Musicalidad y juego en la primera infancia: el andamiaje que el juego con las formas de la vitalidad provee al juego de ficción / Musicality and play in early childhood: the scaffolding that forms of vitality play provides to pretend play

Resumen El juego de ficción, aquel que comporta la creación de una situación imaginaria, ha sido un objeto de estudio privilegiado en la psicología del desarrollo y se ha señalado su rol en el desarrollo de funciones psicológicas complejas. Recientemente, gracias a la utilización de herramientas de análisis de las artes temporales, se ha documentado una nueva forma de juego, el juego con las formas de la vitalidad, cuyo foco es la repetición y variación de motivos sonoro-kinéticos de modo interactivo, en detrimento de cualquier contenido figurativo. Se ha observado que durante el tercer año de vida este tipo de juego se presenta de modo combinado con el juego de ficción y que en esos casos podría ser parte del andamiaje del desarrollo del juego de ficción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un microanálisis de los sonidos y movimientos de una escena de juego de ficción combinado con juego con las formas de la vitalidad de una niña de 1 año y 11 meses de edad, con el fin de conocer cómo se produce dicho andamiaje. Entre los resultados se destacan la presencia de sincronía interactiva basada en un pulso subyacente, la construcción de una mutualidad entre adulto e infante a partir de la calidad de los motivos compartidos, la ampliación del espacio de juego y el sostenimiento de la atención conjunta y la fluidez interactiva.

Abstract The pretend play, one that involves the creation of an imaginary situation, has been a privileged object of study in developmental psychology framed in the linguistic turn. Its important role in the development of complex psychological functions, such as language, theory of mind or narrative capacity, has been pointed out. In recent years, there has been a change in focus in the human sciences that has been dubbed the corporal turn: a re-focus on the analysis and conceptualization of bodily aspects that are at the base of various cognitive capacities. Thanks to the use of analysis tools typical of the temporal arts -such as music and dance- to the field of cognitive psychology, a new form of play has been documented in early childhood: the forms of vitality play. It recovers the idea of forms of vitality from Stern (2010), which refers to affects that cannot be reflected in the lexicon of Darwinian emotions. The forms of vitality are a Gestalt, an emergent property where movement, time, force, space and directionality/intentionality are integrated; they are a fundamental property of multimodal exchanges in the adult-baby dyad as well as of the experience, as spectator or performer, of non-figurative temporal arts such as dance and music. The forms of vitality play arise as a reconceptualization of the notion of musical play and is considered a reissue of early social play with a symmetrical participation of the child in the composition of play. It is defined as any pleasant or self-remunerative activity, in which motifs of movements and/or sounds are elaborated according to the repetition-variation form, at the expense of any figurative content. The forms of vitality play have been observed in the third year of the child's life and it has been pointed out that it can manifest in a simple way or in combination with the pretend play. Likewise, it was suggested that when the pretend play is presented in combination with the forms of vitality play, the latter could be scaffolding the pretend play, although how this happens has not been clearly specified. The objective of the present study is to carry out a microanalysis of the sounds and movements of a pretend play scene combined with forms of vitality play of a girl of 1 year and 11 months of age and an adult, in order to know how such scaffolding is produced. The sound envelope was analyzed in order to identify and describe the timing of the sounds. Regarding movement, specialized software was used to graph its trajectory and for the analysis of the expression of movements, the basic categories "Shape and Effort" of the Laban-Bartenieff system of movement analysis were used (Laban, 1971). The results indicate the presence of interactive synchrony based on an underlying pulse that sustains mutuality between the players and provides a temporal structure on which the synchrony of the self can be anchored. Furthermore, it allows the sharing of continuity and contrast in the quality of sounds and movements and thus provides the dyad with a primary level of understanding with non-mediated meanings; promotes the exploration of the play space and the expansion of the potential of the fictional scene; it favors the maintenance of joint attention and mutual understanding through ontogenetically pre-fiction semiotic mechanisms, which favor the interactive fluidity of play.

Expiration Date Effect on Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Glass Ionomer Cements

ABSTRACT: The glass ionomer cements (GICs) is a generic name given to a group of materials widely used in clinical dentistry which if used after the specified expiration date, material properties may be affected. to evaluate the Vick ers microhardness, surface morphology and the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), of GICs with different expiration dates that were stored at room temperature. specimens of highly viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC) (Ketac Cem and Ketac Molar) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (Vitrebond) with different expiration dates (current, close to their expiration and expired) were prepared for Vickers microhardness test and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) with EDX, measuring 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm length, per the manufacturer's instructions, in standard cylindrical teflon molds. For the comparison of obtained values, the ANOVA test was used, while Tukey test was used for the multiple comparisons. In all the GICs used, the microhardness decreased as the expiration date approached, finding a significant statistical differen ce (P<0.05) in Ketac Molar and Vitrebond. SEM sample analysis revealed similar cohesive cracks in all tested materials. The EDX analysis revealed the presence of the elements F, Al and Si in all GICs and Ca only in Ketac Molar and Ketac Cem. The elements were found in a higher atomic percentage in the GICs with an current date and in a lower percentage in those with an expired date. HVGIC and RMGIC with an expiration date finish and that were stored at room temperature, suffer significant physical and chemical changes, which could put doubts its clinical effectiveness.

