Decanoato de nandrolona aumenta a parede ventricular esquerda, mas atenua o aumento da cavidade provocado pelo treinamento de natação em ratos / Nandrolone decanoate increases the left ventricular wall but attenuates the cavity increase caused by swimming training in rats

Os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAAs) são drogas sintetizadas a partir da testosterona. Sua ação anabólica deve-se principalmente ao aumento da síntese e redução na degradação das proteínas musculares. Este trabalho investiga os efeitos do treinamento de natação associado ao tratamento com decanoato de nandrolona sobre a pressão arterial, as dimensões cardíacas e reatividade vascular. Quarenta ratos Wistar machos, com idade de 60 dias, foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10): sedentário (SN), sedentário tratado (ST), treinados (TN) e treinados tratados (TT). Animais TN e TT realizaram um treinamento de natação durante 12 semanas, enquanto os animais ST e TT receberam decanoato de nandrolona semanalmente (15mg/kg). O coração e os testículos foram removidos e pesados. O diâmetro da cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo (DcVE) e a espessura da parede ventricular (EspVE) foram medidos com um paquímetro eletrônico. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foram medidas semanalmente; ainda, foi estudada a reatividade vascular das artérias mesentéricas em resposta à noradrenalina. Em nosso trabalho não houve alterações no peso do coração; no entanto, verificamos aumento no DcVE (p < 0,05) em ratos TN, enquanto a EspVE aumentou (p < 0,05) nos ratos ST e TT, ambos em relação ao SN. O peso do testículo diminuiu (p < 0,05) em ST e TT em relação a SN. Tanto a pressão arterial quanto a reatividade vascular não foram alteradas. Concluímos que o treinamento de natação aumentou o diâmetro da cavidade ventricular esquerda, enquanto o tratamento com decanoato de nandrolona aumentou a espessura da parede ventricular esquerda, sugerindo uma hipertrofia concêntrica.

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are drugs synthesized from testosterone. Their anabolic action is mainly due to increased synthesis and reduced degradation of muscle proteins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of swimming training associated to nandrolone decanoate treatment on the blood pressure, the myocardial dimensions, vascular reactivity. Forty Wistar male rats, aged 60 days, were divided into 4 groups (n = 10): sedentary (SN), sedentary treated (ST), trained (TN) and trained treated (TT). TN and TT animals performed a swimming training during 12 weeks and ST and TT animals received weekly nandrolone decanoate (15mg/ kg). The heart and teste were removed and weighted. The left ventricular diameter (LVD) and left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) had been measured with an electronic pachymeter. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was weekly measured, while the mesenteric arteries vascular reactivity was studied for its response to noradrenaline. There were no alterations in the heart weight, but the LVD increased (p < 0,05) in TN rats, while the LVWT increased (p < 0,05) in ST and TT rats, both in relation to SN. Testicle weight decreased (p < 0,05) in the ST and TT animals in relation to SN. There was no alteration in blood pressure, neither vascular reactivity. It was concluded that swimming training increased the left ventricular diameter, while nandrolone decanoate treatment increased mainly the left ventricular wall thickness, suggesting concentric hypertrophy.

En torno a los primeros estudios de electrofisiología / On the first studies of electrophysiology

Se presenta un breve bosquejo histórico de la evolución de la electrología a partir del siglo XVIII. Se discute el tema de la llamada electricidad animal, desde las observaciones sobre las descargas del pez Torpedo hasta las investigaciones del catedrático boloñés Luigi Galvani y de sus discípulos. Sus opositores, encabezados por el físico Alessandro Volta, catedrático en la Universidad de Pavía, opinaban que la electricidad detectada por los galvanistas no era inherente al propio animal, sino debida a la acción de los conductores metálicos empleados para formar el circuito: electricidad de contacto. Sólo a mediados del siglo XIX, el físico Carlo Matteucci logró demostrar la existencia de una verdadera electricidad animal en la forma de corriente de lesión. Se logró cuantificarla gracias a la obtención de un electrómetro satisfactorio construido en 1872 por el físico francés Gabriel Lippmann. Este instrumento fue empleado por el fisiólogo inglés Waller para registrar en humanos los ancestros de los trazos electrocardiográficos (1887). A principios del siglo XX, el holandés Willem Einthoven presentó su galvanómetro de cuerda, que abrió el paso a la electrocardiografía actual. Se logró así registrar los potenciales eléctricos de células miocárdicas primero in vitro, más tarde en corazón canino aislado y perfundido, poco después en corazón in situ y, en fin, en corazón humano. Esto permitió efectuar los actuales mapeos endocárdicos y epicárdicos, indispensables para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las arritmias cardiacas.

