Registro de síndromes coronarios agudos en centros de alta complejidad de Argentina. ReSCAR 2022 / Acute Coronary Syndromes in High Complexity Centers of Argentina. The ReSCAR Registry

RESUMEN Introducción : Realizamos un registro multicéntrico para analizar el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de todos los tipos de síndromes coronarios agudos; este registro es el primero en abordar en detalle aquellos cuadros que cursan sin enfermedad coronaria epicárdica significativa. Es importante conocer la realidad del actual accionar médico con el objeto de hallar oportunidades de mejora. Material y métodos : Se registraron en forma prospectiva pacientes hospitalizados por síndrome coronario agudo en 15 centros de Argentina, con diagnóstico con troponina ultrasensible, servicio de unidad coronaria y hemodinamia disponible las 24 horas, entre enero y agosto de 2022. Resultados : Se incluyeron 984 pacientes consecutivos, un 22,2% con angina inestable, 39,1% con infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST (IAMSEST) y 24,1% con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). Por otro lado, el 4,1% se presentó como IAM tipo 2, 1,2% como miocarditis, 0,7% como síndrome de Takotsubo y 8,6% como infarto de miocardio con enfermedad coronaria no obstructiva (MINOCA). La mediana (rango intercuartílico, RIC) de edad fue de 66 años (56,5-74), con un 75,3% de pacientes de sexo masculino. El manejo inicial de los pacientes sin elevación del segmento ST fue invasivo en el 84%, con una tasa de enfermedad coronaria significativa del 76,5%. En cuanto a la evolución intrahospitalaria, las complicaciones isquémicas más relevantes fueron el reinfarto (2,84%), angina recurrente (2,4%), angina post infarto (2%) y trombosis intra stent (0,5%). El porcentaje de eventos hemorrágicos totales fue de 4,4% y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria total fue de 3,76%. Conclusiones : El registro tiene una buena representación del espectro de pacientes con sospecha inicial de síndrome coronario agudo, manejados en centros con una estrategia inicial principalmente invasiva, con una baja tasa de complicaciones hospitalarias y una mortalidad global aceptable.

ABSTRACT Background : We conducted a multicenter registry to analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to all types of acute coronary syndromes; this registry is the first to provide detailed information on conditions without significant epicardial coronary artery disease. Knowing the reality of current medical practice is important to find opportunities for improvement. Methods : Patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome between January and August 2022 in 15 centers of Argentina, with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, coronary care unit, and catheterization laboratory available 24 hours, were prospectively recorded. Results : A total of 984 consecutive patients were included, 22.2% with unstable angina, 39.1% with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 24.1% with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Additionally, 4.1% presented as type 2 AMI, 1.2% as myocarditis, 0.7% as Takotsubo syndrome and 8.6% as myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Median age was 66 years [interquartile range (IQR) 56.5-74] and 75.3% were men. An early invasive management was used in 84% of patients without ST segment elevation, and 76.5% of them had significant coronary artery disease. During hospitalization, 2.84% of the patients presented reinfarction, 2.43% recurrent angina, 2% postinfarction angina and 0.5% stent thrombosis. Bleeding events occurred in 4.4% of the patients, and overall in-hospital mortality was 3.76%. Conclusions : The registry has a good representation of the spectrum of patients with initial suspicion of "acute coronary syndrome", managed in centers with an invasive initial strategy and with low rate of in-hospital complications and acceptable overall mortality.

Follow up of a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome without obstructive coronary disease. At a tertiary care center during 2019 and 2020

Introduction: 10% of acute myocardial infarctions occur with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). These myocardial infarctions represent a group of conditions with less than 50% stenosis. The characteristics of the population with MINOCA in the region are unknown. The objective is to characterize the population with MINOCA and identify the factors associated with adverse outcomes. Materials and methods: this was an analytical cohort study which identified various char acteristics of patients with MINOCA at a tertiary care center in Pereira. From January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020, 1,500 coronary arteriographies were reviewed; 292 met the angiographic criteria for MINOCA and, of these, 163 patients met the inclusion criteria. The primary outcome was a composite of hospitalization for angina/heart failure, reperfusion therapy, and death from cardiovascular causes and from any cause at six months and one year. Results: the median age was 64 years; 54% (n=88) were men. Arterial hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity (n=100; 61.3%), and the most common electrocardiographic presenta tion was T wave inversion (29.7%; n=47). Altogether, 19.3% (n=28) and 25.5% (n=37) had some outcome at six months and one year. One-year mortality was 5.5%. On multivariate analysis, the initial troponin, moderate to severe aortic regurgitation and right bundle branch block were associ ated with the event. Conclusion: we have presented the Colombian study with the largest cohort of patients with MINOCA, identifying factors associated with adverse outcomes. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2742).

