Adaptación del método acreman para la limpieza de plantas en lemna minuta (araceae: lemnoideae) / Adaptation of the acreman method for cleaning plants in lemna minuta (araceae: lemnoideae)

RESUMEN Lemna minuta es una macrófita flotante de amplia distribución en ecosistemas lénticos, que puede ser útil en el desarrollo de experimentos ecofisiológicos y ecotoxicológicos debido a su potencial sensibilidad a contaminantes acuáticos como toxinas y metales pesados. Para estos, inicialmente se deben establecer cultivos axénicos con sus poblaciones bajo condiciones de laboratorio, los cuales requieren técnicas de limpieza para sus frondas que aún no han sido definidas. Se adaptó el método de Acreman en su tiempo de exposición y concentración de hipoclorito de sodio, propuesto para la desinfección de las especies pertenecientes al género Lemna L. (Lemnoideae) a partir de colonias nativas. Las colonias se obtuvieron de un humedal de la ciudad de Bogotá, y posteriormente se aclimataron y desinfectaron en diferentes tiempos y soluciones de hipoclorito. Los resultados más adecuados para la remoción de algas epífitas y otros microrganismos de las frondas, sin presentar alta mortalidad de las colonias, se obtuvieron, respectivamente, en las concentraciones 0,5 % (45 y 30 segundos) y 0,25 % (60 segundos) de hipoclorito. Por el contrario, el tiempo de exposición de 60 segundos propuesto por el método Acreman (0,5%) resultó en la mortalidad total de las frondas (100 %). Se sugiere utilizar una solución de hipoclorito de sodio 0,5% en un tiempo de exposición menor o igual a 45 segundos para la desinfección de colonias de L. minuta con fines experimentales.

ABSTRACT Lemna minuta is a floating macrophyte widely distributed in lentic ecosystems, which may be useful for development of ecophysiological and ecotoxicological experiments, due to its sensitivity to water pollutants such as toxins and heavy metals. Axenic cultures and cleaning techniques of fronds from their populations under laboratory conditions have not yet been defined. Acreman method was modified in exposure time and concentration of sodium hypochlorite for disinfection from native colonies of species belong to genus Lemna L. (Lemnoideae). The colonies were obtained from an urban wetland of Bogota city, and they were acclimatized and disinfected at different times with hypochlorite solutions. The most suitable results for the removal of epiphytic algae and other microorganisms of the fronds, without showing high mortality of colonies, were obtained, respectively, in 0,5 % (45 and 30 seconds) and 0,25 % (60 seconds) hypochlorite concentrations. By contrast, the exposure time of 60 seconds proposed by Acreman method (0,5 %) resulted in total mortality of fronds (100 %). This report suggests use a solution of 0,5 % sodium hypochlorite in an exposure time of 45 seconds or less for disinfect colonies of L. minuta with experimental purposes.

Gene coexpression analysis reveals dose-dependent and type-specific networks responding to ionizing radiation in the aquatic model plant Lemna minor using public data

Ionizing radiations (IRs) are widespread damaging stresses to plant growth and development. However, the regulatory networks underlying the mechanisms of responses to IRs remains poorly understood. Here, a set of publicly available transcriptomic data (conducted by Van Hoeck et al. 2015a), in which Lemna minor plants were exposed to a series of doses of gamma, beta and uranium treatments was used to perform gene coexpression network analysis. Overall, the genes involved in DNA synthesis and chromatin structure, light signalling, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism were commonly responsive to gamma, beta and uranium treatments. Genes related to anthocyanin accumulation and trichome differentiation were specifically downregulated, andgenes related to nitrogen and phosphate nutrition, cell vesicle transport, mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis were specifically upregulated in response to uranium treatment. While genes involved in DNA damage and repair, RNA processing and RNA binding were specifically downregulated and genes involved in calcium signalling, redox and degradation of carbohydrate metabolism were specifically upregulated responding to gamma radiation. These findings revealed both dose-dependent and typespecific networks responding to different IRs in L. minor, and can be served as a useful resource to better understand the mechanisms of responses to different IRs in other plants.