RESUMEN: El cemento de ionómero de vidrio (CIV) es un nombre genérico que se le da a un grupo de materiales ampliamente utilizados en odontología clínica que si se usan después de la fecha de vencimiento especificada, las propiedades del material pueden verse afectadas. evaluar la microdureza Vickers, la morfología superficial y el microanálisis de energía dispersa de rayos X (EDX), de CIV con diferentes fechas de caducidad almacenados a temperatura ambiente. Muestras de cemento de ionómero de vidrio de alta viscosidad (CIVAV) (Ketac Cem y Ketac Molar) y cemento de ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina (CIVMR) (Vitrebond) con diferentes fechas de vencimiento (vigente, próximo a su vencimiento y vencido) de 5 x 2 mm, fueron preparadas para microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) con EDX y microdureza Vickers, según las instrucciones del fabricante, en moldes de teflón cilíndricos estándar. Para la comparación de los valores obtenidos se utilizó la prueba ANOVA, mientras que para las comparaciones múltiples se utilizó la prueba de Tukey. En todos los CIV utilizados, la microdureza disminuyó a medida que se acercaba la fecha de vencimiento, encontrándose una diferencia estadística significativa (P <0.05) en Ketac Molar y Vitrebond. El análisis de la muestra en MEB reveló grietas cohesivas similares en todos los materiales probados. El análisis EDX reveló la presencia de los elementos F, Al y Si en todos los GIC y Ca solo en Ketac Molar y Ketac Cem. Los elementos se encontraron en mayor porcentaje atómico en los GIC con fecha vigente y en menor porcentaje en aquellos con una fecha vencida. Los CIVAV y CIVMR con fecha de caducidad vencida y que fueron alma- cenados a temperatura ambiente, sufrieron cambios físicos y químicos importantes, lo que podría poner en duda su efectividad clínica.

Recent advances in screening of enzymes inhibitors based on capillary electrophoresis / 药物分析学报

Capillary electrophoresis with many advantages plays an important role in pharmaceutical analysis and drug screening. This review gives an overview on the recent advances in the developments and applications of capillary electrophoresis in the field of enzyme inhibitor screening. The period covers 2013 to 2017. Both the pre-capillary enzyme assays and in-capillary enzyme assays which include electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) and immobilized enzyme microreactor (IMER) are summarized in this article.

Microanálisis de la comunicación verbal y no verbal en hechos clínicos psicoanalíticos / Microanalysis of verbal and nonverbal communication in psychoanalitic clinical facts

Se analizan seis fragmentos de una psicoterapia psicodinámica de larga duración, los cuales han sido definidos como "hechos clínicos" (HC). Se pretende identificar y describir algunos elementos verbales y no verbales presentes en la interacción paciente­terapeuta dentro de los segmentos pre-seleccionados del proceso.

Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer:A Quantification Strategy Based on Two Reference Materialsand Bulk Normalization as 100% (wt) / 分析化学

Quantitative calibration strategy as an essential issue in laser ablation ICP-MS plays an important role for the guarantee of analytical accuracy.In this study, uncertainties of reference values in current available glass certified reference materials (NIST, MPI-DING and USGS) as well as the matrix effect among them were systematically evaluated.The results illustrated that NIST610 was better than other reference materials from aspect of reference value uncertainty.The matrix effect among NIST, MPI-DING and USGS reference materials was insignificant under our experimental conditions.A quantification strategy based on two reference materials (NIST610 and StHs6/80-G) and normalization to 100% (w/w) was proposed to avoid the insufficiency of single reference material strategy, which suffered the very low content and large uncertainty for some elements.The comparision of ML3B-G results obtained from three quantification strategies (single reference material NIST610, single reference material StHs6/80-G and two refterence materials) illustrated that the proposed strategy improved the analytical accuracy.Three reference materials (BCR-2G, CGSG-2 and KL-2G) were quantified with the proposed strategy, and almost all data matched well with reference value, meanwhile the data reported here could supplement the reference value database.

Comparación del sistema ProTaper Universal con homólogo adulterado: estudio descriptivo

Objetivos: Describir las características macroscópicas, microscópicas y la caracterización del material de instrumentos rotatorios de Níquel-Titanio (NiTi), ProTaper Universal, en comparación con instrumentos similares de dudosa procedencia. Material y métodos: El análisis macroscópico se realizó por medio de fotografía macro de las cajas e instrumentos. Para el análisis microscópico, se utilizaron los instrumentos S1 y F1, los cuales fueron seccionados y analizados a través de Microscopía electrónica de barrido comparando las partes activas y las secciones transversales con una magnificación de 300 a 550X. Adicionalmente, se realizó la caracterización de los fragmentos, a través de microanálisis por dispersión de energías de rayos-X (EDX). Resultados: Al análisis macroscópico, las cajas de los sistemas presentaron diferencias en el diseño y especificaciones, los vástagos de los instrumentos presentaron diferencias de forma, color y acabado, y las partes activas de algunos instrumentos, presentaron diferencias de diámetro, forma y acabado. Al análisis microscópico, los instrumentos adulterados presentaron ángulos de corte menos afilados y ausencia de convexidades triangulares. Al comparar la composición química de los instrumentos, el análisis EDX mostró que ambos instrumentos tienen una composición Ni-Ti similar. Conclusiones: Las mayores diferencias entre el sistema ProTaper Universal y su homólogo adulterado se presentaron en el análisis macroscópico. El análisis microscópico presentó diferencias principalmente en el formato de la sección transversal.

