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Resumen La dermatología clínica del siglo XIX fundamenta y despliega un pensamiento por similitud en una estética de la representación de lo que puede ser comprendido como enfermedad. Así, las superficies patológicas suministran un material de reflexión y apropiación del cuerpo enfermo donde confluyen cuerpo, lenguaje y acontecimiento para darle sentido a las alteraciones que confluyen en el estado patológico. Este texto reflexiona sobre esas formas simbólicas del nombrar la enfermedad que tienen lugar en descripciones, observaciones clínicas, tratados de dermatología, atlas de anatomía patológica o álbumes iconográficos del siglo XIX, donde es posible ver un régimen de visualización de lo patológico que se revela en la percepción médica de la lesión y su localización. El análisis de las enfermedades de la piel que desfiguran al rostro a partir de algunos registros clínicos e iconográficos de finales del siglo XIX pone en juego un vínculo entre imagen y palabra en términos de una eficacia dermatológica en las maneras de capturar la experiencia de la enfermedad, que tiene al cuerpo enfermo como teatro de sensibilidad performativa.
Abstract The clinical dermatology of the nineteenth century bases and displays a thought by similarity in an aesthetic representation of what can be understood as disease. Thus, the pathological surfaces provide a material of reflection and appropriation of the sick body where body, language and event converge to give meaning to the alterations that converge in the pathological state. This text reflects on these symbolic forms of naming the disease that occur in descriptions, clinical observations, treaties of dermatology, Atlas of pathological anatomy or iconographic albums of the nineteenth century, where it is possible to see a regime of visualization of the pathological that reveals itself in the medical perception of the lesion and its location. The analysis of skin diseases that disfigure the face from some clinical and iconographic records from the end of the 19th century puts into play a link between image and word in terms of dermatological efficacy in ways of capturing the experience of the disease, which has the sick body as a theater of performative sensitivity.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Percepção , Sinais e Sintomas , Doença , DermatologiaRESUMO
El lenguaje médico, como todo lenguaje científico, no persigue fines estéticos, creativos, lúdicos ni recreativos como sería el caso del lenguaje literario, sino fines informativos, didácticos y comunicativos. Los epónimos, así como los diferentes tipos de abreviaciones (abreviaturas, siglas y símbolos), han formado parte del lenguaje de la humanidad desde más de una veintena de siglos y son especialmente abundantes en los lenguajes de las especialidades, tanto de la medicina como de otras ciencias. Así como del lenguaje común y popular, estos han formado parte del lenguaje desde tiempos inmemoriales, y son especialmente abundantes en los lenguajes médico-científicos. Normalmente se utilizan como recurso para honrar, ganar tiempo y ahorrar espacio, cuando esté en su contenido se percibe bien, su uso revela notoriamente un ahorro en la comunicación médica; de no emplearlos, en cada caso habría que hacer una exposición o descripción relativamente amplia de la enfermedad o el signo de que se trata. Sin embargo, pueden producir problemas de comunicación entre los profesionales de los diferentes niveles asistenciales, debido a su imprecisión y a su carencia de equivalencia internacional, lo que puede llevar a confundir la realidad que tratan de describir, ya que un mismo término o abreviatura puede tener diferentes significados, lo que puede suscitar interpretaciones erróneas con posibles consecuencias graves. En este artículo se revisan las razones de su existencia que definen su construcción y uso, se describen los problemas de su utilización en la comunicación medico científica en la actualidad.
Medical language, like all scientific language, does not pursue aesthetic, creative, leisure and recreational purposes as would be the case in literary language, but informative, educational and communication purposes. Eponyms and the different types of abbreviations (abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols) have been part of the language of humanity for over twenty centuries and are especially abundant in the languages for both specialties in medicine, and other sciences. On the common and popular language, these elements have been part of the language since ancient times, and are especially abundant in the medical-scientific languages. Normally are used as a resource to honor, to save time and save space, when its content is perceived well, notoriously it reveals a saving in medical communication; not to use them, in each case would have to make a relatively large exposure or description of the disease or of the sign in question. However, they can cause communication problems between professionals of different levels of care, due to their imprecision and their lack of international equivalence, which may lead to confusing the reality they are trying to describe since the same term or abbreviation could have different meanings, which can lead to misinterpretations with potentially serious consequences. This article discusses the reasons for their existence which define their construction and uses, problems of its use in medical scientific communication at present are also described.
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Objective To analyze the use of the semantic type of the top-level ontology of military medicine in order to find problems with the semantic type framework and make it more scientific and comprehensive.Methods Using data driven method, the frequency with which the semantic type of the top-level ontology of military medicine was used in military medical core concepts was statistically analyzed.Results By ranking the use frequency of the semantic types, the semantic types which had higher or lower frequency, and those that had never been used were analyzed.Conclusion The established semantic type framework of the top-level ontology of military medicine is basically consistent with the expression of military medical knowledge and can be constantly updated and improved with the development of military medicine.