Comparación de las características poblacionales de Lemna minuta (ARACEAE: LEMNOIDEAE) en tres medios de cultivo / Comparison of the populational characteristics of Lemna minuta (ARACEAE: LEMNOIDEAE) in three culture media

RESUMEN Las investigaciones en macrófitas acuáticas neotropicales son escasas, principalmente en Colombia comparadas con países como Brasil, aunque se consideran comunidades apropiadas en diversas aplicaciones por su gran capacidad reproductiva y alta sensibilidad a condiciones cambiantes del ambiente. Se propuso aclimatar y cultivar un clon de Lemna minuta, lenteja de agua flotante de amplia distribución en Colombia y América. Sus frondas hijas se mantuvieron dos meses en el medio de cultivo APHA y posteriormente se comparó su propagación en tres medios de cultivo: Hoagland's E+, APHA y AAP20x. Se analizaron variables de crecimiento poblacional como tasa de crecimiento, mortalidad, tiempo de duplicación y tiempo de vida. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la eficiencia del método de limpieza de frondas propuesto por Acreman para obtener cultivos axénicos. Los resultados indicaron que el medio Hoagland's E+ (sin compuestos orgánicos) es el más adecuado para el crecimiento de las frondas en condiciones de laboratorio, debido a su mayor tasa de producción de frondas (0,16 frondas-d"1) y tiempo de vida (13,8 días), con menor mortalidad (0,11 frondas-d"1) y tiempo de duplicación (4,61 días). Conocer los parámetros de crecimiento poblacional y las condiciones de cultivo de L. minuta permiten proponerla como una macrófita relevante y candidata para diversos bioensayos de calidad de agua.

ABSTRACT Although neotropical macrophytes are considered appropriate for diverse applications due to their great reproductive capacity and high sensitivity to changing environmental conditions, research on these plants is currently scarce, especially in Colombia when compared to countries such as Brazil. The current research work intended to acclimatize and cultivate a clone of the duckweed Lemna minuta, which is widely distributed in Colombia and America. After keeping daughter fronds of this species for two months in APHA culture medium, their propagation was compared in three culture media: Hoagland's E+, APHA and AAP20x. Population growth variables such as growth rate, mortality, doubling time and life span. Additionally, the efficiency of the frond cleaning method proposed by Acreman to obtain axenic cultures was evaluated. The results indicated that Hoagland's E+ medium (without organic compounds) is the most suitable one when it comes to frond growing under laboratory conditions, due to its associated higher frond production rate (0.16 fronds-d-1) and life span (13.8 d), as well as lower mortality (0.11 fronds-d-1) and doubling time (4.61 d). Knowing the population growth and cultivation conditions of L. minuta allows proposing it as a relevant macrophyte and candidate for various water quality bioassays.

Environmental and Public Health Aspects of Solid Waste Management at the Lemna Dumpsite in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.

This study is aimed at investigating the level of environmental pollution and the potential impacts of municipal solid wastes on public health. The health risk assessment was determined through a survey of the present facilities used for solid waste management in the metropolis. Waste bins, types of depots, modes of transportation of wastes to disposal sites and methods of disposal were amongst the facilities investigated. The microbiological and physicochemical analysis of decomposing solid waste, leachate, soil, air at dumpsite, stream and Ikot Effanga Mkpa river waters were carried out using standard microbiological procedures. The prevalent bacteria besides fungi isolated from decomposing solid waste, soil, leachate, stream and river water samples were Escherichia coli 55 (13.31%) and 48 (14.33%) Chromobacterium spp 36 (18.18%), Staphylococcus spp 37 (17.70%), Salmonella spp 45(16.85%) and Klebsiella spp (17.06%) respectively. Statistical analysis of the bacterial and fungal counts showed significant difference (p<0.05) between the sources of sampling, months of sampling and seasons of sampling. Decomposing solid wastes followed by soil and leachate had the highest counts at 5% level of probability. The high bacterial counts coupled with these findings are indicative of the possible high risk of microbial infections and a potential destruction of biodiversity from the toxic chemicals of the wastes. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that virtually, most of the parameters determined are above the WHO permissible limits for drinking water. It is recommended that a fit for purpose strategy be developed for waste management with control measures that are health and eco-friendly.

Phytoremediation of Textile Waste Water Using Potential Wetland Plant: Eco Sustainable Approach.

One of the major problems encountered in the textile industry is the production of large volumes of highly coloured wastewater. The textile industries daily discharge million litres of untreated effluents in the form of wastewater into public drains that eventually empty into rivers. They cause serious health hazard. Textile wastewater also contains substantial pollution loads which increase the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and heavy metals. So pre-treatment is needed prior to discharge of these effluents. Among all method investigated presently, Phytoremediation by AMATS (Aquatic Macrophytes Treatment Systems) is a well established environmental protective technique. The most common aquatic Macrophytes being employed in wastewater treatment are water hyacinth, penny wort, water lettuce, water ferns and duck weeds, because they are cheaper to construct and a little skill is required to operate them. This review paper discusses comparative study and efficiency of plants and proposed mechanism of various plant contributed for remediation of textile waste water.

