo empleado para la extracción, análisis e interpretación de los registros administrativos del Sistema de Información Estadístico, Delincuencial, Contravencional y Operativo (SIEDCO), constituyéndose como un insumo para aquellos interesados en el estudio de la dinámica criminal, así como para quienes se encargan de diseñar estrategias para la contención del delito y la generación de política pública en materia de seguridad. En este sentido y en el marco de las dinámicas sociodemográficas, en una primera parte se aborda de manera general el proceso de homogenización de los registros administrativos llevado a cabo por la Policía Nacional y la Fiscalía General de la Nación. Y en una segunda parte, con especial énfasis en el homicidio intencional, se presenta el análisis de la información que permitió identificar las principales variables que influyen en la comisión del delito, de acuerdo con las cifras contenidas en el SIEDCO, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2022, comparado con la misma temporalidad del 2021, en el que se detallan los delitos que afectan la integridad personal y el patrimonio económico de quienes habitan el territorio colombiano; se hallaron incrementos considerables en estos y se resaltan los factores de oportunidad para su comisión, situación contraria a la que se evidenció sobre las afectaciones a la vida y la integridad, conjunto de conductas que, según lo registrado, decrecieron en el periodo analizado. Finalmente, se ofrece un aporte a la contención desde la actividad de policía y una serie de conclusiones que permitan ampliar la visión sobre los diversos fenómenos y enriquecer la generación de conocimiento en el campo de la criminología.

The main objective of this descriptive and analytical study is to present criminal behaviour in Colombia for 2022, from a quantitative approach used for the extraction, analysis and interpretation of the administrative records of the Statistical, Criminal, Contraventional and Operational Information System (SIEDCO), constituting an input for those interested in the study of criminal dynamics, as well as for those responsible for designing strategies for the containment of crime and the generation of public policy on security. In this sense, and within the framework of socio-demographic dynamics, the first part of the paper deals in a general way with the process of homogenisation of administrative records carried out by the National Police and the Attorney General's Office. The second part, with special emphasis on intentional homicide, presents the analysis of the information that made it possible to identify the main variables that influence the commission of the crime, according to the figures contained in SIEDCO, in the period between 1 January and 31 December 2022, compared with the same period in 2021, in which the crimes that affect the personal integrity and economic patrimony of those who live in Colombian territory are detailed; considerable increases were found in these and the factors of opportunity for their commission are highlighted, contrary to the situation that was evidenced in the affectations to life and integrity, a group of conducts that, according to what was recorded, decreased in the period analysed. Finally, we offer a contribution to containment from the police activity and a series of conclusions that allow us to broaden the vision of the diverse phenomena and enrich the generation of knowledge in the field of criminology.

O principal objetivo deste estudo descritivo e analítico é apresentar o comportamento criminal na Colômbia para 2022, a partir de uma abordagem quantitativa utilizada para a extração, análise e interpretação dos registros administrativos do Sistema de Informação Estatística, Criminal, Contravencional e Operacional (SIEDCO), constituindo um insumo para os interessados no estudo da dinâmica criminal, bem como para os responsáveis pela elaboração de estratégias para a contenção do crime e a geração de políticas públicas de segurança. Nesse sentido, e dentro da estrutura da dinâmica sociodemográfica, a primeira parte do artigo trata de forma geral do processo de homogeneização dos registros administrativos realizado pela Polícia Nacional e pela Procuradoria Geral da República. A segunda parte, com ênfase especial no homicídio doloso, apresenta a análise das informações que permitiram identificar as principais variáveis que influenciam o cometimento do crime, de acordo com os números contidos no SIEDCO, no período entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2022, em comparação com o mesmo período de 2021, no qual são detalhados os crimes que afetam a integridade pessoal e o patrimônio econômico daqueles que vivem em território colombiano; Neles foram encontrados aumentos consideráveis e são destacados os fatores de oportunidade para seu cometimento, ao contrário da situação que se evidenciou nas afetações à vida e à integridade, grupo de condutas que, segundo o que foi registrado, diminuiu no período analisado. Finalmente, oferecemos uma contribuição para a contenção da atividade policial e uma série de conclusões que nos permitem ampliar a visão dos diversos fenômenos e enriquecer a geração de conhecimento no campo da criminologia.

