Pediatric palliative medicine in Brazil: an ethical reflection of medical practice

The ethical barriers involved in the practice of pediatric palliative medicine remain high and challenging. In terms of medical ethics, attention should be paid to culture, religion and family values, in order to promote adequate care for caregivers, even in case of loss of a patient, promoting a bereavement process with less suffering. The data were qualitatively analyzed by IRAMUTEQ software, with a high degree of significance of essay responses on ethics related to palliative care in pediatrics. Discussions about prognosis, goals of care, and treatment options can be very difficult, as legally supported palliative care alternatives may diverge from the wishes of the family. We conclude that divergences exist between the application of palliative medicine and ethics regarding acceptance and end-of-life management of pediatric patients. Ethical challenges are constantly complex situations in which palliative physicians must relate legal concepts, knowledge and family values, which often conflict. The quality of palliative care depends initially on the ability of specialized professionals to identify and explain the ethical issues that generate conflict or uncertainty, in addition to raising discussions with the family about the medical, moral and legal issues surrounding the difficult situation.

Las barreras éticas involucradas en la práctica de la medicina paliativa pediátrica siguen siendo altas y desafiantes. En términos de ética médica, se debe prestar atención a la cultura, la religión y los valores familiares, con el fin de promover una atención adecuada a los cuidadores, incluso en caso de pérdida de un paciente, promoviendo un proceso de duelo con menos sufrimiento. Los datos fueron analizados cualitativamente por el software IRAMUTEQ, con un alto grado de significación de las respuestas de los ensayos sobre la ética relacionada con los cuidados paliativos en pediatría. Las discusiones sobre el pronóstico, los objetivos de los cuidados y las opciones de tratamiento pueden ser muy difíciles, ya que las alternativas de cuidados paliativos legalmente respaldadas pueden divergir de los deseos de la familia. Se concluye que existen divergencias entre la aplicación de la medicina paliativa y la ética en relación con la aceptación y la gestión del final de la vida de los pacientes pediátricos. Los retos éticos son situaciones constantemente complejas en las que los médicos paliativos deben relacionar conceptos jurídicos, conocimientos y valores familiares, que a menudo entran en conflicto. La calidad de los cuidados paliativos depende inicialmente de la capacidad de los profesionales especializados para identificar y explicar las cuestiones éticas que generan conflicto o incertidumbre, además de plantear debates con la familia sobre las cuestiones médicas, morales y jurídicas que rodean la difícil situación.

As barreiras éticas envolvidas na prática da medicina paliativa pediátrica ainda são grandes e desafiadoras. No que diz respeito à ética médica, deve-se prestar atenção à cultura, religião e valores familiares, a fim de pro-mover um cuidado adequado para os cuidadores, mesmo em caso de perda do paciente, promovendo um pro-cesso de luto com menos sofrimento. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente pelo software IRAMU-TEQ, com um alto grau de significância das respostas dos ensaios sobre ética relacionada aos cuidados palia-tivos em pediatria. As discussões sobre prognóstico, objetivos de cuidados e opções de tratamento podem ser extremamente desafiadoras, uma vez que as alternativas de cuidados paliativos legalmente suportadas podem divergir dos desejos da família. Nosso estudo conclui que existem divergências entre a implementação da medicina paliativa e a ética em relação à aceitação e manejo do fim da vida de pacientes pediátricos. Os desa-fios éticos são constantemente situações complexas em que os médicos paliativistas devem relacionar concei-tos legais, conhecimento e valores familiares, que frequentemente entram em conflito. A qualidade dos cuida-dos paliativos depende inicialmente da capacidade de profissionais especializados identificarem e explicarem as questões éticas que levam a conflitos ou incertezas, além de levantar discussões com a família sobre ques-tões médicas, morais e legais que cercam a situação difícil.

As receitas médicas de Hannah Woolley: prática cotidiana e autoridade feminina na Inglaterra do século XVII / The medicinal recipes of Hannah Woolley: everyday practice and female authority in seventeenth-century England

Resumo O artigo retrata os interesses de uma escritora inglesa do século XVII sobre cuidados médicos, e as razões que a levaram a publicar textos sobre essa matéria. Hannah Woolley tecia orientações sobre diversos assuntos do âmbito doméstico, entre os quais receitas para preservar a beleza e a saúde. O artigo investiga os princípios que regiam o preparo dessas receitas, as intenções de Woolley ao escrever sobre o tema, e a maneira como a medicina acadêmica era traduzida e praticada por mulheres no cotidiano da época. O delineamento dessas questões ajudará a elucidar o cenário de atuação das curadoras letradas e a natureza das relações que teceram com os médicos eruditos.

