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OBJETIVO: Determinar el consumo de alimentos en mujeres embarazadas, mujeres que dan de lactar y niños de 0 a 5 años, atendidos en Centros de Salud de Primer Nivel en la ciudad de La Paz en el mes de septiembre de 2018. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudió transversal descriptivo correlacional en 126 mujeres embarazadas, 120 mujeres que dan de lactar, 105 niños de 0 a 5 meses y 117 niños de 6 a 60 meses, que asistieron a consulta en Centros de Salud. Se aplicó el método de Recordatorio de 24 Horas (R24H) para determinar el consumo de alimentos, método antropométrico para la evaluación nutricional. RESULTADOS: La ingesta promedio en mujeres embarazadas 1999 kcal y mujeres que dan de lactar 1943 Kcal, es menor a la recomendada; inadecuada en grasas, calcio y zinc; suficiente en proteínas, hidratos de carbono, vitaminas A y C; el hierro es deficiente en embarazadas. Los niveles de adecuación de la dieta en niños de 6 a 23 meses en calcio 88,3%, hierro 75%. De 24 a 60 meses en: calorías 86,3%, grasas 46,9% y zinc 50,6%. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo promedio observado en mujeres y niños es inferior a las recomendaciones nutricionales. El estado nutricional no corresponde al exceso o déficit en la ingesta. La ingesta deficiente de micronutrientes, es debida al consumo insuficiente de verduras y frutas.
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Feminino , Gravidez , Ingestão de Alimentos , Aleitamento Materno , GestantesRESUMO
Introduction: MCH services are not utilized due to unawareness, poverty and lack of scientific knowledge regarding care during the issue. Though all the details are given in the MCPC to follow positive practices, utilization of the card is being done only for recording of the information. Objective: To assess the knowledge about the contents of mother and child protection card (MCPC) among the pregnant and lactating women of a rural area Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted on pregnant women and lactating mothers with child less than a year. Knowledge about the contents of MCPC was collected by interview method. Results: In our study, majority of the mothers had good knowledge about tetanus injection (92.5%), consumption of IFA tablets (72.6%), breastfeeding within an hour (92.5%), exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months (95.6%), cereals to be included in the complementary food (90.6%) and good perception about complete immunization of the baby (100%). Knowledge was found to be poor with respect to ANC checkups and examination, tracking weight of the baby and growth chart; assessing danger signs in newborn and emergency preparation. Conclusion: The study showed good knowledge about TT, IFA, nutrition, danger signs and immunization. There was poor knowledge about ANC checkups, baby growth, danger sings in newborn and emergency preparation.
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Background: Anemia is a major public health issue throughout the world. Nutritional deficiencies in terms of iron, B12 (cobalamin) and B9 (folate) are the main causes of anemia in the absence of genetic abnormalities and chronic diseases in many countries. Lactating mothers are susceptible to anemia because of maternal iron depletion during lactation as well as blood loss during childbirth. Objective: The present study examines the prevalence of anemia among the lactating (cases) and nonpregnant-nonlactating (control) married Tangkhul women of Ukhrul district. Materials and Methods: Acommunity?based cross?sectional study was conducted among 400 individuals (lactating: 150; nonpregnant?nonlactating women: 250) from 11 villages of the Ukhrul district in Manipur. A pretested schedule, which included height, weight, and socio-demographic parameters were used. Body mass index = weight (in kg)/height (in metre2 ) was computed of each subject and categorized. Hemoglobin concentration was measured using Sahli’s method. Statistical methods namely Chi?square (?2 ) test and binary logistic regression were applied. Results: The prevalence of anemia was higher in the lactating women (62.0%) than nonpregnant?nonlactating women (56.8%). Odds ratio (OR) of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that anemia was significantly associated in both cases and control with low literacy level (OR = 5.03 and 3.71), low income (OR = 2.51 and 3.56), cultivator (OR = 6.20 and 3.86), and multigravida >4 (OR = 5.25 and 2.67), respectively. Conclusion: Dietary practices play an important role in causing anemia. Low literacy level, low income, cultivator, and high gravidity were identified as the associated risk factors of anemia.