Acolhimento no Sistema de Justiça: Saberes e Fazeres da Prática Psicológica / User Embracement In The Justice System: Knowledge and Doing of Psychological Practice / Acogida en el Sistema de Justicia: Conocimientos y Actuaciones de la Práctica Psicológica

Este trabalho visa articular possibilidades e particularidades da realização de acolhimento psicológico no judiciário. A necessidade dessa reflexão se apresentou na experiência de extensionistas em dois projetos ofertados por uma universidade pública, um desenvolvido em assistência judiciária e outro em programa vinculado ao Ministério Público. Como metodologia utilizou-se o levantamento bibliográfico nas plataformas Capes e Pepsic, onde foram encontrados artigos que estruturam o acolhimento em diversas áreas de atuação da psicologia. O acolhimento, na extensão da assistência judiciária, possui perspectiva interdisciplinar que visa identificar não só as demandas jurídicas, mas psicológicas dos sujeitos atendidos. Na proposta em parceria com o MP, este acolhimento está presente em todo o acompanhamento do caso, permitindo intervenção mais qualificada no conflito familiar. Na prática extensionista, articulada com as leituras encontradas, identificou-se que o acolhimento psicológico está presente na atuação no judiciário, porém, diferencia-se das perspectivas da clínica e da saúde. Logo, justifica-se a necessidade de ampliação de pesquisas e debates sobre os limites e as possibilidades desta prática no sistema de justiça.

This paper aims to articulate the possibilities and particularities of carrying out psychological embracement in the judiciary. The need for this reflection was presented in the experience of extensionists in two projects offered by a public university: one developed in legal aid, and the other in a program linked to the Public Prosecutor's Office. The methodology we have used was to run a bibliographic query on the platforms Capes and PePSIC, there, we have found articles that structure the embracement in several areas of psychology. The embracement, in the context of the legal aid, has an interdisciplinary perspective that aims to identify not only the legal but also the psychological demands of the subjects. In this proposal, in partnership with the Public Prosecutor's Office, the embracement should occur throughout the whole monitoring of the case, allowing a more qualified intervention on family conflict. In the extensionist practice articulated with the readings we have found, we identify that the embracement is present in the judiciary psychological practice, although it differs from the clinical and health perspectives. Therefore, there is a need for further research and debates about the limits and possibilities of this practice in the justice system.

Este trabajo pretende articular las posibilidades y particularidades de la implementación de la atención psicológica en el poder judicial. La necesidad de esta reflexión surgió de la experiencia de los extensionistas en dos proyectos ofrecidos por una universidad pública, uno desarrollado en asistencia jurídica y el otro en un programa vinculado al Ministerio Público. Como metodología, se utilizó un relevamiento bibliográfico en las plataformas Capes y Pepsic, donde se encontraron artículos que estructuran el acogimiento en diversas áreas de la psicología. La acogida, en la extensión de la asistencia jurídica, tiene una perspectiva interdisciplinar que pretende identificar no sólo las demandas legales, sino también las psicológicas de los sujetos asistidos. En la propuesta en colaboración con el MP, esta acogida está presente durante todo el seguimiento del caso, permitiendo una intervención más cualificada en el conflicto familiar. En la práctica extensionista, articulada con las lecturas encontradas, se identificó que la acogida psicológica está presente en el desempeño en el Poder Judicial, sin embargo, difiere de las perspectivas clínica y de salud. Por lo tanto, se justifica la necesidad de ampliar la investigación y los debates sobre los límites y las posibilidades de la práctica en el sistema de justicia.

¿Cómo entender la justicia organizacional en tiempos de pandemia? Relación con la dispsición al cambio / How to Understand Organizational Justice in Times of Pandemic? Relationship with the Disposition to Organizational Change

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo analizar la capacidad predictiva de la percepción de justicia distributiva y justicia de interacción en la disposición al cambio organizacional en trabajadores durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La población fue de 342 colaboradores de diversas organizaciones colombianas. El estudio se apoyó en un diseño predictivo transversal. Se utilizaron los instrumentos de justicia organizacional -adaptado a población colombiana- y cambio organizacional. Los resultados evidencian la existencia de la predicción del cambio organizacional como resultado de la percepción de justicia organizacional. De esta forma, las organizaciones se benefician en los procesos de cambio en los momentos en que exponen y dan certeza de los ajustes, afectaciones y decisiones a tomar por sus miembros, procurando que estos se transformen en agentes que acojan los cambios razonables y racionales que la institución procura. El contexto cambiante de la pandemia es una condición que limita la predicción de la justicia organizacional procedimental y el cambio organizacional en el nivel individual total.