Evaluación del riesgo ambiental de carbofurano en bioensayos con organismos no blanco / Environmental risk assessment of carbofuran in bioassays with non-target organisms

El carbofurano es uno de los plaguicidas más empleado en la agricultura peruana. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el riesgo ambiental del carbofurano en bioensayos de toxicidad, sobre once especies no destinatarias. La siguiente secuencia relativa de mayor a menor cocientes de riesgo (CR) del carbofurano para los 19 puntos finales de efecto en once especies fue encontrada: Daphnia magna (mortalidad) > Lemna minor (inhibición de formación de las hojas) > Paracheirodon innesi (nado extraño) = P. innesi (incremento del movimiento opercular) > Chironomus calligraphus (mortalidad) > L. minor (necrosis) > P. innesi (mortalidad) > L. minor (clorosis) > Tetrapygus niger (inhibición de la fecundación) > Coturnix japonica (mortalidad) > Oncorhynchus mykiss (incremento de coloración) > Ceraeochrysa cincta (no eclosión de huevos) > O. mykiss (mortalidad con oxígeno) > O. mykiss (mortalidad sin oxígeno) > Trichogramma pretiosum (mortalidad) > C. cincta (mortalidad) > T. pretiosum (no emergencia de adultos) > Trichogramma pintoi (mortalidad) > Beauveria bassiana (inhibición del crecimiento). Los cocientes de riesgo (CR) indicaron en todos los casos un alto riesgo del carbofurano principalmente en el ambiente acuático en comparación con el terrestre.

Carbofuran is one of the most employed pesticides in Peruvian agriculture. This research aimed to evaluate the risk assessment in bioassays of carbofuran on eleven non-target species. The following relative sequence in decreasing ecotoxicity order in terms of RQ (Risk quotient) to carbofuran to 19 end points on 11 species was found: Daphnia magna (mortality) > Lemna minor (inhibition of new fronds) > Paracheirodon innesi (strange swim) = P. innesi (increase of opercula movement) > Chironomus calligraphus (mortality) > L. minor (necrosis) > P. innesi (mortality) > L. minor (chlorosis) > Tetrapygus niger (inhibition of fertilization)> Coturnix japonica (mortality) > Oncorhynchus mykiss (increase of coloration) > Ceraeochrysa cincta (not hatch of eggs) > O. mykiss (mortality without oxygen) > O. mykiss (mortality with oxygen) > Trichogramma pretiosum (mortality) > C. cincta (mortality) > T. pretiosum (not emergence of adults) > Trichogramma pintoi (mortality) > Beauveria bassiana (inhibition of growth). Risk quotient (RQ) indicated that carbofuran is highly risky mainly to aquatic environment than terrestrial.

Evaluación de la calidad alimentaria de la harina de Lemna obscura como ingrediente en la elaboración de alimento para tilapia roja (Orechromis spp) / Feeding quality evaluation of Lemna obscura meal as ingredients in the elaboration of food for red tilapia (Orechromis spp)

El presente trabajo se realizó con la finalidad de evaluar la calidad nutricional de la harina de lenteja de agua (Lemna obscura) como ingrediente en la elaboración de alimento para tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.). Se prepararon 3 dietas con niveles de inclusión de 15 por ciento (dieta A), 25 por ciento (dieta B) y 35 por ciento (dieta C) y una dieta control exenta de harina de Lemna. Estas fueron isocalóricas e isoproteicas con un nivel de 30 por ciento de proteína. Además se utilizó una dieta comercial (dieta D), con 40 por ciento de proteína, para compararla con las dietas experimentales. Los alevines se alimentaron durante 10 semanas consecutivas y cada catorce días, se evaluaron los parámetros más importantes como ganancia de peso, alimento consumido, factor de conversión alimentaria (FCA) y la relación eficiencia-proteica (REP). La comparación estadística reveló que no hubo diferencias significativas (P>0,05) en los valores de los resultados finales de la conversión entre las dietas Control A, B, C y D. En relación al peso promedio final, hubo diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre los peces alimentados con la dieta B, con respecto a la dieta control y dieta comercial. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las dietas experimentales (P>0,05). Se demuestra en este estudio que la dieta con un 25 por ciento de inclusión resultó ser más eficiente en cuánto a los parámetros evaluados que la dieta control. Los excedentes de Lemna crecidos en el lago de Maracaibo o cultivados pueden ser utilizados como harina en las dietas para tilapia roja y representa una alternativa para reducir los costos de alimentación, siempre y cuando se utilice en combinación con otros ingredientes de alto contenido proteico.