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Background: There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in exclusively breast-fed infants in the absence of appropriate vitamin D supplementation. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of two doses of maternal vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D levels of mother-infant pairs and to assess its effect on growth parameters (weight, length and head circumference) and bone mass of infants. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Participants: Lactating mother-infant pairs (n=220). Intervention: Maternal oral vitamin D supplementation in two doses (group 1: 1,20,000 IU/month and group 2: 12,000 IU/month) for 12 months. Main outcomes: Maternal and infant serum 25OHD levels, and infants’ growth and bone mass. Results: There was high prevalence of VDD at baseline in mothers (94%) as well as infants (98.5%), which was reduced to 43.1% in (mothers) and 46.5% in infants after 12 months. Significantly higher median (IQR) serum 25OHD levels (ng/mL) were observed among mothers in group 1 compared to group 2 [46 (17-159) vs 18 (6-64); P<0.01] and in infants [36.5 (15-160) vs 17 (7-32); P<0.01]. No significant association was observed between growth parameters or bone mass and serum 25OHD levels of mother or infant between the two groups. Four mothers (3.6%) and two infants (1.8%) in group I had serum 25OHD>100 ng/mL, but without hypercalciuria or hypercalcemia. Conclusion: Bolus vitamin D supplementation in the dose of 1,20,000 IU/month was more efficacious in improving maternal and infant vitamin D status at 12 months, as compared to 12,000 IU/month.
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OBJECTIVE To provide reference for standardizing the labeling of medication information for pregnant women and lactating women in the instructions of antiarrhythmic drugs. METHODS The instructions of antiarrhythmic drugs were collected from the terms of “medication reference ”on official website of Yimaitong Technology Co. ，Ltd. The labeling of medication information of pregnant women and lactating women were sorted out ，counted and analyzed with reference to the Detailed Rules for Specifications of Instructions of Chemical Drugs and Therapeutic Biological Products issued by the State Food and Drug Administration. RESULTS A total of 111 instructions of antiarrhythmic drugs were collected in this study ，of which 102 instructions were marked with “medication for pregnant women ”（91.89％），of which the proportion of those with medication guidance and without medication guidance were 75.68％ and 16.22％ respectively. Eighty-eight drug instructions were marked with the item “medication for lactating women ”（79.28％），of which the proportion of those with medication guidance and without medication guidance were 70.27％ and 9.01％ respectively. Among different categories of antiarrhythmic drugs ，the best labeling of “medication for pregnant women ”was class Ⅰ antiarrhythmic drugs （100％），while class Ⅲ drugs（25.00％）were most missing ； class Ⅳ antiarrhythmic drugs （94.44％）were the best labeled for “medication for lactating women ”，while class Ⅰ（26.47％）were the most missing . There were differences in the labeling contents of “medication for pregnant women ”and“medication for lactating women ”in some drug instructions of the same variety from different manufacturers. Among the 99 drug instructions of domestic pharmaceutical enterprises ， 92 listed the items of “medication for pregnant women”and“medication for lactating women ”，and the proportions of them with medication guidance were 74.75％ and 69.70％ respectively；among the 12 drug instructions of foreign pharmaceutical enterprises ，10（83.33％）listed the items of “medication for pregnant women ”and“medication for lactating women ”，and the proportion with medication guidance was 83.33％ and 75.00％ respectively. CONCLUSIONS There are some problems in the labeling content of domestic antiarrhythmic drug instructions，such as the lack of information related to “medication for pregnant women ”and“medication for lactating women ”， the confusion of guidance expression ， the inconsistent content of drug instructions of the same variety from different manufacturers，the lag of modification and update ，and the poor standardization of drug instructions. Drug supervision and administration departments and drug manufacturers should pay attention to them and constantly strengthen the management and standardization of instructions.