Abstract This article describes a seventeenth-century English woman writer's interests in medical care and the reasons that led her to publish texts on this topic. Hannah Woolley offered guidance on a wide variety of topics in the domestic sphere, including recipes for health and beauty. Here we investigate the principles that governed the preparation of these recipes, Woolley's intentions in writing on this topic, and the way in which academic medicine was translated and practiced by women routinely during this period. Defining these issues will help shed light on the scenario in which literate female healers worked and the nature of their relationships with learned physicians.

Analysis of the punishment on unlicensed medical practice in Jinshan District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveThis paper analyzed the punishment situation of unlicensed medical practice in recent 7 years in Jinshan District of Shanghai， then suggested the countermeasures to prevent and combat unlicensed medical practice in the future. MethodsA total of 190 cases of unlicensed medical practice from 2016 to 2022 were investigated. The basic situation of the punishment，legal basis，subject distribution，clue source and individual characteristics were analyzed. ResultsThe case-filing number of unlicensed medical practice showed a decreasing trend，but the amount of fines increased obviously. The clues of investigation and punishment of unlicensed medicine practice were mainly found by inspection（32.11%） and transferred from other departments（28.42%）， while the number of complaints and clues reported from grassroots increased year by year. Medical and dental were the two major unlicensed practice，accounting for 35.79% and 33.16%， respectively. In addition， unlicensed medical cosmetology practice was increasing year by year. 78.62% of the unlicensed medical practioners are immigrants， 62.76% of them aged between 31 and 50 years old， among them 70.34% are men， and 62.76% of them have a fixed place. ConclusionThough the prevention and crack-down on unlicensed medical practice has achieved significant achievements，it is still necessary to enhance the responsibility of local administration，strengthen the inspection，investigate and deal with cases jointly by multiple departments，and implement the comprehensive supervision mechanism of the health care industry.

Investigation on medical practice of overseas acupuncturists based on the top 5 general hospitals in the United States of America and the inspiration / 国际中医中药杂志

This study selected the top five general hospitals in the United States of America, collected the practice information of acupuncturists through the official website, and analyzed the professional department, expertise, professional title, education background, residency, fellowship, board certification, etc. of these acupuncturists to understand the practice situation of acupuncturists in the hospitals. The results of the study showed the practice of acupuncturists in the United States of America is improving. With further localization, locally trained acupuncturists have gradually become the main body of acupuncturists; acupuncture treatment is still mainly for analgesia, but the scope of treatment continues to expand, and departments that accept acupuncturists are gradually increasing. However, the group of licensed acupuncturists is still a minority in the group of acupuncturists in the United States of America. Native American physicians still use acupuncture as an alternative option and neglect to obtain a license. The entry barrier for acupuncturists still needs to be raised.

Exploring the application of decision analysis in public health emergencies / 上海预防医学

When facing two or more choices， sound decision-making is critical. In the field of clinical medical practice and public health， more and more researchers use decision-making analysis as an important tool to assist in making the optimal choices. Public health emergencies have the characteristics of group cases， sudden and uncertain. In addition to causing serious damage to public health， they may also have varying degrees of impact on socio-economic， psychological and even social stability. At present， we have not seen the application of mature and sound decision analysis in public health emergency response. This paper reviewed the development of decision analysis in the medical field and the application of common decision-making models in clinical practice. Combined with the current situation of global infectious disease outbreaks and prevention and control， this paper puts forward the concepts and prospects of establishing an auxiliary decision-making system for public health emergencies， aiming to provide a scientific method for medical and health workers to respond to public health emergencies.

Ética médica e bioética entre estudantes de medicina / Medical ethics and bioethics among medical students / Ética médica y bioética entre estudiantes de medicina

Resumo Conhecimentos de ética médica e bioética são fundamentais para o correto desempenho do profissional médico. Neste trabalho, procuramos conhecer e avaliar discussões a respeito de ética médica e bioética entre estudantes de um curso de medicina por meio da aplicação de questionário. Foi verificado que, em sua maioria (89%), esses alunos consideram o tema extremamente importante. Para apenas 9,2% o desenvolvimento do tema foi ótimo, para 34,5% foi bom, 34,5% consideraram regular e 21,8% ruim. Eles afirmam que o assunto é melhor debatido em atividades práticas ou na discussão em pequenos grupos. Conclui-se que a temática ética médica e bioética foi considerada de elevada importância por quase todos os participantes, sendo preciso identificar os parâmetros considerados adequados, bem como especificar como a temática é entendida pelos estudantes para haja uma abordagem adequada na formação médica.