Fenótipos MINOCA - Um Desafio para o Manejo Específico do Paciente / MINOCA Phenotypes - A Challenge for Patient-Specific Management

Resumo O infarto do miocárdio com artérias coronárias não obstrutivas (MINOCA) é um fenômeno clínico intrigante e de prognóstico incerto, caracterizado pela evidência de infarto do miocárdio (IM) com artérias coronárias normais ou quase normais na angiografia1. Atualmente, não há diretrizes para o manejo e muitos pacientes recebem alta sem uma etiologia determinada, significando muitas vezes que o tratamento ideal é adiado.Relatamos três estudos de caso MINOCA com as principais causas fisiopatológicas cardíacas, particularmente epicárdicas, microvasculares e não isquêmicas, levando ao tratamento diferencial. Os pacientes apresentavam dor torácica aguda, aumento da troponina e nenhuma doença coronariana angiograficamente significativa.Neste estudo, analisamos a etiologia, diagnóstico clínico e tratamento da MINOCA em relação à literatura relevante.MINOCA é considerado um diagnóstico de trabalho dinâmico, incluindo distúrbios coronários, miocárdicos e não coronários. Estudos prospectivos e registros são necessários para melhorar o atendimento e o resultado do paciente.

Abstract Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a puzzling clinical phenomenon with an unclear prognosis, characterized by evidence of myocardial infarction (MI) with normal or near-normal coronary arteries on angiography1. Currently, there are no guidelines for management, and many patients are discharged without a determined etiology, often meaning that optimal treatment gets postponed.We report three MINOCA case studies with main pathophysiological cardiac causes, particularly epicardial, microvascular, and non-ischemic, prompting differential management. The patients presented with acute chest pain, troponin raise, and no angiographically significant coronary disease.In this study, we analyzed the etiology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of MINOCA concerning the relevant literature.MINOCA is considered to be a dynamic working diagnosis, including coronary, myocardial, and non-coronary disorders. Prospective studies and registries are needed to improve patient care and outcome.

Cardiovascular diseases in women: a differentiated view and risk stratification

SUMMARY Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in men and women worldwide, surpassing mortality from all associated neoplasms. In women, its prevalence and mortality increase at menopause, but complications of reproductive age, such as preeclampsia and eclampsia, lead to increased cardiovascular risk throughout their lives. Coronary ischemic disease is is the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide, with atherosclerotic disease being the principal pathophysiological mechanism. However, in women, other mechanisms are associated with myocardial ischemia, such as microcirculation disease and/or vasospasm, due to the anatomical and hormonal characteristics of women in different stages of their lives. Knowledge of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases in women, as well as the specific risk factors, the traditional ones with the greatest impact, and the under-recognized ones, is of fundamental importance in their risk stratification, diagnosis, and management, fundamentally aiming at reducing mortality.

Incidencia y características clínicas de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva (MINOCA) / Incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary disease (MINOCA)

Resumen Introducción: MINOCA es un infarto agudo de miocardio sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva, esta definición se ha incorporado recientemente a la 4° definición universal del infarto. Sin embargo, por tratarse de un síndrome coronario isquémico no convencional en la práctica clínica, su etiología es muy compleja de dilucidar y demanda un proceso de diagnósticos diferenciales para descartar otras causas de lesión cardíaca. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar a los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sin lesiones obstructivas significativas incluidos en el Registro Argentino de Infarto con Elevación del segmento ST (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Métodos: estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico de carácter nacional con inclusión de pacientes con IAMCEST dentro de las 36 horas comenzado los síntomas. Se analizaron todos los pacientes estudiados con cinecoronariografía al ingreso y se consideró MINOCA a aquellos sin lesiones obstructivas significativas de la arteria responsable y se los comparó con los pacientes con lesiones coronarias ateroscleróticas signifi cativas. Resultados: 30 pacientes con MINOCA sobre 2894 pacientes ingresados al registro (incidencia: 1%). Los pacientes con MINOCA fueron más jóvenes, proporción similar en cuanto al género, menos diabéticos y con más antecedentes de insuficiencia cardíaca. Ingresan sin falla cardíaca y fracción de eyección preservada. Mortalidad intrahospitalaria 7%, sin diferencia significativa comparado con IAM clásico. Al alta recibieron en me nor proporción inhibidores P2Y12, estatinas y betabloqueantes. Discusión: No se encontró predominancia de género femenino como otras series. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria es elevada a pesar de no tener enfermedad coronaria significativa. Se destaca la baja utilización de doble antiagregación y estatinas.

