Introduction of SDL in Department of Anatomy: Evaluation of Learning and SDL Readiness

Background: Self-directed learning (SDL) is a process in which individuals assume the responsibility of identifying their learning needs, setting goals, locating sources, developing and implementing proper strategies, and evaluating the outcomes of learning both individually and collectively. The advantages of SDL include, but not limited to, gaining more autonomy in learning, having higher motivation for it, acquiring lifelong learning skills, and developing greater self-control, self-confidence, and self-management. SDL has become popular in medical curricula and has been advocated as an effective learning strategy for medical students to develop competence in knowledge acquisition. Aim and Objectives: To introduce self directed learning in the Department of Anatomy, to encourage faculty members to accept SDL as a Teaching Learning method and encouraging students to develop an attitude of self directed learning & to become lifelong learners. Methodology: After proper sensitization of the faculty & students regarding SDL, two sessions were conducted during the Anatomy Dissection Hall timings of the First Year students. The performance of the students, in the SDL topics was assessed using the MCQ & SAQ tests. Feedback regarding the SDL methodology was taken both from the students as well as the faculty. Also the Questionnaires were given to students applying Fischer’s Self Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS) & Jefferson Scale of Life Long learning –Health Profession Version (JeffSLL-HSP) & the results were statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 126 MBBS students of the first semester participated in SDL session and most students scored more than mean score in the tests after SDL sessions, there was a fourfold increase in the number of students scoring more than 80% in the two SDL tests. Also participating students showed high readiness towards SDL and were oriented to become Life Long Learners. Conclusions: SDL can be effectively implemented in the Department of Anatomy and it motivates students to become life long learners.

Exploration and study on the modern distance education in traditional Chinese medicine colleges and universities / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This article takes the modern distance education of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine for example, and analyzes the current situation and future development paths of modern distance education in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) colleges and universities, which has provided references for other TCM colleges and universities to set up modern distance education, and laid the foundation for further improving the quality of distance education and social influence, optimizing the modern TCM talent cultivation system, and enhancing the quality of TCM talent cultivation.

Desenvolvimento profissional de treinadores esportivos no Brasil: perspectiva de aprendizagem ao longo da vida / Professional development of sports coaches in Brazil: perspective of lifelong learning / Desarrollo profesional de entrenadores deportivos en Brasil: perspectiva de aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida

O objetivo do ensaio é apresentar a teoria de aprendizagem ao longo da vida (JARVIS, 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009). No decorrer da vida, passamos por episódios e experiências em que incor-poramos conhecimentos, habilidades, atitudes, entre outros elementos. Assim, podemos atri-buir significados às novas experiências e, em um nível de reflexão crítica, inovar e qualificar a prática. Ao longo dos episódios de aprendizagem, surge a importância de considerá-los como um processo social, pois o que se aprende está interligado à sociedade e à cultura em que se vive, além de um processo idiossincrático, em que cada pessoa tem a sua biografia, a qual influencia no modo como atribuem significado aos episódios futuros. Ambos são condutores no desenvolvimento de treinadores ao longo da vida.

The aim of the essay is to present the theory of lifelong learning (JARVIS, 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009). Throughout life, we go through episodes and experiences in which we incorporate knowledge, skills, attitudes, among other elements. Thus, we can assign meanings to new experiences and at a critical reflection level, innovate and qualify the practice. Throughout the learning episodes, the importance of considering them as a social process arises, because what one learns is intertwined with the society and culture in which one lives, in addition to an idi-osyncratic process in which each person has his biography, the influence on the way they at-tribute meaning to future episodes. Both conductors in coach development throughout life.

El objetivo del ensayo es presentar la teoría de aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida (JARVIS, 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009). Durante el transcurso de la vida, pasamos por episodios y experien-cias en los que adquirimos conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes, entre otras cosas. De esa forma, podemos atribuir significados a las nuevas experiencias y, en un nivel de reflexión crítica, innovar y clasificarla práctica. A lo largo de los episodios de aprendizaje, surge la im-portancia de considerarlos como un proceso social, pues lo que se aprende está interconectado a la sociedad y a la cultura en que se vive, además de un proceso idiosincrásico en el que cada persona tiene una biografía, que influye en el modo como se atribuyen significados a los epi-sodios futuros. Ambos son conductores en el desarrollo de entrenadores a lo largo de la vida.