Abstract Knowledge of medical ethics and bioethics are fundamental for the correct performance of the medical professional. This study sought to understand and evaluate discussions about medical ethics and bioethics among students of a medical course via the application of a questionnaire. Most (89%) students consider the theme extremely important. For only 9.2% the approach to the theme was great, for 34.5% it was good, 34.5% considered it regular and 21.8% bad. They claim that the subject is best approached in practical activities or in discussions in small groups. This study concludes that the theme of medical ethics and bioethics was considered of high importance by almost all participants, and it is necessary to identify the parameters considered appropriate and to specify how the theme is understood by students to have an adequate approach in medical education.

Resumen Los conocimientos de ética médica y bioética son claves para el correcto actuar del profesional médico. Este trabajo pretende conocer y plantear discusiones sobre ética médica y bioética entre estudiantes de medicina a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario. Se constató que la mayoría (89%) de estos estudiantes consideran el tema muy importante. Solamente el 9,2% consideró el desarrollo del tema excelente; el 34,5%, bueno; el 34,5%, regular y; el 21,8%, malo. Los estudiantes sostienen que hay una mejor discusión del tema en las actividades prácticas o en discusiones en grupos pequeños. Se concluye que el tema de la ética médica y la bioética fue considerado de gran importancia por casi todos los participantes, lo que es necesario identificar los parámetros adecuados y precisar cómo los estudiantes entienden el tema para aplicar un enfoque adecuado a la formación médica.

"Tú me dirás: yo, ¿de cuáles soy?": la práctica clínica del Chagas como riesgo latente / "You will ask me: which am I?": the clinical practice of Chagas as a latent risk

Resumen A través de una etnografía basada en la observación, entrevistas a profesionales y el vaciado de documentación, en este artículo describo y analizo cómo, en la práctica clínica del Chagas, la infección es tratada como un riesgo latente. Sugiero que la gestión que se hace de este riesgo ha posibilitado la práctica clínica entre las personas clasificadas en la etapa indeterminada, añadiendo una dimensión de posibilidad (¿va a pasar?) y de potencialidad (¿cuándo y dónde?) que permite tomar acciones tales como la administración de un medicamento o una monitorización permanente. La reificación del riesgo latente como fenómeno gestionable a través de un proceso de medicalización se articula, a su vez, con otras concepciones y experiencias concretas del riesgo entre los grupos afectados. Situar la práctica clínica de dicho riesgo como objeto de estudio es un primer paso para poderlas describir e incluir como realidades en la organización del sistema de salud.

Abstract Drawing on observation-based ethnography, interviews of health personnel and document review, this article describes and examines how, in clinical handling of Chagas disease, infection is treated as latent risk. It suggests that how this risk is managed has enabled a clinical practice to be conducted among people classified as at the indeterminate stage, by adding a dimension of possibility (Is it going to happen?) and potentiality (When and where?). This allows measures to be taken, including administration of medication or permanent monitoring. The reification of latent risk as a phenomenon that is manageable through a process of medicalisation engages, in turn, with other conceptions and specific experiences of risk among the affected groups. Framing the clinical practices deployed to address this risk as objects of study is a first step towards being able to describe and include them concretely in health system organisation.