Abstract Introduction: MINOCA is an acute myocardial infarction without obstructive coronary disease, this definition was recently incorporated into the 4th universal definition of myocardial infarction. However, since it is an unconventional ischemic coronary syndrome in clinical practice, its etiology is very complex to elucidate and requires a differential diagnosis process to rule out other causes of cardiac injury. The objective of this study is to characterize patients with acute myocardial infarction without significant obstructive lesions included in the Argentine Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (ARGEN-IAM-ST). Methods: Prospective, multicenter national study including patients with STEMI within 36 hours of symptom onset. All patients studied with coronary angiography at admission were analyzed and those without significant obstructive lesions of the culprit artery were considered MINOCA. This MINOCA patients were compared with patients with significant atherosclerotic coronary lesions. Results: 30 patients with MINOCA out of 2894 patients entered in the registry (incidence: 1%). MINOCA patients were younger, had a similar proportion for gender, had fewer diabetics patients, and had a greater history of heart failure. They were admitted without heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. In-hospital mortality was 7%, with no significant difference compared to classic AMI. At discharge, they received P2Y12 inhibitors, statins, and beta-blockers in fewer proportion. Discussion: There was no predominance of the female gender as in other series. In-hospital mortality is high despite not having significant coronary disease. It is worth mentioning the low use of dual antiaggregating and statins.

Successful Mitral Valve Repair for Papillary Muscle Rupture Caused by Coronary Spasm Induced by Myocardial Infarction / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

Papillary muscle rupture, a complication of acute myocardial infarction, causes acute mitral valve regurgitation. However, to date, only a few articles have reported PMR associated with coronary spasm. In this article, we report the case of a 64-year-old woman who suffered posteromedial papillary muscle rupture caused by coronary spasm or Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA), and was successfully treated with mitral valve repair.

Infarto De Miocardio Sin Lesiones Coronarias. Subanálisis Del Registro CONAREC XVII / Myocardial infarction without coronary arteries lesions. Insights from the CONAREC XVII Registry

Los síndromes coronarios agudos sin lesiones coronarias han cobrado relevancia en los últimos años, pero aún no se dispone de datos locales. Analizamos un registro de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio, en 45 centros del país con residencias de cardiología. Se analizaron 1182 participantes de los cuales 33 (2.8%) no presentaron lesiones coronarias en angiografía, mientras que 89.5% tenían lesiones graves y 7.7% lesiones intermedias. La edad promedio de los pacientes sin lesiones coronarias fue 64.5 ± 13.0 años, 69.7% eran varones, sin diferencias respecto a aquellos con enfermedad epicárdica. La presentación electrocardiográfica más frecuente fue la desviación del segmento ST (13 supradesnivel y 10 infradesnivel del segmento). Además, este subgrupo presentó biomarcadores más bajos (CPK pico 203.5 UI/l, rango [RIC] 102- 422.5 vs. 895.5 UI/l RIC 350-1891, p < 0.0001). La mediana de días de internación fue 4.0 (RIC 3-5.5), siendo menor que la del grupo con enfermedad coronaria intermedia y grave (5.5 días, RIC 4-7, y 6 RIC 4-7, p = 0.003). Al alta, aquellos sin lesiones coronarias recibieron menor prescripción de IECA/ARA II (54.6% vs. 78.0% y 79.7%, p = 0.002) y estatinas (78.8% vs. 87.9% y 91.9%, p = 0.017). Ninguno de este subgrupo falleció durante la inter nación. Nuestros datos sugieren que los infartos sin lesiones coronarias significativas son frecuentes en nuestro medio, aunque probablemente se encuentren subdiagnosticados. Si bien su pronóstico parece más favorable, resulta importante señalar que recibieron menos fármacos para prevenir su recurrencia. Nuevos estudios son necesarios para profundizar el conocimiento de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Acute coronary syndromes without coronary lesions have gained relevance in recent years. However, local data on this condition is scarce. We aimed to explore this entity in a National registry of acute myocardial infarction that was carried out prospectively in hospitals with cardiology residence programs from Ar gentina. We included 1182 patients from 45 centers, where 33 did not present coronary lesions on angiography. The mean age was 64.5 ±13.0 and 69.7% were male, without differences compared to participants with epicardial disease. The most common electrocardiographic presentation was ST segment deviation. In addition, presented lower biomarkers (peak CPK 203.5 IU / l, range [IQR] 102-422.5 vs. 895.5 IU / l IQR 350-1891, p < 0.0001). The median hospitalization was 4.0 days (IQR 3-5.5), lower than the group with intermediate and severe coronary disease (5.5 days, RIC 4-7, and 6, RIC 4-7, p = 0.003). At discharge, less use of ACE/ARB (54.6% vs.78.0% y 79.7%, p = 0.002) and statins (78.8% vs. 87.9% y 91.9%, p = 0.017). No deaths during hospitalization were reported. Our data suggested that infarcts without significant coronary lesions are frequent, although they are probably underdiagnosed. Their prognosis seems to be more favorable, but they receive fewer drugs to prevent recurrence. New studies are necessary to deepen the knowledge of the disease.