The present work was carried out with the purpose to evaluate the nutritional quality of duckweed (Lemna obscura) meal as ingredient in the food elaboration for red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Three diets were prepared with inclusion levels of 15 percent (diet A), 25 percent (diet B) and 35 percent (diet C) and a control diet free of Lemna meal. The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous with 30 percent of protein. Furthermore, commercial diet (diet D) with 40 percent protein was used to compare with experimental diets. The fingerlings were fed during 10 weeks consecutive and fourteen days, were evaluated the most important parameters as weight gain, consumed food, feed convertion ratio (FCR) and the protein efficiency ratio (PER). The statistical comparison revealed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the values of final results of convertion among diets control, A, B, C and D. In relation to weight average final there were significant differences (P<0.05) among the fish fed with the diet B with respect to the control diet and commercial diet. There were no significant differences among experimental diets (P>0.05). This study showed that diet with inclusion level 25 percent resulted to be more efficient in how much to the evaluated parameters that the diet control. The excesses of Lemna grown in the Maracaibo lake or cultivated can be used as meal in the diets for red tilapia and represents one alternative to reduce the feeding costs, as long as it used in combination with other ingredients of high protein content.

Efecto del nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio del medio de cultivo en el rendimiento y valor nutritivo de Lemna gibba L. (Lemnaceae)

Se cultivó Lemna gibba en exteriores para determinar el efecto de tres proporciones de N-NH4+:N-NO3- (1:3, 1:1 y 3:1) así como de las concentraciones de fósforo (1,5; 3,0 y 4,5 mg.L-1) y potasio (3,0; 6,0; y 9,0 mg.L-1) adicionadas en el medio de cultivo sobre el rendimiento y contenido de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio. Los rendimientos de peso fresco y seco disminuyeron al incrementar la proporción del N-NH4+. El incremento de la concentración de potasio del medio de cultivo elevó el rendimiento del peso fresco. El contenido de materia seca disminuyó con proporciones de N-NH4+ superiores a las de N-NO3-, así como con el incremento de la concentración de potasio en el medio de cultivo. La absorción y contenido de nitrógeno aumentó al elevar la proporción de N-NH4+; e, incrementando las concentraciones de fósforo y potasio en el medio de cultivo. La absorción y contenido, tanto del fósforo como del potasio, se incrementan a medida que sus respectivas concentraciones en el medio de cultivo se elevan. Altas proporciones de N-NH4+ en el medio de cultivo disminuyen el contenido de fósforo y potasio en la materia seca. Los rendimientos y contenidos de proteína cruda de L. gibba se optimizan con proporciones N-NH4+:N-NO3- de 1:1 y 3:1 en el medio de cultivo respectivamente. Concentraciones superiores a 9 y 4,5 mg.L-1 de potasio y fósforo respectivamente son óptimas.

Lemna gibba was grown in outdoor to determine the effect of three N-NH4+:N-NO3- proportions (1:3, 1:1 and 3:1), as well as the phosphorus (1,5; 3,0 and 4,5 mg.L-1) and potassium (3,0; 6,0 and 9,0 mg.L-1) concentrations added to the culture medium, on the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. Both, fresh and dry weight yields decreased as N-NH4+ proportion increased. Increasing culture medium potassium concentration favored the fresh weight yield. Dry matter content decreased with both N-NH4+ proportions higher than N-NO3- and increasing the potassium concentration in the culture medium. Nitrogen uptake and content enhanced with high N-NH4+ proportions; and, by increasing phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the culture medium. Phosphorus and potassium uptake and content increased as their respective culture medium concentration increased. High proportions of N-NH4+ in the culture medium decreased phosphorus and potassium content in dry matter. L. gibba yields and crude protein content are optimize with culture medium N-NH4+:N-NO3- proportion of 1:1 and 3:1 respectively. Potassium and phosphorus concentrations over 9 and 4,5 mg.L-1 respectively are optimal.