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Pre-rupture of membranes prior labour initiation could complicate approximately 5% of pregnancies and could be associated with a high incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality complications. The major complications could be chorioamnionitis and cord compression resulting in hypoxia. This study aimed to assess the health literacy of mothers on perinatal outcomes following prerupture of membranes at Thulamela B clinics of Vhembe district. A quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional descriptive design was used. The study population comprised a total of 210 lactating mothers within 6 weeks following delivery,irrespective of the mode of delivery were purposively selected. Data were collected by the researchers through self-administered questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for data analysis. The results are presented in the form of tables and graphs based on probability allowing judgment to be made on variables. Validity and reliability were ensured. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee and permission to access health facilities from the Limpopo Province Department of Health. Findings revealed that limited and inadequate health literacy towards pre-rupture of membranes contributes to perinatal morbidity and mortality, with associated factors like poor antenatal care attendance, delayed health seeking, defaulting, and loss of follow-up. Recommendations emphasise the provision of preconception and antenatal care where health information on risks and danger signs of PROM to perinatal outcomes are given were made. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[7]: 90-101).
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Resultado da Gravidez , Letramento em Saúde , Indicadores de Morbimortalidade , Assistência Perinatal , Alimentos para Gestantes e Nutrizes , MembranasRESUMO
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Despite the several options available for supplements containing vitamins C and E, evidence regarding the prevalence of deficiency or insufficiency of these vitamins is weak. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of deficiency or insufficiency of vitamins C and E and associated factors among women of childbearing age, in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review and meta-analysis conducted at a Brazilian public university. METHODS: A search from index inception until May 2020 was conducted. Meta-analyses were performed using inverse variance for fixed models, with summary proportions calculation using Freeman-Tukey double arcsine (base case). Reporting and methodological quality were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for prevalence studies. RESULTS: Our review identified 12 studies, comprising 1,316 participants, especially breastfeeding women. There was at least one quality weakness in all studies, mainly regarding sampling method (i.e. convenience sampling) and small sample size. The prevalence of vitamin C deficiency ranged from 0% to 40%. Only vitamin E deficiency was synthetized in meta-analyses, with mean prevalences of 6% regardless of the alpha-tocopherol cutoff in plasma, and 5% and 16% for cutoffs of < 1.6-12.0 mmol/l and < 16.2 mmol/l, respectively. The cumulative meta-analysis suggested that a trend to lower prevalence of vitamin E deficiency occurred in recent studies. CONCLUSIONS: Although the studies identified in this systematic review had poor methodological and reporting quality, mild-moderate vitamin C and E deficiencies were identified, especially in breastfeeding women. Thus, designing and implementing policies does not seem to be a priority, because the need has not been properly dimensioned among women of childbearing age in Brazil. REGISTRATION NUMBER IN PROSPERO: CRD42020221605.
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Humanos , Feminino , Ácido Ascórbico , Vitaminas , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
@#Introduction: Foods and nutrients are essential not only for human health, but also for the balance of gut microbiota. This research aimed to correlate the gut microbiota of lactating women with their food/ nutrient intakes, as well as with their infants’ gut microbiota. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 27 pairs of mothers and their exclusively breastfed infants. For lactating women, the dietary assessment was conducted by 24-hour recall, and food groups were assessed following the Food and Agriculture Organization’s guidelines, while nutrient intake was analysed using INMUNCAL V3 programme. Gut microbiota of mothers and infants were measured in stool samples using fluorescent in situ hybridisation technique. Results: It was found that energy intake of mothers was only 66% of the recommended Thai Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Most micronutrient and dietary fibre intakes were below the Thai DRIs. Vitamin A (VA)-rich fruits and vegetables food group correlated positively with Lactobacillus species (spp). The association between gut microbiota and nutrient intake of lactating women showed that total protein, phosphorus, and VA were positively correlated with Bifidobacterium spp.; while β-carotene and vitamin C were also positively correlated with Lactobacillus spp. In contrast, consumption of eggs and calcium correlated negatively with Clostridium spp./ Enterobacter spp. Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. of lactating women and breastfed infants showed strong correlations. Conclusion: Food and nutrient intakes of lactating women were correlated with their Clostridium spp./Enterobacter spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Furthermore, Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. of mothers and breastfed infants showed strong correlations.