Single shot of 17D vaccine may not confer life-long protection against yellow fever

The yellow fever (YF) vaccine has been used since the 1930s to prevent YF, which is a severe infectious disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), and mainly transmitted by Culicidae mosquitoes from the genera Aedes and Haemagogus . Until 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the administration of a vaccine dose every ten years. A new recommendation of a single vaccine dose to confer life-long protection against YFV infection has since been established. Recent evidence published elsewhere suggests that at least a second dose is needed to fully protect against YF disease. Here, we discuss the feasibility of administering multiple doses, the necessity for a new and modern vaccine, and recommend that the WHO conveys a meeting to discuss YFV vaccination strategies for people living in or travelling to endemic areas.

Analysis on the relationship between general self-efficacy and life-long learning orientation in medical students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To analyze the relationship between general gelf-efficacy and life-long learn-ing orientation in medical students of a university for providing scientific evidence for the improvement of their life-long learning orientation. Methods In March 2015, all the fifth grade medical students, altogether 822, were invited to participate in the survey and 748 questionnaires were collected effectively. The instru-ments employed were General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) and Jefferson Scale of Physician Life-Long Learning Student Version in Chinese (JSPLL-S). The relationship was analyzed by using multiple linear regression. Results The general self-efficacy and life-long learning orientation in medical students had significantly positive correlation (β=0.53,P=0.00). Furthermore the general self-efficacy was significantly correlated with each sub-domain of life-long learning orientation, specifically attention to learning opportunity (β=0.53,P=0.00), technical skills in information seeking (β=0.47,P=0.00) and learning beliefs and motivation (β=0.31, P=0.00) respectively. The results also indicated that the magnitude and significance of these corre-lations were independent from the individual characteristics. Conclusion Medical students' general self-efficacy greatly affects their life-long learning orientation. Thus, the strategy aiming at improving students' general self-efficacy could be affective for the development of life-long learning orientation.

"A study on the construction and cultivation of medical students'!lifelong learning ability under the""Three-orientation"" framework" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The professional quality training ofthree orientedpersonnel training mode is one of the three core, which requires medical students to have lifelong learning ability. This study mainly describes the proposed concept of lifelong learning ability, expounds the necessity of lifelong learning ability, and analyzes the connotation, objective and strategies of improving the medical students'!lifelong learning ability under the framework of three oriented medical talents training mode. The training strategy has been discussed mainly from five aspects such as strengthening medical humanistic education, creating a lifelong learning atmosphere in campus, optimizing teaching methods, reform the course of career development and employ-ment guidance, reforming the course of career development and employment guidance, reforming the teaching of medical literature retrieval course and establishing the personal growth archives.

2. To Survive in a Changing Social Environment of Medical Care in Japan / 医学教育

<p>　To survive in a changing social environment of medical care in Japan, medical students should learn viewpoints and methods of social sciences. In recent years in Japan, the importance of primary and community care is increasing due to the change of the disease structure in an aging society. Future talented doctors should be competent mediators between hospital medical and community care. In community care, it is necessary to understand clients in socio-cultural contexts. Social sciences can provide viewpoints and methods to understand people in such contexts. Social sciences can also provide a macroscopic understanding of the influence of the social structure on the medical system.</p><p>　Case studies and PBL may be suitable to learn viewpoints and methods of social sciences in medical education. So, the accumulation of cases which sufficiently provide problems to be analyzed by the methods of social sciences is necessary. The collaboration of medical practitioners and social scientists is also necessary to develop these teaching materials and education methods.</p>

Atitude crítica de idosos sobre atividade física / Critical attitude of elderly adults to physical activity / Actitud crítica de la actividad física en personas mayores

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a atitude crítica em relação à atividade física dos idosos do Programa Autonomia para Atividade Física. Participaram do estudo 18 sujeitos que responderam duas questões abertas após vivência das seguintes aulas: atividade rítmica, yoga, dança circular, tai chi chuan, dança de salão, aerobox e atividades para idosos orientadas através de vídeo. A análise qualitativa resultou em duas categorias de respostas: reflexão sobre necessidades pessoais e reconhecimento de inadequações nas atividades propostas. Dessas respostas, 43% indicam reflexão crítica e 37% apontam inadequações. Os resultados sugerem que a maioria das respostas não demonstra atitude crítica em relação às aulas vivenciadas. Entretanto, uma das limitações deste estudo foi a dificuldade dos alunos no procedimento da escrita, indicando a necessidade de criar outras estratégias para avaliar a população idosa que é heterogênea em termos de escolarização e experiências de vida.