Abstract The objective of the research was to analyze the predictive capacity of the perception of distributive justice and interaction justice in the willingness to organizational change in workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was based on a predictive cross-sectional design, and the sample consisted of 342 workers from different Colombian organizations. The organizational justice (adapted to the Colombian population) and organizational change instruments were used. The results showed the existence of the prediction of organizational change due to the perception of organizational justice. In this way, organizations benefit in their change processes when they explain and give certainty to their members about the new adjustments, effects and decision making, ensuring that they become agents that welcome the reasonable and rational changes that the institution seeks. The changing context of the pandemic is a condition that limits the prediction of procedural organizational justice and organizational change at the total individual level.

Violencias huérfanas contra las mujeres en relaciones de pareja transitorias de estudiantes en universidades colombianas

La violencia en relaciones transitorias y de noviazgo puede considerarse una violencia huérfana en Colombia por su falta de reconocimiento y protección jurídica. El objetivo de esta investigación cualitativa fue analizar la violencia en las relaciones de pareja, incluyendo noviazgo y otras relaciones equiparables a éste, en Colombia. Se empleó la teoría fundamentada. La información se recopiló mediante ocho grupos focales con 63 estudiantes de universidades en las ciudades de Medellín, Quibdó, Pereira y Cali. Con frecuencia establecen relaciones transitorias de pareja donde existen diferentes formas de violencia naturalizadas, que requieren medidas legislativas específicas para su protección.

Dating violence in Colombia, can be considered an orphan violence because it lacks right to justice due it does not occur within the family, or in stable couples. The objective of this qualitative research was to analyze violence in intimate partner relationships, by including dating and other temporary relationships comparable to dating, in Colombia. Grounded theory was used. Information was collected through eight focus groups with 63 university students in the following cities: Medellin, Quibdó, Pereira, and Cali. They frequently establish transitory relationships where different forms of violence against women, that are naturalized and require specific legislative measures for their prevention and protection.

Justicia distributiva, razón humanitaria y VIH-SIDA

Propósito/Contexto: este artículo analiza algunas injusticias que experimentan quienes viven con VIH-SIDA en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Metodología/Enfoque: se realiza una aproximación a la Bioética, buscando fundamentar el carácter distributivo de la justicia en relación con el VIH-SIDA; luego, a partir del trabajo académico de Didier Fassin, se aborda la categoría "razón humanitaria" para develar los desafíos que subyacen ante la ausencia de una política específica para el VIH-SIDA. Resultados/Hallazgos: se brindan recomendaciones que permiten transformar los espacios práctico-políticos de participación ciudadana para la toma de decisiones en salud, de tal manera que se asegure justicia política en el marco del VIH-SIDA. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones: el trabajo hace un aporte a la reflexión social de la bioética en América Latina y el Caribe porque expone un fenómeno moral concreto, el VIH-SIDA, desde un escenario cultural determinado (Bogotá), donde la vida, la dignidad y los derechos humanos están en juego por la ausencia de una política gubernamental que responda apropiadamente a la realidad serológica aquí enunciada.

Purpose/Background: This article analyzes some injustices experienced by those living with HIV-AIDS in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). Methodology/Approach: To this end, it makes an approach to bioethics seeking to support the distributive nature of justice in relation to HIV- AIDS; then, based on Didier Fassin's academic work, he addresses the humanitarian reason category to reveal the challenges that underlie the absence of a specific policy for HIV- AIDS. Results/Findings: It offers recommendations that allow transforming the practical-political spaces of citizen participation for decision-making in health, in such a way that political justice is ensured within the framework of HIV- AIDS. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions: The work makes a contribution to the social reflection of bioethics in Latin America and the Caribbean because it exposes a concrete moral phenomenon (HIV-AIDS), from a certain cultural scenario (Bogotá), where life, dignity and human rights are at stake due to the absence of a specific government policy that responds appropriately to the serological reality stated here.