Infarto de miocardio con arterias coronarias no obstruidas en pediatría: una afección poco conocida / Myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries in pediatrics: a little-known entity

Resumen El infarto de miocardio con arterias coronarias no obstruidas (MINOCA, por sus siglas en inglés) ha ganado importancia en los últimos 20 años gracias a la dilucidación de etiologías fisiopatológicas diferentes de las causas obstructivas del flujo coronario. Diversos estudios han evidenciado una prevalencia variable, la cual es más alta en las mujeres. Se han descrito dos grupos de alteraciones en la reactividad coronaria que afectan el flujo: las causas epicárdicas y las causas microvasculares. El diagnóstico de MINOCA es de exclusión; por lo tanto, inicialmente se deben descartar otras posibles causas de isquemia, como miocarditis, miocardiopatía séptica, choque hipovolémico por trauma o quemaduras, y enfermedades renales o pulmonares. Los reportes y estudios de esta enfermedad suelen incluir pacientes adultos o mayores de 18 años. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 16 años con antecedente de tetralogía de Fallot corregida en etapa de lactante menor y reemplazo valvular pulmonar con bioprótesis y ampliación del tronco pulmonar a los 11 años, quien ingresó con dolor torácico de características coronarias. Cursó con un diagnóstico de MINOCA por exclusión en una institución de cuarto nivel en Cali, Colombia. El diagnóstico de MINOCA en edad pediátrica es raro; sin embargo, es importante saber acerca de su existencia para brindar a los pacientes el mejor manejo disponible, de manera que se aseguren los mejores desenlaces a largo plazo.

Abstract Myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA) has gained importance in the last 20 years, due to the elucidation of physiopathological etiologies different from the obstructive causes of coronary flow. Different studies have shown variable prevalence, being higher in women. Different causes have been evidenced in the studies found in two groups of alterations in coronary reactivity: epicardial causes and microvascular causes. The diagnosis of MINOCA must be a diagnosis of exclusion. Therefore, other possible causes of ischemia, such as myocarditis, septic cardiomyopathy, hypovolemic shock due to trauma or burns, renal or pulmonary diseases, should be ruled out initially. The reports and studies done around this pathology usually include adult patients and people older than 18 years. We present the case of a 16-year-old patient with a history of Tetralogy of Fallot corrected as an infant and pulmonary valve replacement with bioprothesis and enlargement of the pulmonary trunk at 11 years of age who was admitted with chest pain of coronary characteristics. The diagnosis after multiples studies and exclusion of other causes was MINOCA in a fourth level institution in Cali, Colombia.