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@#Introduction: The Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) is a government of India initiative for all pregnant women visiting public health facilities, with many free entitlements – free diet being one. After an in-depth study of existing dietary provisions in all community health centres, an elaborate cyclic-weekly nutritious menu was designed taking into consideration the latest recommendations (2019) by the Ministry of Family and Child Welfare, India to improve maternal health nutrition. Methods: The health functionaries from all ten community health centres of rural Vadodara were chosen for an in-depth estimation of the different meals served in the facilities. Standard measuring cups and spoons were used to measure the exact serving sizes for each person. Each meal served was supervised, checked and quantified in triplicate, while macro- and micronutrients were calculated using the Indian Food Composition Tables 2017 (Longvah et al. 2017). To bridge the gap in service delivery, two new models of cyclic-weekly menu were developed, keeping in mind the amount per mother per day as one hundred Indian rupees. Results: On average the foods served in the community health centres provided 69% of recommended energy intake, while mean recommended dietary allowance met for protein was 51%, calcium 18%, iron 50%, and fat 267%. Conclusion: The recommendations specified in this paper would improve the nutritional status of all pregnant and lactating women availing the services in rural health facilities, which would go a long way in ensuring safe and healthy motherhood.
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Nutritional status is considered as one of the key indicators of the overall wellbeing of a population. Lactating women and children are among the most vulnerable groups due to their higher nutritional needs and detrimental effects of poor nutrition on their health. Lactating women have increased nutritional needs and if not well met, breast milk quality and quantity are negatively affected, which leads to increased risk for child morbidity and mortality. Studies have been done in the different regions of Ethiopia to assess the nutritional status among lactating women and have reported various prevalence and different associated factors. Despite the different efforts to improve nutrition in Ethiopia, the prevalence of underweight is still high, with most regions having a higher prevalence than the documented 5-20% of African women.We aimed to review the prevalence and associated factors of underweight among lactating women in Ethiopia. We used literature searched from key databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, among others, to collect relevant information about the prevalence of underweight among pregnant women in Ethiopia The mini-review identified the highest prevalence at 50.6% in the Northern parts and the lowest at 17.4% in the Southern parts of Ethiopia. Several factors were identified to be associated with underweight among lactating women in Ethiopia including; dietary diversity score, household food security, family income, place of delivery,nutritional education programs and antenatal care attendance. This implies the need for targeted programs/policies to promote household food security and family income, community nutritional education, and nutritional counselling during antenatal care attendance. Besides, there is a need to conduct national and regional studies to inform policy further since there were more studies done in the Southern parts of the Country with less information from other regions
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Background: Anaemia in pregnancy and lactation period has detrimental effects on maternal and child health. Objective of this study was to assess knowledge of lactating mothers regarding anaemia and its preventive measures before and after educational intervention.Methods: The interventional study conducted in purposively selected lactating mothers attending the outpatient department of obstetrics and gynecology. Hospital ethical committee permission was obtained. After taking informed consent 100 lactating mothers were selected by systemic random sampling methods. Knowledge of lactating mothers regarding anaemia and its preventive measures was assessed by pre-designed, pre-tested and semi structured questionnaire. Health education for 30 minutes was given to selected lactating mothers. Knowledge of pregnant women for the same was assessed after health education. Thus, collected data was analyzed using Epi info 7.Results: Awareness among lactating mothers regarding causes, signs and symptoms of anemia and dietary sources of iron was 41%, 26% and 5% respectively which was significantly increased to 73%, 56% and 42% respectively after health education. Awareness among lactating mothers regarding factors which inhibit and increase iron absorption was 31% and 22% respectively which was significantly increased to 80% and 65% respectively after health education. Out of 100 lactating mothers only 24% were aware regarding treatment of anemia.Conclusions: Lack of awareness among lactating mothers regarding anemia and its preventive measure should be addressed by health education during hospital visits.