The aim of this study was to analyze the critical attitude of elderly people in the Physical Activity Autonomy Program in relation to physical activity. The study included eighteen subjects, who answered two questions after attending each of the following classes: rhythmical activity, yoga, circular dance, tai chi chuan, saloon dance, aerobox and video oriented elderly activities. Qualitative analysis resulted in two categories of answers: reflections on personal needs and recognition of inadequacies in the proposed activities. Of these responses, 43% indicate critical reflection and 37% indicate inadequacies. The results indicate that most of the answers show no critical attitude to class experiences. However, a limitation of this study was the student's difficult in writing procedure. This indicates a need to create other strategies to evaluation elderly population that is heterogeneous in terms of educational level and life experiences.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la actitud crítica hacia la actividad física de personas mayores del Programa Autonomía para la Actividad Física. En el estudio participaron 18 sujetos que respondieron a dos preguntas abiertas después de frecuentar las siguientes clases: actividad rítmica, yoga, danza circular, tai chi, bailes de salón, aerobox y actividades dirigidas para las personas mayores por medio de video. El análisis cualitativo resultó en dos categorías de respuestas: reflexiones sobre las necesidades personales y el reconocimiento de inadecuaciones en las actividades propuestas. De esas respuestas, el 43% indica reflexión crítica y el 37% apunta inadecuaciones. Los resultados sugieren que la mayoría de las respuestas no muestra ninguna actitud crítica a las clases asistidas. Sin embargo, una las limitaciones de este estudio fue la dificultad de escritura de los estudiantes.

Imperial College London Business School Distance-Learning MBA Programme: Lifelong Education for Physicians using e-Learning / 医学教育

1) As medicine matures, a more balanced management of human resources, medical skills and technology, and finance is required. Therefore, the importance of business administration as a subject of lifelong learning by physicians is increasing.<br>2) Japanese medical students and physicians have few opportunities to learn business administration. A distance-learning programme for a masters of business administration (MBA) degree provides a learning opportunity that does not interrupt careers.<br>3) For both providers and learners, much effort is needed to avoid leaving school without completing the MBA course: while learners need more time management and motivation, providers need to develop a better management system and provide virtual reality situations.

Strengthening Information Literacy Education and Innovating Traditional Chinese Medicine Talents Cultivating Mode / 医学信息学杂志

Based on literature review, questionnaire survey, Interact investigation, experts interview and seminars the paper analyzes the status quo of the information literacy education and existing problems in traditional Chinese medicine colleges and universities, proposes constructive advices on carrying out information literacy education, moreover, provides a information literacy education standard for traditional Chinese medical colleges and universities and initially constructs a comprehensive information literacy education system.

The major role of community medical care and rural health units in establish life long medical education system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The article demonstrates three characters of health service system in community and the countryside: equalitarianism,universality and suitability,and puts forward major functions: strengthening propaganda,universalizing life long education,making prevention and health care education and producing psychologic health education.

Strengthening Teaching Reformation and Cultivating the Talents of Creativity / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Medicine is intended for human beings and the crowd.The constant variation of the record of diseases and the continuous emergence of the technical means of diagnosis and intervening measures to promote health make it urgent to have the idea of life-long study and cultivating the creative talents of medicine.Therefore the medical higher learning must renew the idea of running schools,change the model and goals of cultivation,push the teaching reform forward including paying attention to pushing the curriculum system,teaching methods and the reform of teaching management system,emphasize creative education to create the condition for cultivation of the creative talents.

Investigation on ways of providing patients with life-long medical service / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To find out about community residents' demands and intentions for health service and explore new ways of delivering life-long health service. Methods An investigation was made via sending questionnaires to each household into the health conditions and demands and intentions for health service of 700 residents in 5 neighborhood committees and 1000 discharged patients as well as sub-healthy groups of people in a certain area in Nanchang. Results Of those surveyed, the two-week morbidity was 438 per thousand; the chronic morbidity was 574 per thousand; only 31.1% of the residents went to eommanity hospitals for medical service; and 63.4% of the residents never took any health care service while 59.6% of the residents thought it necessary to take health care service. Conclusion The masses of people are in dire need of low-price life-long medical service. Second-grade third-tier and second-tier hospitals in big and medium-sized cities may explore viable new ways of medical service that will meet the needs of society.