Isquemia miocárdica sin lesiones coronarias obstructivas: MINOCA-INOCA: Revisión para la toma de decisiones GREECO (Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Coronarias) / Myocardial ischemia without coronary obstructions: MINOCA-INOCA. Review for decision making

Una de cada 4 coronariografías realizadas por isquemia miocárdica presenta lesiones menores al 50% Este dato desencadenó un creciente interés en la comunidad médica. La Sociedad Americana de Cardiología publicó recientemente un artículo que describe la posición consensuada de un grupo de expertos sobre la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta entidad. Nuestro trabajo refleja una revisión narrativa y la posición de un grupo de expertos pertenecientes a diferentes instituciones con servicios de Cardiología jerarquizados. Aborda aspectos fisiopatológicos y diagnósticos para comprender el enfoque actual del tratamiento, tanto en pacientes que ingresan con diagnóstico de MINOCA (infa rto de miocardio con lesiones angiográficas no graves) o de INOCA (angina e isquemia demostradas, pero sin lesiones coronarias que justifiquen este síndrome).

One in every four coronarographies performed to study myocardial ischemia shows coronary angiographic stenosis less than 50%. This data triggered an increasing interest in the medical community. The American Society of Cardiology recently published a position paper about the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of this entity. Our group performed a narrative review reflecting the opinion of cardiology experts from different centers in Argentina. It aims physiopatologic and diagnostic aspect to understand the current approach in patients with MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries) e INOCA (demonstrated angina and ischemia but without coronary lesions that justify this syndrome).

Etiopatogenia e implicancia pronóstica en el infarto de miocardio sin obstrucción de las arterias coronarias epicárdicas (MINOCA)

RESUMEN El infarto de miocardio sin obstrucción de las arterias coronarias (MINOCA) es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por la evidencia clínica de infarto de miocardio con arterias coronarias normales o con estenosis no significativas en la angiografía coronaria igual o menor a 50%. El MINOCA es un síndrome clínico con múltiples etiologías que pueden afectar tanto los vasos epicárdicos como la microcirculación, con una prevalencia de 6%. Se debe realizar un enfoque de medicina personalizado mediante el cual los pacientes con diferentes subtipos de angina, definidos por los resultados de pruebas coronarias de funcionalidad, puedan beneficiarse de una terapia individualizada y dirigida. Se requiere de un caudal mayor de investigación para determinar si este enfoque puede conducir al paciente a beneficios clínicos. Las pruebas invasivas más generalizadas permiten la identificación de subgrupos de diagnóstico para el desarrollo de terapias dirigidas guiado por estudios mecanicistas. El manejo terapéutico depende de la causa que lo origina, si es que llega a ser identificada. El pronóstico es variable, dependiendo de la causa, y en muchos casos es similar a aquellos casos con obstrucción coronaria. El diagnóstico correcto de la causa subyacente de la angina permite el tratamiento preciso, específico y estratificado de los diferentes tipos de causa etiológica. Esta manera de actuar ha demostrado que este enfoque es seguro, factible y con beneficios demostrables para los pacientes con MINOCA.

ABSTRACT Myocardial infarction without coronary artery obstruction (MINOCA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by clinical evidence of myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries or with non-significant stenosis in coronary angiography equal to or less than 50%. MINOCA is a clinical syndrome with multiple etiologies that can affect both epicardial vessels and microcirculation, with a prevalence of 6%. A personalized medicine approach should be performed whereby patients with different angina subtypes, defined by the results of coronary functional tests, can benefit from an individualized and targeted therapy. A greater flow of research is required to determine if this approach can lead the patient to clinical benefits. The more generalized invasive tests allow the identification of diagnostic subgroups for the development of targeted therapies guided by mechanistic studies. The therapeutic management depends on the cause that originates it, if it becomes identified. The prognosis is variable, depending on the cause, and in many cases it is similar to those cases with coronary obstruction. The correct diagnosis of the underlying cause of angina allows the precise, specific and stratified treatment of the different types of etiological cause. This way of acting has shown that this approach is safe, feasible and with demonstrable benefits for patients with MINOCA.

Minoca, infarto con coronarias normales ¿La caída del paradigma? / MINOCA, infarction with normal coronaries. The fall of the paradigm ?