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Background: One of the vulnerable groups among the population is pregnant and lactating mothers. Among the women in pregnancy it effects the fetal growth and development. Aim of this study is to assess the dietary pattern of pregnant women and lactating mothers and factors related with adequacy of nutrient intake.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study. Study setting was urban slum dwellers of Siddipet. Study period from September 2019 to November 2019. Study population were pregnant and lactating women up to 6 months registered in Anganwadi centre. Sample size was 91 pregnant and 58 lactating women. Sampling methods was simple random sampling method. Data analysis used was SPSS Version 21.Results: Distribution of women according to intake of nutrients revealed that nearly 90% of the pregnant and 50% of the lactating women were not taking adequate calories and proteins respectively. Mean calorie intake in pregnant and lactating women was 1418±192 and 1600±218 respectively (recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for calories in pregnant and lactating women was 2580 kcal and 2830 kcal respectively). Mean protein intake in pregnant and lactating women was 47±9 and 51±8 respectively (RDA for protein in pregnant and lactating women was 78 gm and 74 gm respectively). Food taboos were prevalent in both pregnant (42%) and lactating women (55%).Conclusions: Interventions for promoting health education in women need to be strengthened, in order to achieve proper nutrition to women and mothers.
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Background: Breast milk is optimum for a neonate as it is a natural food and the best gift a mother can give to her baby. Breast feeding is an art and skill which need to be learnt and mastered by mothers. As health care workers are the first line of contact for lactating mothers, this study was planned to assess their knowledge on breast feeding.Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was performed among health care workers at Yenepoya Medical College and Hospital of Mangalore. 100 health care workers consisting of 60 medical interns and 40 staff nurses were enrolled in the study. Health care workers were given a questionnaire that sought responses pertaining to the knowledge on breastfeeding and its techniques. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Access and Excel software.Results: The present study showed 92% of medical interns and 95% of nursing staff had correct knowledge about initiation of breastfeeding. Knowledge on contents of colostrums and its advantage was more among medical interns (85%) as compared to nursing staffs (30%). Knowledge on prelacteal feeds was good among medical interns as compared to nurses. Both medical interns and nursing have poor knowledge on breastfeeding during maternal illness. Knowledge on correct feeding position and good breast attachment was good among nursing staffs.Conclusions: Study showed there is some substantial knowledge gap on breastfeeding among health care workers. Enhancing their knowledge on breastfeeding and the problems associated with it will be useful for the nurturing mothers as well as themselves.
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Background: Antenatal care and supplementary nutrition are evidence-based strategies to improve neonatal outcomes and birth weight, and are currently provided free of cost by the government in every village through the ICDS. This study aims to assess the utilization of Anganwadi services by pregnant and lactating mothers in a rural area and the various barriers to utilization of Anganwadi services.Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women (more than 28 weeks gestation) and lactating mothers (up to 6 months after delivery) availing maternal and child health services at a maternity hospital in a rural area of Ramnagara district in South Karnataka, using a pre-tested questionnaire.Results: Awareness regarding Anganwadi services available for pregnant and lactating mothers like IFA, calcium and deworming tablets, TT and health check-ups was found to be poor. While more than half of the women had received health education from Anganwadi teacher, important topics like dangers signs, birth preparedness and essential antenatal care were not discussed.Conclusions: Utilization of health care services at the Anganwadi was poor among the subjects. Supplementary nutrition was not utilized by 54% of pregnant women and 43% of lactating mothers. Those who had been visited by Anganwadi teacher at home and those who received nutrition education by the Anganwadi teacher had significantly higher consumption of supplementary nutrition. The common barriers to utilization were lack of awareness of services and perception of poor quality and hygiene of the supplementary nutrition.