Reclamos de los usuarios externos en un hospital general del Perú

RESUMEN Introducción: los reclamos de los usuarios externos son oportunidades de mejora; su gestión adecuada permite alcanzar los resultados sanitarios finales. Objetivos: evaluar las características de los reclamos de los usuarios externos en un hospital general del Perú. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los reclamos recibidos en la Plataforma de Atención al Usuario en Salud durante el año 2019, en un hospital general de Ica, Perú. Del Libro de Reclamaciones en Salud se elaboró una base de datos. Se calcularon medidas de frecuencia absolutas, relativas y promedios. Resultados: se tuvo un total de 993 reclamos. El 11,5 % de ellos fueron registrados en el Libro de Reclamaciones en Salud. El departamento más quejado fue el de Estadística, con 29,8 %. Respecto al personal quejado, el 46,4 % fue el administrativo, el 28,8 % los médicos, el 10,4 % las enfermeras, y el 14,4 % otros profesionales. Las causas de los reclamos fueron problemas de gestión (82,7 %), problemas en las relaciones proveedor-paciente (11,3 %) y problemas clínicos (6,0 %). El tiempo transcurrido para dar respuesta al usuario fue en promedio 20,5 días. Conclusiones: solo el 11,5 % de los pacientes insatisfechos que acuden a la Plataforma de Atención al Usuario en Salud, hacen uso del Libro de Reclamaciones en Salud. Las causas más frecuentes de reclamos son las relacionadas con la gestión, principalmente por problemas de demora en la atención y de acceso a los servicios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: claims from external users are opportunities for improvement; its proper management enables the attainment of final health outcomes. Objective: to evaluate the characteristics of external users claims in a general hospital in Peru. Materials and methods: a retrospective descriptive study of the claims received on the Healthcare User Care Platform in 2019, in a general hospital of Ica, Peru. A database was developed from the Health Claims Book. Absolute, relative, and average frequency measurements were calculated. Results: a total of 993 complaints were filed. 11.5 % of them were registered in the Health Claims Book. The most complained department was that of Statistics, with 29.8 %. With regard to the members of staff staff complained, 46.4 % were administrative workers, 28.8 % doctors, 10.4 % nurses and 14.4 % other professionals. The causes of the complaints were management problems (82.7 %), problems in provider-patient relationships (11.3 %) and clinical problems (6.0 %). The elapsed time to respond to the user was on average 20.5 days. Conclusions: only 11.5 % of dissatisfied patients who access the Healthcare User Attention Platform make use of the Health Claims Book. The most frequent causes of complaints are those related to management, mainly due to problems of delayed care and access to services.

O "Ato Médico" e as disputas jurisdicionais entre as profissões de saúde / The "Medical Act" and jurisdictional disputes between health professionals

Resumo O artigo analisou as implicações do Ato Médico na ordenação das relações entre as profissões de saúde e em aspectos relacionados ao controle do campo de conhecimento médico, à prática profissional e ao mercado de trabalho em saúde. Por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, investigou-se o Ato Médico mediante análise documental de material proveniente de 18 edições do Jornal Medicina do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM) (223 edições consultadas entre 1998 e 2018). Foram evidenciados interesses particulares no processo de negociação e de efetivação da Lei do Ato Médico, reconhecida como instrumento de controle profissional decorrente das transformações ocorridas no sistema de profissões da saúde e no mercado de trabalho em saúde. A regulamentação profissional dirigida ao exercício exclusivo de atos profissionais considerados atos médicos aparece como uma vantagem para a corporação médica. Ao pretender a exclusividade da prática médica em múltiplas abrangências, o Ato Médico termina por intensificar conflitos com profissões da saúde que compartilham seus atos profissionais. Foi concluído que o Ato Médico poderia ser também entendido enquanto resultado de um movimento pela valorização das bases liberais de atuação, objetivando a defesa da prática individual, da livre escolha, do custeio dos serviços pelo cliente e da prestação direta dos serviços.

Abstract The article analyzed the implications of the Medical Act in ordering the relations between health professions and in aspects related to the control of the field of medical knowledge, professional practice, and the health labor market. With qualitative research, the Medical Act was investigated by documentary analysis of material from 18 editions of the Jornal Medicina do CFM (223 editions consulted between 1998 and 2018). Particular interests were evidenced in the process of negotiation and enforcement of the Medical Act Law, recognized as an instrument of professional control resulting from the changes that occurred in the health professions system and in the health labor market. Professional regulation aimed at the exclusive exercise of professional acts considered to be medical acts appears as an advantage for the medical corporation. In seeking the exclusivity of medical practice in multiple areas, the Medical Act ends up intensifying conflicts with health professions that share their professional acts. The article concludes that the Medical Act could also be understood as the result of a movement for the valorization of the liberal bases of action, aiming at defending individual practice, free choice, the payment of services by the client, and the direct provision of services.

Ética médica en la práctica clínica / Medical ethics in clinical practice

La actividad médica se puede ver en dos contextos diferentes, tanto en la práctica clínica como en la investigación científica. El concepto de práctica clínica es todo acto realizado sobre un paciente con el objetivo de diagnosticar o tratar enfermedades. Por otro lado, la investigación clínica cuestiona diferentes aspectos relacionados con la salud humana. Este estudio busca inicialmente esclarecer los aspectos y componentes que orientan la relación y comunicación médico-paciente, definiendo los valores éticos de esta práctica, donde el profesional médico modela su carácter, mediante una relación entre los principios abordados en el ámbito de la ética de los profesionales de la salud. La demostración de una adecuada y sana relación de los profesionales médicos con sus pacientes es necesaria y fundamental a través del respeto y principalmente a través del principio de autonomía, ya que todo ser humano debe ser reconocido como fin y dueño de sí mismo, donde las actividades médicas comprenden procesos que involucran vida, salud e integridad física. Así, el presente trabajo abordará los diversos aspectos de la ética médica, en relación con el contexto de la práctica clínica del médico.