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Objective To explore a construction method of semantic relations of the top-level ontology of military medicine in order to construct the top-level ontology semantic network.Methods The military medical corpus was selected,and the relationships between the concepts were extracted using text analysis.On the basis of inheriting the semantic relations of UMLS,the special semantic relations of military medicine were added.Results A method of establishing the semantic relations of the top-level ontology of military medicine was proposed,the applicability of which was verified by example of the branch of military medical equipment.Conclusion The proposed method is effective and feasible,which can provide important support to the establishment of top-level semantic networks of military medicine.
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Ontologias terminológicas padronizadas e corretamente traduzidas são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de aplicações de processamento de linguagem natural na área da saúde. Para o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação de busca semântica em narrativas clínicas em português se fez necessária a utilização dos termos clínicos da Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). OBJETIVOS: Traduzir termos da UMLS em Português Europeu para Português Brasileiro. MÉTODOS: Foi desenvolvido um algoritmo de tradução semi-automática baseada em regras de substituição de texto. RESULTADOS: Após execução do algoritmo e avaliação por parte de especialistas, o algoritmo deixou de traduzir corretamente apenas 0.1% dos termos da base de testes. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização do método proposto se mostrou efetivo na tradução dos termos da UMLS e pode auxiliar em posteriores adaptações de listagens em Português Europeu para Português Brasileiro.
Correctly translated and standardized clinical ontologies are essential for development of Natural LanguageProcessing application for the medical domain. To develop an ontology-driven semantic search application for Portuguese clinical notes we needed to implement the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) ontologies, specifically for Brazilian Portuguese. OBJECTIVES: To translate UMLS terms from European Portuguese to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: To develop a semi-automatic translation algorithm based on string replacement rules. RESULTS: Following the experiments and specialists' evaluation the algorithm mis-translated only 0.1% of terms in our test set. CONCLUSION: The proposed method proved to be effective for UMLS clinical terms translation and can be useful for posterior adaption ofa set of clinical terms from European Portuguese to Brazilian Portuguese.
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Humanos , Tradução , Processamento de Linguagem Natural , Congressos como AssuntoRESUMO
El lenguaje médico en español está plagado de vicios que le restan credibilidad al mensaje científico. Entre ellos: uso de palabras sin conocer su significado y extranjerismos innecesarios, sobre todo anglicismos. El buen uso del lenguaje, especialmente del científico, no solo es un derecho del investigador, sino también una obligación. Los errores pueden conducir a imprecisiones en el significado de lo que se intenta transmitir, con la consecuente falta de entendimiento entre profesionales o, lo que es peor, la interpretación completamente errónea. Se ha llegado a afirmar, que el futuro de los idiomas -excepto del inglés- depende en gran medida de su capacidad para designar los nuevos conceptos científicos y técnicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar algunas imprecisiones léxicas comunes en cirugía general y por qué no, en el resto de las especialidades quirúrgicas y estimular a los profesionales de las ciencias médicas a usar adecuadamente uno de los idiomas más ricos: el español(AU)
Spanish language in medicine is full of numerous vices, which reduces credibility to the scientific message, i.e., use of words without knowing its meanings and unnecessary foreign words, mainly anglicisms. Adequate use of language, specially the scientific one, is not only a right but an obligation of the researcher, because errors could cause inaccuracies of the meaning of what we intend to say or convey, and lack of understanding between professional people or what is worst, totally mistaken interpretation. It has been stated that the future of languages - except English language- greatly depends on the capacity to designate the new scientific and technical concepts. The objective of this paper was to review some common lexical inaccuracies in general surgery and also in the rest of surgical specialties and to encourage medical sciences professionals to properly use one of the richest languages, that is, the Spanish language(AU)
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Humanos , Cirurgia Geral , Estudos de Linguagem/tendências , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
O objetivo deste artigo é estimular o uso da lí ngua vernácula pelos profissionais da Área da saúde, comentando algumas palavras usualmente empregadas na comunicação entre médicos reumatologistas.
The purpose of this article is to stimulate the use of the vernacular by health professionals, commenting a few words usually employed in communication between rheumatologists.
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Reumatologia , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
This article was aimed to study the semantic relationship of clinical terminology of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from 3 000 clinical medical records and outpatient medical records from books. The aim was to verify the coverage of semantic relationships of UMLS and SNOMED in medical language system with real medical records. The extraction was from the practical aspect in order to improve the semantic relationships involved in TCM clinical practice processes.
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El lenguaje que empleamos los médicos en artículos y libros ha sufrido una continua evolución a lo largo del tiempo, desde la sobria belleza que en su concisión y brevedad tenían el griego y el latín, pasando por la ampulosidad y fiorituras de la Edad Media y de los siglos posteriores, para terminar en la pobreza y monotonía que caracterizan nuestras actuales publicaciones. Una breve selección formal de textos de diferentes épocas, incluyendo palabras de Hipócrates, Celso, Leonardo, Van Leeunwenhoek, Spallanzani, Jenner, Koch, Laveran, Manson, Grassi, y otros menos conspicuos, concluye en que, si bien el tiempo que los médicos tenemos para leer es escaso, ello no debe servir como excusa para la ignorancia y la incultura.