A historical outline of the evolution of electrophysiology from the eighteenth century is shortly presented. Topics concerning the so called animal electricity starting from the observations on descharges of Torpedo fish until Bolognese Galvani's researches on the frogs are exposed. The points of view of their oppositionists also are examined. These ones, leaded by the physicist Alessandro Volta, professor in the University of Pavia, believed that electricity detected by galvanists was not inherent to animal but was due to the action of the metallic conductors present in the circuit: contact electricity. Only towards the middle of the nineteenth century the physicist Carlo Matteucci attained to demonstrate the existence of the real animal electricity in form of injury current. It was possible to determine that quantitatively thanks to the capillary electrometer built in 1872 by the French physicist Gabriel Lippmann. This instrument was used by the English physiologist Waller in order to obtain the primitive electrocardiographic tracings in humans (1887). At beginnings of the twentieth century, the Dutch professor Willem Einthoven, of the University of Leiden, introduced his string galvanometer which permitted to allow the modern electrocardiography. So it was possible to record the electrical potentials of myocardial cells, first in vitro, later in isolated and perfused heart, son after in dog's heart in situ and finally in human heart. Therefore now it is possible to effectuate endocardial and epicardial mappings, indispensable in order to diagnose and treat the cardiac arrhythmias.

Asociación de la microalbuminuria con la disfunción ventricular izquierda en personas normotensas con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Microalbuminuria and its association with left ventricular dysfunction in normotensive subjects presenting with type 1 diabetes mellitus

La disfunción ventricular izquierda es una complicación frecuente en las personas con diabetes mellitus 1. Es objetivo del trabajo determinar si la excreción urinaria de albúmina se asocia a la presencia de disfunción ventricular izquierda en personas normotensas con diabetes mellitus 1 de largo tiempo de evolución. Se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo en 80 diabéticos normotensos tipo 1 con 10 años o mas de evolución de la diabetes mellitus 1, atendidos consecutivamente en nuestro centro, en edades entre los 15 y los 40 años. Se excluyeron otras enfermedades o condiciones que provoquen por sí mismas disfunción ventricular izquierda y proteinuria. Se estudió: edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, hábito de fumar, presión arterial, evolución de la diabetes mellitus 1, retinopatía diabética, nefropatía diabética incipiente, glucemia en ayunas y posprandial de 2 h, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1), excreción urinaria de albúmina de 24 h, creatinina, electrocardiograma y ecocardiograma modo M bidimensional con Doppler pulsado. Se comprobó disfunción ventricular izquierda en el 26,3 por ciento y alteraciones estructurales en el 16,2. La frecuencia de nefropatía diabética incipiente fue mayor (p<0,032) en el grupo que tenía disfunción ventricular izquierda (80,9 por ciento vs 57,6 por ciento). La excreción urinaria de albúmina fue mayor (p<0,020) en los afectados por disfunción ventricular izquierda. La disfunción ventricular izquierda es frecuente en la diabetes mellitus 1 de larga evolución. La excreción urinaria de albúmina (microalbuminuria) se asocia a la presencia de disfunción ventricular izquierda. El mayor tiempo de evolución de la diabetes mellitus, la glucemia posprandial y la HbA1 son factores asociados a la disfunción ventricular izquierda(AU)

Left ventricular dysfunction is a frequent complication in persons presenting with type 1 diabetes mellitus. To determine if albumin urinary excretion is associated with the presence of left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in normotensive persons presenting with type diabetes mellitus of a long evolution. We made a descriptive and cross-sectional study in 80 normotensive type 1 diabetic patients aged between 15 and 40 with a ³10 years of type 1 diabetes mellitus evolution seen in a consecutive way in our service. Other diseases were excluded or those conditions provoking per se left ventricular dysfunction and proteinuria. Study includes: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, arterial pressure, type 1 diabetes mellitus evolution, diabetic retinopathy, incipient diabetic nephropathy, 2-hours fast and postprandial glycemia, glucosilated-hemoglobin (HbA1), 24-hours albumin urinary excretion, creatinine, electrocardiogram, and two-dimensional M-mode echocardiogram with pulsed Doppler. We verified left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in 26,3 percent and structural alterations in 16,2 percent. Incipient diabetic nephropathy frequency was higher (p<0,032) in LVD group (80,9 percent versus 57,6 percent). Albumin urinary excretion was higher too (p<0,020) in patients presenting with LVD. LVD is frequent in type 1 diabetes mellitus with a long evolution. Albumin urinary excretion (microalbuminuria) is associated with presence of LVD. LVD-associated factors include a greater evolution time, postprandial glycemia, and HbA1(AU)