Objetivo/Contexto: este artigo analisa algumas das injustiças vivenciadas por pessoas que vivem com HIV-AIDS na cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia. Metodologia/abordagem: é feita uma abordagem da bioética, buscando fundamentar a natureza distributiva da justiça em relação ao HIV-AIDS; em seguida, com base no trabalho acadêmico de Didier Fassin, a categoria de "razão humanitária" é abordada para revelar os desafios subjacentes à ausência de uma política específica para o HIV-AIDS. Resultados/conclusões: São fornecidas recomendações para transformar os espaços práticos-políticos para a participação dos cidadãos na tomada de decisões de saúde a fim de garantir a justiça política no contexto do HIV/AIDS. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições: o trabalho contribui para a reflexão social da bioética na América Latina e no Caribe porque expõe um fenômeno moral concreto, o HIV-AIDS, a partir de um cenário cultural específico (Bogotá), onde a vida, a dignidade e os direitos humanos estão em jogo devido à ausência de uma política governamental que responda adequadamente à realidade sorológica aqui enunciada.

Masacre estudiantil de 1975 en El Salvador: memorias, silencios y activaciones políticas

(analítico) Se presenta un estudio de caso sobre la masacre de estudiantes de 1975 en El Salvador como expresión del fracaso del proceso de paz; en tanto la justicia transicional se redujo a leyes de amnistía que dejaron heridas abiertas por ausencia de verdad, reparación y justicia. Se presenta un breve contexto sobre los acontecimientos, un diálogo con la entrevistada y unas reflexiones finales en relación con las memorias, los silencios y las activaciones políticas. Para ello, se recurrió a una entrevista en profundidad desarrollada entre 2018 y 2019.

(analytical) This article is a case study that views the 1975 student massacre in El Salvador as an expression of the failure of the peace process, given that transitional justice was reduced to amnesty laws that left open wounds as a result of the absence of truth, reparations and justice. The article contains a brief contextualization of the events, dialogue with the interviewee and some final reflections regarding memory, silences and political activation. An indepth interview conducted between 2018 and 2019 was used for this purpose.

(analítico) Este artigo é um estudo de caso sobre a massacre de estudantes do ano 1975 em El Salvador como expressão do fracasso do processo de paz, uma vez que a justiça de transição foi reduzida a leis de amnistia que deixaram feridas abertas na ausência de verdade, reparação e justiça. São apresentados um breve contexto dos acontecimentos, um diálogo com a entrevistado e algumas reflexões finais sobre memórias, silêncios e ativações políticas. Para este efeito, foi realizada uma entrevista aprofundada entre 2018 e 2019.

A BIRD'S EYE VIEW ON ANCIENT ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA

The Indian Criminal Justice System as we know today isn't a modern development. It finds its origin from ancient times. There exited unique methods to deal with the criminals, with each state having its own different and unique mode of punishment and justice. The Judicial framework manages the organization of the laws through the organization of the courts. The framework gives the apparatus to the settling of the questions because of which the wronged Party moves toward the courts. Nothing annoys in the human heart more than an agonizing feeling of bad form. No general public can permit a circumstance to develop where the impression prevails of there being no change for complaints.

Efecto de determinantes sociales en salud: racismo en enfermedad cardiovascular

La alta morbilidad y mortalidad por Enfermedad Cardiovascular (ECV), la reafirma como un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial; son bien conocidos los factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos como: Hipertension, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabaco. Y los no clásicos, como: Los determinantes sociales en salud (DSS) y el racismo; que juegan un rol fundamental. Mediante la presente revisión narrativa, se detalla literatura actualizada puntual, acerca de cómo DSS ejercen influencia y su fisiopatología en ECV. Se seleccionaron en el lapso de un año, 10 artículos que cumplieron criterios de inclusión cuya temática es: DSS, racismo y ECV. Concluye, que los DSS y el racismo juegan un papel de alta envergadura para la generación, evolución, y hasta desenlace fatal de las diferentes enfermedades cardiovasculares; cuya influencia empeoro por la pandemia COVID19.

The high morbidity and mortality from Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), reaffirms it as a public health problem worldwide; The classic cardiovascular risk factors are well known, such as: Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, tobacco. And the non-classical ones, such as: Social determinants of health (DSS) and racism; that play a fundamental role. Through the present narrative review, updated literature is detailed about how DSS exert influence and its pathophysiology in CVD. In the period of one year, 10 articles that met inclusion criteria whose theme is: DSS, racism and CVD were selected. It concludes that the DSS and racism play a major role for the generation, evolution, and even fatal outcome of different cardiovascular diseases; whose influence worsened by the COVID19 pandemic.