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Background: Anemia is an important public health problem all over the world, both in rich and poor countries. The present study is a cross-sectional multicentric study where data from 10 different stations by 16 different medical establishments were collected. Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of anemia in female spouses of army personnel in an Army’s Corps zone. Materials and Methods: The total size of the sample was 14,273 which covered female spouses of army personnel of five different formations under an Army’s Corps zone. All the non-pregnant female spouses of army personnel were screened for anemia using hemoglobin level estimation. Uniform instructions for screening were given from the medical branch of Army’s Corps Headquarters to medical units. Results: The prevalence of anemia found in this study was 21.54% which is much below the national prevalence of 55% as per National Family Health Survey-3 data. Conclusions: Our study with a large sample size demonstrates that the prevalence of anemia in female spouses of army personnel is almost half of national prevalence. This is indeed a landmark achievement of the Army Medical Corps where success was achieved in reducing the burden of anemia.
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Background: Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease which has several promoting effect on general health and when the lactating mothers are affected the cytokines associated with it is secreted in milk that had a severe effect on the health of the infant. Interleukin-6 is an anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine with extensive range as a biological mediator in chronic inflammation of periodontal disease; its elevation had an effect on infant growth. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of interleukin-6 in human milk on infant’s growth. Materials and methods: A comparative study includes lactating mothers with age range 30-40 years and their infants with age range 3-12 months. The study group includes mothers with chronic periodontitis and the control group includes 45 mothers with healthy periodontium. Milk interleukin-6 is measured in lactating mothers by using the enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Infant growth was recorded according to CDC growth charts and National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in 2007. Results: The results show mothers with chronic periodontitis have a higher level of milk IL6 than mothers with healthy periodontium; the result was statistically highly significant, even though the result of the effect of milk IL6 on infant’s growth wasn’t significant statistically. Conclusion: Mothers with chronic periodontitis have a higher level of milk IL6 than mothers with healthy periodontium. High level of proinflammatory milk IL6 will effect infant growth and result in retardation of normal infant growth like underweight, overweight and short stature infants. High level of milk interleukin 6 in mothers with chronic periodontitis could influence negatively on their infant’s growth.
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Background:Dietary diversity score indicates that the intake of general nutritional adequacy. Low dietary diversity is a major problem among poor populations in the developing world due to consumption of monotonous staple diet consumption. Therefore, it has various consequences on the health and wellbeing of the family, communities, and nation at large. Overall, there are limited studies on this major issue and its contributing factors among lactatingmothers. Methods:Institution based cross-sectional study was employed among 419 participants who were selected by using a systematic sampling method. The data werecollected using a pretested structured questionnaire. The collected data were checked for completeness, cleaned, coded and entered into EPI info version 7 and exported into SPSS version 20.0 software for further analysis. The degree of association between dependent and independent variables were assessed by using odds ratio with a 95% of confidence interval and variableswith p≤0.05 were considered significant after fitting into logistic regression.Results:The average dietary diversity score±SD was 4.94±0.76. The magnitude of low dietary diversity score was 25% (95% CI: 22.1, 30.4). Women’s, being government employer and having meal 2 times per day were the factors associated with low dietary diversity score among lactating mothers.Conclusions:One-fourth of the lactating women were had poor dietary diversity and age of the women, meal frequency, and respondent occupation were the determinant factors. So, appropriate counseling during maternal care are very important to halt this problem.