El infarto agudo de miocardio es la principal causa de muerte en el mundo, siendo la obstrucción coronaria aterosclerótica el hallazgo más frecuente. Sin embargo, el 6% de los pacientes no presenta lesiones angiográficamente significativas, definidas por obstrucción de la luz vascular mayor al 50%. Estos casos se han definido bajo el término MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries). Suelen ocurrir en mujeres jóvenes, con factores de riesgo cardiovascular, elevación de biomarcadores cardíacos e infradesnivel del segmento ST en el electrocardiograma. Las principales etiologías son la miocarditis, el síndrome de Takotsubo y el infarto subendocárdico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 65 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y bloqueo completo de rama izquierda previo, que ingresó con ángor, imagen de bloqueo completo de rama izquierda en el electrocardiograma con criterios de Sgarbossa negativos y biomarcadores cardíacos positivos. En el ecocardiograma evidenció trastorno en la motilidad de la pared inferolateral y en la coronariografía solo una lesión no significativa (40%) en segmento proximal de la arteria circunfleja. La cardiorresonancia, en la secuencia de realce tardío de gadolinio, mostró retención de contraste subendocárdico a nivel de los segmentos inferolateral medial con extensión lateroapical compatible con infarto correspondiente a territorio de arteria circunfleja. Este caso ilustra un ejemplo de MINOCA secundario a infarto subendocárdico con trombólisis espontánea, en el que la presentación clínica fue típica, sin embargo en la coronariografía no se observaron lesiones significativas, por lo que fue necesario complementar con otro método de imágenes: la cardiorresonancia.

Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death in the world, being the coronary atherosclerotic obstruction the main finding. Although 6% of all the patients had no significant coronary arteries disease on coronary angiography, defined by lumen vascular obstruction greater than 50%. This type of cases was defined by the term MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries). They are usually young women, with cardiovascular risk factors, high cardiac biomarkers with non-ST elevation in the electrocardiogram. The main etiologies are myocarditis, Takotsubo syndrome and subendocardial myocardial infarction. We present the case of a 65 years-old woman with history of hypertension and complete left bundle branch block, who was admitted to the emergency department with typical chest pain, complete left bundle branch block in the electrocardiogram, with negative Sgarbossa criteria and positive cardiac biomarkers. The echocardiography evidenced inferolateral regional wall motion abnormalities, and the coronary angiography a single non-significative lesion (40%) in the proximal segment of the circumflex artery. Cardiac magnetic resonance evidenced subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement in inferolateral medial with latero-apical extension segments consistent with circumflex artery-related infarction. This case illustrates an example of MINOCA secondary to myocardial infarction with posterior spontaneous thrombolysis, in which the clinical presentation was typical, however the coronary angiography showed non obstructive lesions. Therefore, another complementary imaging methods were needed such as the cardiac magnetic resonance.

Coronary computed tomography angiography in patients with myocardial infarction and non-obstructed coronary arteries

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death worldwide. In India almost 30,000 people suffer an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) each year and, despite the greatly improved survival after AMI, CVD remains the leading cause of death among women and men. During the last decade, there has been increasing awareness of the significant minority of patients with acute myocardial infarction, for whom invasive coronary angiography (ICA) does not show any coronary artery stenoses. This condition is called myocardial infarction and non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA) and is still incompletely understood. Aim of the study: To investigate whether patients with MINOCA had a greater coronary plaque burden determined by coronary CTA than a control group matched by age and gender. Materials and methods: Totally 100 patients were included in the study Patients presenting to the department of cardiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Institute Kattangulathur, Kanchipuram District, Chennai with an ACS between January 2018 to May 2019. In the first step, patients with MINOCA were screened for the SMINC study Patients were eligible to take part in the study if they were between 35 and 70 years old, fulfilled the criteria for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) according to the universal definition of AMI and underwent ICA showing no or minimal signs Venkatesh Munusamy, Veeraraghavan Sriram, Dhandapani Vellala Elumalai. Coronary computed tomography angiography in patients with myocardial infarction and non-obstructed coronary arteries. IAIM, 2019; 6(8): 18-25. Page 19 of atherosclerosis (defined as the presence of plaque discernible on ICA, but no stenosis exceeding 30% by visual estimation). All patients also underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging at a median of 12 days after hospital admission. Results: MINOCA patients did not have more CAD than healthy controls, matched by age and gender. A large proportion of MINOCA patients had no signs of CAD at coronary CTA. Conclusion: Thus, MINOCA should not be considered a definitive diagnosis, but rather a working diagnosis, warranting additional diagnostic evaluation. Myocarditis is one of the conditions that may manifest itself as MINOCA. Findings of the SMINC study, where myocarditis was excluded by CMR, suggest that TS is an important cause of MINOCA. Other potential causes include CAD with rupture of a non-stenotic lesion, coronary artery spasm, thrombotic disorders, and microvascular dysfunction.