A Study On The Challenges Of Administration Of Criminal Justice System In Modern India.

The principal purpose of criminal justice administration is to preserve and defend the rule of law i.e, social control of law, maintenance of order, speedy trial, penalization of offenders, rehabilitation of offenders through the judicial system, and solace to victims of crimes. The current criminal justice system is affected by various loopholes and faults. The legal approach is time-consuming and generally geared towards the mind of the accused i.e., a system that is involved with the rights and interests of the offender instead of those of the victims. The current criminal justice system has been unsuccessful in delivering speedy and prompt justice to people and guaranteeing the certainty of penalization to perpetrators of crime. The necessity is therefore to offer a reformed look at the various aspects of the criminal justice system in the field of justice for people and regarding the increasing challenges of criminal justice reform.

4. Pilot Education Programs Regarding SOGI for Social Worker Students and Occupational Therapy Students / 医学教育

The number of medical and social work professional training schools that provide SOGI education is quite few. This paper introduces pilot SOGI education programs for social workers and occupational therapists. In order to improve understanding of the situations in which Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM) are placed, SOGI education programs have consisted of knowledge of SGM, health disparities among SGM, majority privilege theory, social justice theory, etc. Educational practices increased and improved the amount of knowledge about SGM, awareness of SGM existence, and the need for more knowledge. The Importance of pre-graduate education of SOGI for the medical and social work students was discussed.

Summary Outline of the 2022 Revision of the Model Core Curriculum for Medical Education in Japan Oversight of the Revision : Evidence-Based Medical Education / 医学教育

The 2022 revision of the Model Core Curriculum for Medical Education by the Japan Society for Medical Education was based on several data sets including academic papers and survey results. It is recommended that the formation of a team consisting of diverse attributes, sufficient discussion using a web conference system, smooth communication between the government and academic societies, and dialogue with organizations related to medical education be continued in the next revision. On the other hand, collaboration and communication with academic societies in specialized fields is an issue for the future.　Although the revised Model Core Curriculum for Medical Education is the product of the collective wisdom of experts in medical education in Japan in the early 2020s, it is by no means a legal mandate imposed by the state, nor does it force faculty members of each university to follow it blindly. We hope that those involved in medical education will use this Model Core Curriculum, which was prepared with an eye to society 20 years from now, as a reference guide, and at the same time, we hope that those involved in education in the field will implement the updated guidelines while sometimes questioning them.

Ethical Controversy and Reflection on Gene Enhancement / 中国医学伦理学

Gene enhancement is one of the research hotspots at home and abroad in recent years. Gene enhancement is expected to treat human genetic diseases and improve human abilities and traits, but it also raises a series of ethical problems. From the perspective of ethics, those who support gene enhancement, starting from the open and unfinished state of human nature, advocate that gene enhancement is an effective alternative to promote human nature for kindness and social equity, and believe that gene enhancement does not necessarily lead to inequality, on the contrary, it contributes to moral improvement. Opponents, starting from the integrity of human nature, hold that gene enhancement challenges human dignity, causes a crisis of human identity, has a serious impact on social fairness and justice, and is also a violation of the natural order. By sorting out and analyzing the ethical viewpoints that support and oppose gene enhancement, this paper found that the social fairness and justice issues caused by gene enhancement can be reasonably solved through exercising the roles of the government and the market, while the human nature problems caused by gene enhancement are more complex, and the setting of natural standards lacks a basis. At the same time, gene enhancement also makes people further reflect on the relationship between human and technology.

The Construction of Human Health Community from the Perspective of Marx’s Space Theory: Challenges, Connotations, and Approaches / 中国医学伦理学

Capital’s penetration and mastery of global space shape a human health space that coexists with homogeneity and fragmentation, compressibility and expansion, digestion and remodeling. Capital exacerbates the deprivation of health resources in the global space through means such as controlling the power field, expanding the scope of flow, and monopolizing resource allocation, seriously constraining the overall improvement of human health. The human health community focuses on the healthy development of health in the global space, showing strong human sentiments and profound spatial implications. It aims to break the dominance of capital forces on human health in space, scientifically respond to the space crises caused by major public health events, and build a global space for the balanced and sustainable development of human health. It is Chinese concept, Chinese plan, and Chinese wisdom for reshaping the global justice space and safeguarding human health. To realize the value of health in the global space, it is necessary to take Marx’s space theory as the guide, continuously promote the construction of human health community from the three-dimensional space of individual micro, regional meso, and global macro, and create a space for health justice.