The medical activity can be seen in different contexts, both in clinical practice and in scientific research. The concept of clinical practice is every act performed on a patient with the objective of diagnosing or treating illnesses. On the other hand, clinical research questions different aspects related to human health. This study initially seeks to clarify the aspects and components that guide the doctor-patient relationship and communication, defining the ethical values of this practice, from which the medical professional models its character, through a relationship between the principles addressed in the scope of their ethics. health professionals. The demonstration of an adequate and healthy relationship between medical professionals and their patients is necessary and fundamental through respect and mainly through the principle of autonomy, since every human being must be recognized as an end and duen of symbolism, hence medical activities include processes that involve life, health and physical integrity. Thus, this work will address the various aspects of medical ethics, in relation to the context of the clinical practice of the doctor.

El ejercicio médico en el siglo XXI. Retos y rescate del método clínico / Medical practice in the twenty-first century. Challenges and rescue of the clinical method

Resumen El método clínico, desde su creación en la Grecia antigua, no ha tenido mayores cambios en sus componentes y aplicación. Sin embargo, desde hace un tiempo se ha venido vulnerando debido al gran impacto que ha tenido la tecnología en las ciencias de la salud, y los nuevos paradigmas impuestos a la práctica clínica y la educación médica. El presente artículo describe los datos históricos más relevantes del método clínico, sus componentes científicos y su aplicación en la medicina, se resalta su importancia en todos los aspectos médicos, y se plasma una reflexión acerca de las causas de esta crisis y cómo involucra al profesional de medicina general en Colombia. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1997).

Abstract Since its inception in ancient Greece, the clinical method has experienced no major changes in its components and application. However, for some time now, it has been infringed upon by the high impact of technology on the healthcare sciences, and the new paradigms imposed on clinical practice and medical education. This article describes the most relevant historical data on the clinical method, its scientific components and its application in medicine, highlighting its importance in all medical aspects; and provides some thoughts on the reasons for this crisis and how it involves general medical practitioners in Colombia. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1997).

Urological Cancer Treatment by a Multidisciplinary Teamthroughout the Covid-19 Pandemic: What Have We Learned? / Tratamiento del cáncer urológico por un equipo multidisciplinario durante la pandemia de Covid-19: ¿Qué hemos aprendido?

Introduction It is known that cancer care is best approached by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). This became specifically true in the Covid-19 pandemic in which choices for urological cancer treatment are influenced by many factors. In some cases, delayed treatment may have consequences regarding the patient's oncological outcomes. The aim of the present article is to report our experience throughout the Covid-19 pandemic treating patients with urological neoplasms at a high-volume center. Methods We used a convenience sampling method. Cases were evaluated and discussed on an individual basis at the MDT meetings, and, after a consensus regarding delaying or scheduling treatment, patients were scheduled according to the risk of postponing the procedures. The Medically Necessary, Time-Sensitive (MeNTS) scoring system was measured in each patient; all patients answered the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Covid-19 self-screening questionnaire prior to surgery. The Covid-19-free survival rate was estimated. Results A total of 194 patients were assessed by themultidisciplinary team and finally treated, with median follow-up of 4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.75 to 6) months. Only two patients had Covid-19 confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In total, 54 patients underwent oncological surgery, 129 were treated with radiotherapy, and 11 were treated with intravenous chemotherapy. Themedian age was 66 years (IQR: 59 to 94 years), and the median MeNTS score in the surgically-treated cohort was 35 points (IQR: 31 to 47 points). Conclusions The evaluation and treatment of urological cancer should be conducted by an MDT; this is of utmost importance, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data collected in our institution showed that most patients could be safely treated by taking all necessary precautions and discussing each case individually in the MDT meetings and performing a close follow-up.