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Objective To understand the effects of salt iodine content adjustment on iodine nutritional status of residents in Fujian Province.Methods In 2009 (before the adjustment) and 2014 (after the adjustment),cross-sectional research methods and stratified cluster sampling methods were adopted,17 and 19 survey sites (residential committees and villages) were selected,respectively.At each survey site,20 adults,30 pregnant women,30 lactating women and 50 children (8-10 years old) were selected in 2009;50 adults,50 pregnant women,50 lactating women and 100 children (8-10 years old) were selected in 2014.Random urine samples in one day were collected,and the urinary iodine content was measured by "the Arsenic and Cerium Catalyzed Spectrophotometric Method" (WS/T 107-2006).The results of before and after the adjustment were compared and iodine nutrition was evaluated.Results Before and after adjustment of salt iodine content,the urinary iodine median of children and adults was 208.7,202.8,163.0 and 157.6 μg/L,respectively,and after the adjustment,the iodine nutrition was at the appropriate level (100-199 μg/L).The urinary iodine median of lactating women was 128.9 and 107.4 μg/L before and after the adjustment,iodine nutrition was at an appropriate level (≥ 100 μg/L).The urinary iodine median of pregnant women was 149.2 and 124.0 μg/L before and after the adjustment,which were deficient (＜ 150 μg/L).Conclusion After down-regulating the iodized salt content,the iodine nutrition of the general residents in Fujian Province is basically at an appropriate level,and pregnant women have different levels of iodine deficiency.
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@#Infective endocarditis during breastfeeding is rare. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the second recorded case of infective endocarditis in a lactating mother. It is known that women of child-bearing age are susceptible to infective endocarditis during pregnancy when the immune system is compromised.1 Nevertheless, past cases were also exposed to a systemic infection via milk infected by their infant’s oral commensal. Streptococcus mitis (S.Mitis) endocarditis in pregnancy has also been reported, whereby a lady delivered via caesarean section and underwent mitral valve reconstruction and annuloplasty.1 S. mitis is considered a pioneer streptococci commensal in human oral mucosa, appearing as early as 1-3 days after delivery.2 As a child grows, their oral mucosa will be colonized by more viridans streptococci, including the teeth, oropharynx and nasopharynx. In a mother who breastfeeds, a crack in the nipple and breast engorgement can be predisposing factors for systemic infection stemming from an infant’s oral commensal. Both cases of breastfeeding-related infective endocarditis caused by pioneer streptococcus viridans, S.mitis in our report and S.salivarius3 in the previous report, affected the left-sided valves
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Objective: To investigate the diet of lactating mothers, breast milk components and the growth of infants in Changchun City, Jilin Province and explore the relationships between the nutritional status of breast milk and the growth of infants, and to provide the theoretical basis for the development of the infant health.Methods: A total of 138 healthy nursing mothers were selected. Within 40-45 d after the delivery, face-to-face investigations were conducted to obtain the basic information of the subjects and the growth and development information of the infants. The 24-hour dietary review method was adopted to investigate the dietary status of the lactating mothers, the standard food pictures were provided to estimate the dietary variety and the quantities of the subjects. Golden key maternal nutrition expert system software was applied to analyze the energy and nutrients of dietary intake, and they were compared with Dietary Guidelines of Pregnant, Lactating Women and 0-6 Years Old Children in China (2007) and Chinese Dietary Reference Intake of Nutrients (2013);the diet intake level of the lactating mothers was evaluated. The breast milk was collected and the infant growth and development indicators were measured. The compositions of breast milk were analyzed by milk composition analyzer. The relationships between the lactating mother's diet, the breast milk composition and the infant growth and development were analyzed.Results: The average energy intake of the lactating mothers was (1 698.7±406.23) kcal·d-1, and the energy proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates were 14.06%, 33.83%, and 52.09%, respectively. The average energy content of breast milk was (61.18±13.04) kcal·100g-1, the average protein content was (0.94±0.19) g·100g-1, the average lipid content was (3.55±1.27) g·100g-1, and the average lactose content was (6.38±0.82) g·100g-1. The dietary protein intake was associated with the protein content of breast milk (r=0.203,P=0.017).When the influence of feeding patterns, energy of breast milk, infant gender, and age were controlled, the partial correlation analysis result showed that the breast milk composition had no correlations with the increases in body lengths and weights of the infants (P>0.05).Conclusion: There are insufficience and imbalance in the general dietary intakes in the lactating mothers. The dietary protein intake of lactating mothers may influence the protein content of breast milk. The lipid and carbohydrate contents in milk have no significant correlations with the dietary nutrients of the lactating mothers. The breast milk compositions of lactating mothers have no effects on the growth and development of infants.