The language employed by the physicians in their communications has been suffering a continuous evolution through the times, from the sober beauty that in their conciseness and accuracy had the Greek and the Latin, to the verbosity and flowery of the Middle Age and posterior centuries, for ended in the poverty and monotony characteristics of the today publications. A brief selection of different papers and book's extracts is presented in order to illustrate these changes, including words of Hippocrates, Celsus, Leonardo, Van Leeunwenhoek, Spallanzani, Jenner, Koch, Laveran, Manson, Grassi and other less conspicuous, ending with the assertion that the scarce time for read adduced by physicians must not serves like an excuse for ignorance and lack of culture.
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História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Idioma/história , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
This article makes a contrastive analysis on the first category and second category of traditional Chinese medicine among Chinese Traditional Medicine and Materia Mediea Subject Headings (third edition), the TCMLS Metathesaurus and Chinese Library Classification (fifth edition), and points out the features and defects in these classifications, hoping to give some useful proposals to the construction of traditional Chinese medicine vocabulary.
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OBJECTIVE: A reference terminology is essential to achieve semantic interoperability and enhance the quality of health care. Reference terminologies that have achieved common acceptance contain many concepts that clinicians would not want in healthcare, which preclude their practical use in documentation of patient information. To solve the problems, this document proposes a reference terminology model which contains concepts that physicians can use satisfactorily. METHODS: We analyzed the structures of the UMLS and SNOMED CT. We also analyzed health care terms which had been collected by the Korea National Health Information Standard Committee. Based on the results of the analysis, we developed an object-oriented reference terminology model. And, we designed database schema with the model. RESULTS: Eight components of the UMLS and six components of the SNOMED CT were analyzed. The collected terms had various properties and mapping vocabularies according to the characteristics of their respective domains. A reference terminology model was developed from a three-level view using UML. A database schema was developed using ERD. CONCLUSION: This study mainly focuses on reference terminology modeling. It is hoped that this reference terminology modeling helps the semantic interoperable exchange of clinical documents as the basis of common EMR.
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Humanos , Atenção à Saúde , Esperança , Coreia (Geográfico) , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Semântica , Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine , Unified Medical Language System , VocabulárioRESUMO
Doctors'language can help the patients and hurt them as well just like their bis-toury.Warm words give the patients confidence,hope and energy to beat their disease.When doctors communicate with the patients,their words are not only the important tool but also a kind of art.This article displays five artistic characters of doctors'words such as morality,etiquette,emotion,preciseness and secrecy.
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Medical vocabularies in medical records are used in several synonyms and various expressions even though they are same concepts. Query expansion using a thesaurus enhances recall of medical information retrieval (IR) system for searching patient records or literatures. This study proposed IR system architecture applied the Metathesaurus of Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). To enhance the retrieval effectiveness at the same time to reduce retrieval time, we reconstructed condensed Metathesaurus (CMT), which is constituted of frequently used terms in medical records. We used 40,000 radiology reports of Brain CT/MRI at Seoul National University Hospital. The retrieval model we used is the Boolean methods. The results showed 15~27% effectiveness for searching relevant documents implementing the UMLS MT into IR system for query expansion. But it took 3.5 times longer for retrieval compared with non-MT implemented IR system. When we applied the CMT into IR system, however, the retrieval time reduced by 50% and the retrieval performance decreased only 8.7% compared with all MT implemented IR system. In this paper, we developed the medical document retrieval system applied UMLS MT for query expansion methods that can improve the relevant document retrieval performance, at the same time it can reduce the retrieval time through consisting condensed Metathesaurus for a specific domain.
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Humanos , Encéfalo , Metodologias Computacionais , Armazenamento e Recuperação da Informação , Prontuários Médicos , Seul , Unified Medical Language System , Vocabulário , Vocabulário ControladoRESUMO
During the process of establishing a modern medical mode,studies and researches of medical language have been deepened and furthered,which indicates the growing significance and value of medical language.Medical language has profound cultural implications.Basically,it not only determines the values of clinical practice and establishes the foundation of development in medical science,but also expands the coverage of language and culture and promotes philosophical reflection to its ultimate significance.Indirectly,medical language carries the negative role of causing illness,reflects the aesthetic implication of nature science,and links the ideological origins of medicine with that of military art of war.
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Medical Solace Words are a kind of working language used by medical staff who tend to offer solace and encouragement to patients on purpose of medical treatment,and it is a kind of oral language frequently applied by medical staff in the new medical mode.Medical solace aims at decreasing and eliminating patients' negative emotions and improving their mood so as to establish a harmonious relationship between doctors and patients,and make the treatment smooth as well.This article analyzes medical solace words from the perspective of linguistic pragmatics,revealing that for the concealment and complexity of the expressing context for medical words,and the unique programmatic rules of medical language,medical staff should pay much attention to the language hierarchy and grasp the explanatory principle and the guiding principle of medical solace language to achieve the targeted effects of medical solace.