Introduccion La atención del cáncer se aborda mejor con un equipo multidisciplinario (EMD), aspecto que se tornó más importante en la pandemia por Covid-19, en que las opciones para tratar el cáncer urológico están influenciadas por muchos factores. En algunos casos, el tratamiento retrasado puede tener consecuencias en los resultados oncológicos del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio es describir nuestra experiencia en un centro de referencia y de alto volumen para el tratamiento de neoplasias urológicas durante la pandemia por Covid-19. Métodos Realizamos un muestreo por conveniencia. Posteriormente, los casos fueron evaluados y discutidos de forma individual en las reuniones del EMD. Posterior a la obtención de un consenso sobre el tratamiento del paciente, los pacientes fueron programados según el riesgo individual de posponer el manejo. Se midió la puntuación de cada paciente en el sistema Medically Necessary Time-Sensitive (MeNTS, "Médicamente necesario, sensibles al tiempo"). Todos los pacientes respondieron el cuestionario de autoevaluación del Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) COVID-19 antes de la cirugía. Se estimó la tasa de supervivencia libre de Covid-19. Resultados Un total de 194 pacientes fueron evaluados por el EMD y finalmente tratados, con una mediana de seguimiento de 4 (rango intercuartil [RIC]: 2,75 a 6) meses. Solo dos tenían Covid-19 confirmado por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RCP-TR). Un total de 54 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía oncológica, 129 fueron tratados con radioterapia, y 11 fueron tratados con quimioterapia intravenosa. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años (RIC: 59 a 94 años), la puntuación mediana en el MeNTS de la cohorte tratada quirúrgicamente fue de 35 puntos (RIC: 31 a 47 puntos). Conclusiones La evaluación y el tratamiento del cáncer urológico debe ser realizado por un EMD durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Los datos recopilados en nuestra institución mostraron que la mayoría de los pacientes podrían ser tratados de manera segura, discutiendo cada caso individualmente y haciendo un seguimiento cercano.

Reflexiones sobre el impacto de la pandemia de la Covid-19 en el ejercicio médico y sus consideraciones bioéticas y legales / Reflections on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on medical practice and its bioethical and legal considerations

El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de reflexionar, desde una plataforma bioética y legal, sobre las consideraciones que el médico en ejercicio debe tener presente ante el impacto de una emergencia sanitaria, como la pandemia de la covid-19, que le permitan responder con rapidez pero brindando una atención médica con previsión y calidad científica, capaz de contener la transmisibilidad del virus SARS-CoV-2 y así evitar que la capacidad hospitalaria sea rebasada, pero sobre todo para abordar adecuadamente los múltiples dilemas bioéticos que surjan y velar en todo momento por la dignidad, la integridad y la autonomía de las personas, con respeto a sus derechos humanos y en cumplimiento con la normativa vigente nacional e internacional. Estas consideraciones bioéticas y legales, si bien pueden no ser las únicas, son resultado del análisis discursivo, conceptual y crítico realizado, tres de los métodos empleados para el desarrollo de este trabajo.

The present work aims to reflect, from a bioethical and legal platform, on the considerations that the practicing physician must bear in mind in the face of the impact of a health emergency, which has been the case with the COVID-19 pandemic as of today. These must allow them to respond quickly, but they must also be able to provide medical care with foresight and scientific quality capable of containing the transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and thus avoiding that hospital capacity is exceeded. Above all, the practicing physician must adequately address the multiple bioethical dilemmas that arise, and they must, always, ensure the dignity, integrity and autonomy of people, with respect for their human rights and, as well as comply with current international and national. regulations. These bioethical and legal considerations, although they may not be the only ones of their kind, are the result of the discursive, conceptual and critical analysis carried out, three of the methods used for the development of this paper.

Practice of collaborative development model of pediatrics′s medical practice, education and research at Beijing municipal hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Collaborative development among medical practice, education and research is a strategic decision of the country in disciplinary development guided by the innovation-driven strategy. In October 2017, Beijing Hospitals Authority organized 18 tertiary hospitals with pediatrics discipline and founded a collaborative development center for pediatrics. This center operated in a model featuring both leadership of due authorities and autonomous administration. Two of the specialized pediatrics hospitals work as leading units, and existing high quality pediatrics resources of the member hospitals were pooled to establish an academics committee and an executive committee. A development system was established with disciplinary construction as the focus, collaborative development as the goal and horizontal collaboration as the means. It was designed to explore a new model featuring overall planning and standardized management of the discipline, building of a shared platform for clinical capacity development, joint development of continued medical education and talent cultivation, as well as diversified and multi-centered research and platform resources sharing. This model can effectively promote the overall development level of pediatrics in Beijing municipal hospitals.