Terapia ocupacional social e justiça social: diálogos a partir das demandas trans / Social occupational therapy and social justice: dialogues based on the demands of trans populations

Resumo A proposta central deste texto é apresentar reflexões balizadas pelo conceito de justiça social para a terapia ocupacional social a partir das demandas trans levantadas por meio de uma pesquisa que, com base na história oral e técnicas etnográficas, objetivou compreender como pessoas trans constroem e/ou mobilizam, ao longo de suas histórias de vida, estratégias de enfrentamento das condições de marginalização vivenciadas em seus cotidianos, configurando determinados modos de vida. Compreender essas histórias aciona um debate importante no campo da justiça social para a terapia ocupacional social que, para nós, dialoga com a ideia de justiça articulada por Nancy Fraser, baseada em uma concepção que mira à redistribuição econômica e ao reconhecimento simbólico. A aposta que fazemos quando utilizamos essa proposição nos parece potente, sobretudo por oferecer, na sua fundamentação, leituras acerca das desigualdades sociais e dos caminhos possíveis de afirmação de existência. Por isso, se a práxis da terapia ocupacional social propõe articular técnica e politicamente o campo social, é necessário o entendimento dos múltiplos modos de vida, sobretudo das contradições que envolvem essas realidades, dentro daquilo que diz da subjetividade, da história, da cultura, das relações políticas, entre outros elementos que desembocam no cotidiano das pessoas, para se pensar/fazer, junto, possibilidades e caminhos de/para se viver melhor, a partir das negociações sociais.

Abstract The main purpose of this text is to present reflections guided by the concept of social justice for social occupational therapy focusing on the demands of trans individuals brought up through research based on oral history and ethnographic techniques that aimed to understand how these people build and/or mobilize, throughout their life histories, strategies to face the conditions of marginalization experienced in their everyday lives, configuring certain ways of life. The understanding of these histories triggers an important debate in the field of social justice for social occupational therapy that, for us, dialogues with the idea of ​​justice developed by Nancy Fraser, based on a conception that aims at economic redistribution and symbolic recognition. We consider that this is a powerful proposition, mainly because its foundation offers readings about social inequalities and possible ways of affirming existence. Therefore, if the praxis of social occupational therapy proposes to combine the social field technically and politically, it is necessary to understand the multiple ways of life, especially the contradictions that involve these realities, including the subjectivity, history, culture, and political relationships, among other elements in the everyday lives of people, to think/do together possibilities and ways to live better, based on social negotiations.

Bioética y el derecho de acceso a los cuidados de salud / Bioethics and the right of access to health care

RESUMEN El acceso a los cuidados de salud es un derecho universal de todo ser humano y no debe ser reducido a un objeto de consumo disponible solo para las personas con capacidad económica de adquirirlo. Desde el referencial teórico de la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos de la Unesco, en primer lugar, se discute la razón de elegir los derechos humanos como base para el trabajo; en segundo lugar, se presenta la equidad como un principio indispensable en el debate para reforzar la comprensión de que las personas y las poblaciones desiguales deben ser tratadas de manera desigual y compensatoria, con el objetivo de buscar la igualdad basada en el reconocimiento humanitario del derecho de cada individuo en función de sus necesidades y diferencias. En tercer lugar, el texto aborda el complejo problema de priorizar la asignación de recursos escasos para garantizar el acceso a la atención médica para la mayor cantidad posible de personas. En resumen, el artículo pretende mostrar que el acceso a la atención médica para todas las personas, independientemente de su nivel de ingresos, debe ser considerado como un derecho humano universal que, además de las responsabilidades gubernamentales y del sector privado en apoyar programas inclusivos, debe reconocer también la legitimidad de la lucha de los movimientos sociales en defensa de mejores condiciones de vida y salud para todas las personas sin distinción.