An Approach to Technology Development and Current Medical Practice

Abstract Background An approach to technology development and the current medical practice. Objective To consider the many stages of medical-applied technological developments and its main consequences related to the current medical practice and speculate on future developments. Methods Assessment of historical publications and individual and metanalysis of comparative evaluation of old versus new techniques. Results Documentation of progressive improvement in diagnostic skill and therapeutics toward less invasive procedures along the last decades, since the introduction of the scientific medicine. Conclusion Progress has been unequivocally documented albeit an effort to maintain time-proven established previous technique is advised, especially in favor of stimulating a personal patient-physician relationship. (International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Medicina: práctica basada en evidencia / Medicine: evidence-based practice

Era práctica medieval la sangría, para equilibrar los humores del enfermo. Se hacía poniendo sanguijuelas sobre las venas del paciente. Para entonces, si sobrevivía, había sido gracias a la maestría y experticia del médico y, si moría, por designio de Dios. No existían hombres de ciencia ni médicos randomicistas. La observación y la experiencia personal dictaban el procedimiento que, como este, produjo millones de muertes, a pesar de las buenas intenciones de los médicos.

Sangria was a medieval practice to balance the moods of the patient. It was done by putting leeches on the patient's veins. By then, if he survived, it had been thanks to the mastery and expertise of the doctor and, if he died, by God's design. There were no men of science or randomized doctors

La depresión: un desafío en la práctica médica general / La depresión: un desafío en la práctica médica general

Asociada o no a una enfermedad orgánica, la depresión tiene gran prevalencia en la práctica médica pero es subdiagnosticada. El trastorno del ánimo suele coexistir con variadas quejas somáticas y dolores crónicos, configurando síndromes mixtos con un diagnóstico diferencial complejo. En este artículo se describen distintas presentaciones clínicas de la depresión en medicina general, con énfasis en los estados depresivos atípicos, depresiones enmascaradas muy relevantes por su frecuencia y consecuencias: depresión posquirúrgica, cuadros dolorosos crónicos como cefaleas o lumbago, la fatiga crónica y la fibromialgia. Solo el reconocimiento y diagnóstico de la depresión subyacente posibilitará la implementación de las adecuadas intervenciones terapéuticas. Se revisan también algunas recomendaciones para el uso de antidepresivos en atención primaria y la eventual consulta psiquiátrica. (AU)

Associated or not with an organic disease, depression has a high prevalence in medical practice but is underdiagnosed. The mood disorder usually coexists with varied somatic complaints and chronic pain, forming mixed syndromes with a complex differential diagnosis. This article describes different clinical presentations of depression in general medicine, with emphasis on atypical depressive states, masked depressions very relevant for their frequency and consequences: post-surgical depression, chronic painful conditions such as headaches or lumbago, chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia. Only the recognition and diagnosis of the underlying depression will enable the implementation of appropriate therapeutic interventions. Some recommendations for the use of antidepressant drugs in primary care and the eventual psychiatric consultation are also reviewed. (AU)

Healthcare quality improvement for cardiovascular surgery in China: basic concepts and current status / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Facing the increasing cardiovascular disease burden and prevailing population risk factors, the cardiovascular surgery in China was also encountering challenges including imbalances in discipline development, significant divergencies in healthcare quality, lacking of clinical guidelines and domestic critical evidence. The concept of quality control and improvement has been practiced and tested in many disease specialties. Quality improvement programs are urgently needed in China to promote the universal cardiovascular surgery healthcare quality.

Text and Practice in East Asian Medicine: The Structure of East Asian Medical Knowledge Examined by Donguibogam Currents in Contemporary South Korea / 의사학

How do classical texts, such as Hwangdi Neijing and Shanghanlun, continuously play significant roles in medical practices in the history of East Asian medicine? Although this is a significant question in interpreting the position of written texts in the medical history and even for understanding the structure of East Asian medical knowledge, it has been conspicuously underexamined in the studies of East Asian medicine. In order to explore this underrepresented question, this study focuses on currents of tradition in contemporary South Korea. Drawing on anthropological fieldwork at three Donguibogam (Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine) currents, it delves into the interaction of text and practice in East Asian medicine. Even though all three currents (Hyun-dong, Byeong-in, Hyung-sang) are based on Donguibogam, their ways of reading the text and organizing clinical practices are diverse. Each current sets up a keyword, such as pulse diagnosis, cause of disease, and appearance-image, and attempts to penetrate the entire Donguibogam through the keyword. This means that the classical medical text is open to plural approaches. This study found that there is a visible gap between a medical text and the reader of the text in East Asia. Masters and currents of tradition are the actors who fill up the gap, continuously interpreting and reinterpreting classical texts, and guiding medical practices of new readers. Adding the history of practice to the body of literature that have focused on the history of written texts, this study will contribute to the history of East Asian medicine.

Inteligência artificial, o Futuro da Medicina e a Educação Médica / Artificial Intelligence, the Future of Medicine and Medical Education

RESUMO Inteligência artificial (IA) é um ramo da ciência da computação que usando algoritmos definidos por especialistas é capaz de reconhecer um problema, ou uma tarefa a ser realizada, analisar dados e tomar decisões, simulando a capacidade humana. Sistemas computadorizados de apoio à decisão já existem há décadas, mas o aumento da velocidade de processamento e de armazenamento de informação dos computadores, permitiu analisar um grande volume de dados em nanosegundos propondo soluções de problemas, orientando a proposta e tomada de decisões, realizando tarefas sem receber instruções diretas de humanos. Já utilizadas em um grande número de atividades em áreas como o comércio, bancos, transporte, atendimento a usuários e, mesmo, gestão de recursos materiais e do capital humano, IA tem ampliado significativamente a sua aplicação em saúde. Em saúde IA analisa dados disponíveis em bases de dados de nascimentos, mortalidade, hospitalizações, doenças de notificação compulsória e de dados de pacientes registrados em prontuários eletrônicos. Busca, seja indicar a prevalência e evolução de enfermidades, possibilitando antecipar surtos epidêmicos e propor medidas preventivas com oportunidade, seja analisar, por exemplo, a coerência entre uma hipótese diagnóstica de um paciente e exames solicitados e terapia prescrita. IA reconhece imagens, permite interações computadorizadas em linguagem aberta, escrita e falada, percebe relações e nexos, entende conceitos e não apenas processa dados, segue algoritmos e cria sua própria experiência ("machine learning"). A constatação de que 32% dos erros médicos no Estados Unidos decorrem de problemas na relação médico-paciente, de um exame clínico deficiente, ou falha na avaliação de dados e de resultados de exames complementares, tem ressaltado a necessidade de se redefinir a prática médica, visando reservar tempo numa consulta para garantir uma boa comunicação e orientação do paciente. O uso de linguagem natural no registro de dados em prontuários eletrônicos, melhoria do relacionamento através da internet, emprego de computadores na comunicação médico-paciente, emprego de dispositivos vestíveis e corporais na obtenção de dados ("wearable devices"), telemedicina, trabalho em equipes multiprofissionais, visam otimizar o desempenho do médico no atendimento de seu paciente. A redefinição da prática médica resultará, necessariamente, em mudanças na formação do médico. Essa preocupação se refletiu no estabelecimento de um consórcio de escolas, estabelecido pela Associação Americana de Medicina, para discutir mudanças curriculares, ajustando a formação profissional a uma época caracterizada pelo uso intensivo de tecnologias e inteligência artificial. O autor faz considerações sobre a formação médica, propondo um núcleo de conhecimento que deverá alicerçar uma maior flexibilidade do aprendizado, ajustando-o às motivações e orientações dos alunos.

ABSTRACT Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that using algorithms defined by specialists can recognize a problem, or a task to be performed, analyzing data and taking decisions simulating the human being. Decision support systems were developed decades ago but were reemphasized as a consequence of the incredible increase in computer storage and data processing, creating the concept of "big data". AI is already part of a large number of activities in sectors like commerce, banking, transportation, communication, and administration of human and material resources. The impact of AI in health allows the analysis of data banks such as birth, death, diseases of compulsory declaration, hospitalization of patients and data registered in electronic health records, indicating the prevalence and evolution of diseases, anticipating epidemic outbreaks and proposing preventive measures to be taking by the population. Picture analysis and pattern recognition of radiologic, dermatologic and ophthalmologic images is being now widely used. The processing of medical records is being also done to discuss cases and detect inconsistencies between diagnosis, complementary tests requested, and treatment prescribed. The indication that 32% of medical errors in the USA were due to inadequate time for patient assessment, resulting in less accurate diagnosis, not recognition of a problem, or the urgency of the case, has made urgent a reappraisal of the patient-physician relationship, trying to reserve time in the consultation for the physician hear, discuss the case and orient the patient. The use of natural language in the registration of patient data in electronic medical records, employment of computers and internet to communicate with patients, use of data collected in wearable devices, telemedicine, multi-professional team work in the delivery of health care, are proposals to optimize the medical attention to patients. The redefinition of medical practice will result, consequently, in the reform of the medical graduation. The American Medical Association established in 2013 a medical school consortium ("the work of the AMA accelerating change in medical education") to foster these curricular changes needed to graduate physicians able to cope with innovation and artificial intelligence. The author makes considerations on medical graduation, proposing a core curriculum that will provide the competencies of a general practitioner, which will be complemented by flexible courses to take into consideration students' orientations.