ABSTRACT Access to health care is a universal human right and therefore should not be treated as a commodity only accessible to people with the economic means to acquire it. This study adopts a theoretical framework based on UNESCO's Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. The discussion first explores the rationale for choosing human rights as a foundation for such an endeavor. Secondly, the notion of equity is presented as an indispensable principle that should be incorporated into such discussions, reinforcing the understanding that unequal people and populations must be treated in a differentiated and compensatory manner, with the aim of seeking true equality based on the humanitarian recognition of every individual's rights, accounting for their needs and differences. Thirdly, the text seeks to address the complex problem of prioritizing the allocation of scarce resources in order to ensure access to health care for as many people as possible. In summary, this article intends to demonstrate that access to health care for all people, regardless of their income level, should be considered to be a universal human right. Beyond the obligations of governments and the private sector to support inclusive programs, there is also a need to acknowledge social movements' legitimate struggles for achieving better living conditions and health outcomes for all people, without exception.

International community of practice: learning from experiences of community development and social occupational therapy / Comunidade internacional de práticas: aprendendo com experiências de desenvolvimento comunitário e de terapia ocupacional social

Abstract Introduction Increasingly, occupational therapists and scientists across the globe are calling for a shift away from individualised western medical approaches, to working with communities and collectives, and in the social field. This signals the growing motivation to engage in socially responsive and transformative practices that address political structures and oppressive colonial systems. Objective The purpose of our Community of Practice (CoP) was to explore and describe the epistemologies, vocabularies, and understandings that underpin community development and social occupational therapy within diverse global contexts to advance theoretical perspectives and practices. Method As a CoP of occupational therapy and science scholars situated in four countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, and South Africa), we met virtually bi-monthly from March 2020 to January 2023. Scholarly work involved critical narrative literature reviews, reflexive presentations, group dialogues, and individual and collective reflections and analyses. Results Individual narratives, four thematic threads, and a selection of vocabularies and epistemologies are presented. The thematic threads were: Connecting and making space for decolonial praxis, Questioning the disconnect between occupational therapy practice and contexts, Examining vocabularies that shape contextually relevant practice, and Engaging a reflexive stance to work towards equity, justice and social rights. Conclusions Generating knowledge that supports ways of knowing, being and doing reflective of multiple languages, sciences, and contexts will strengthen occupational therapy. Maintaining the pluriversal and resisting 'one size fits all' approaches to human occupation/everyday life is essential. This paper offers practitioners a catalyst for initiating decolonising praxis for learning across global contexts.

Resumo Introdução De modo crescente, terapeutas ocupacionais mundialmente estão discutindo mudanças das abordagens médicas ocidentais individualizadas para o trabalho com comunidades, coletivos e no campo social. Isto sinaliza uma motivação crescente para se engajar em práticas socialmente responsivas e transformadoras que abordem estruturas políticas e sistemas coloniais opressores. Objetivo Explorar e descrever epistemologias, vocabulários e entendimentos que sustentam a teoria de desenvolvimento de comunidades e da terapia ocupacional social, em diversos contextos globais para avançar em perspectivas teóricas e práticas. Método A partir de uma Comunidade de Prática de terapeutas ocupacionais e acadêmicos situados em quatro países (Austrália, Brasil, Canadá e África do Sul), nos reunimos virtualmente bimestralmente de março de 2020 até janeiro de 2023. Nosso trabalho envolveu revisões narrativas críticas da literatura, apresentações reflexivas, diálogos em grupo e reflexões e análises individuais e coletivas. Resultados Foram escolhidos quatro fios temáticos e uma seleção de vocabulários e epistemologias: Conectando e abrindo espaço para a práxis decolonial, Questionando a desconexão entre a prática da terapia ocupacional e os contextos, Examinando vocabulários que moldam a prática contextualmente relevante e Engajando uma postura reflexiva para trabalhar em direção à equidade, justiça e direitos sociais. Conclusões A geração de conhecimento reflexivo que sustente formas de saber, ser e fazer requer múltiplas linguagens, ciências e contextos que fortalecem a terapia ocupacional. É essencial manter a pluriversalidade e resistir a abordagens únicas para trabalhar com a ocupação humana/vida cotidiana. Este artigo oferece um catalisador para iniciar uma práxis descolonizadora de aprendizado em contextos globais.