Objectives: To describe the macroscopic, microscopic characteristics and material characterization of nickel titanium (NiTi) ProTaper Universal system scompared to similar instruments of dubious origin. Material and methods: Macroscopic analysis was performed using macro photography of the boxes and files. For microscopic analysis, S1 and F1 files were used, which were sectioned and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy comparing active parts and cross-sections at 300-550X magnification. Additionally, the characterization of fragments was performed by energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX). Results: Macroscopic analysis showed that boxes differed in design and specifications. File shanks showed differences in shape, color, finish. The active part of some files showed differences in diameter, shape and finish. Microscopic analysis indicated that adulterated files showed less sharp cutting angles and absence of triangular convexities. By EDX, comparing the chemical composition of the instruments, it was shown that both instruments have a composition Ni-Ti like. Conclusions: The major differences between ProTaper Universal system and its counterpart adulterated, were presented in macroscopic analysis. Microscopic analysis showed differences mainly in cross-section configuration.

The effect of different fluoride application methods on the remineralization of initial carious lesions

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of single and combined applications of fluoride on the amount of fluoride release, and the remineralization and physical properties of enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each of four fluoride varnish and gel products (Fluor Protector, FP, Ivoclar Vivadent; Tooth Mousse Plus, TM, GC; 60 Second Gel, A, Germiphene; CavityShield, CS, 3M ESPE) and two fluoride solutions (2% sodium fluoride, N; 8% tin(ii) fluoride, S) were applied on bovine teeth using single and combined methods (10 per group), and then the amount of fluoride release was measured for 4 wk. The electron probe microanalysis and the Vickers microhardness measurements were conducted to assess the effect of fluoride application on the surface properties of bovine teeth. RESULTS: The amount of fluoride release was higher in combined applications than in single application (p < 0.05). Microhardness values were higher after combined applications of N with FP, TM, and CS than single application of them, and these values were also higher after combined applications of S than single application of A (p < 0.05). Ca and P values were higher in combined applications of N with TM and CS than single application of them (p < 0.05). They were also increased after combined applications of the S with A than after single application (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Combined applications of fluoride could be used as a basis to design more effective methods of fluoride application to provide enhanced remineralization.

La construcción interaccional de narrativas de ficción entre niños de distintas edades: Un estudio con niños de poblaciones urbano marginadas / The interactional construction of fictional narratives between children of different ages: A study with children from marginalized urban populations

El estudio realizado se propuso analizar el proceso de construcción interaccional de narrativas de ficción por parte de díadas de niños de distintas edades (4 y 12 años) que viven en poblaciones urbano-marginadas de Argentina. Las narrativas, elicitadas a partir de una secuencia de imágenes, fueron video-filmadas y luego transcriptas. El corpus incluye 33 relatos producidos por díadas de niños de 4 y 12 años. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo que combina el Método Comparativo Constante (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss & Corbin, 1990) con herramientas de la Sociolingüística Interaccional (Gumperz, 1982) y el Análisis de la conversación (Goodwin & Heritage, 1990). Dicho análisis permitió generar un sistema de categorías que dio cuenta de los roles narrativos (Goodwin, 2007) asumidos por los participantes y el modo en que esos roles eran negociados en la interacción. Los resultados mostraron que los niños adoptaban diferentes roles narrativos que se configuraban a partir de una yuxtaposición de campos semióticos -verbales, gestuales y proxémicos-. Los niños pequeños adoptaban el rol de narrador o el rol de audiencia, mientras que los niños mayores asumían roles de tutor, narrador o audiencia. Asimismo, el análisis permitió mostrar cambios en los roles adoptados durante la situación de interacción. La relevancia de estudiar las narrativas producidas por niños pequeños en interacción con niños mayores reside justamente en los resultados de investigaciones previas (Stein & Rosemberg, 2012) que señalan que en poblaciones urbano-marginadas las interacciones entre niños de distintas edades pueden dar lugar al aprendizaje y el desarrollo infantil.

This study aims to analyse the interactional construction of fictional accounts that 4-year-old and 12-year-old children from marginalized urban populations in Buenos Aires (Argentina) produced together. Recent research (Gardner & Forrester, 2010; Rosemberg & Menti, in press) suggests the need to link the study of child development and performance with the micro-analysis of interaction. As these studies point out, the concepts developed by Conversation analysis (Goodwin & Heritage, 1990; Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson, 1974) and Interactional Sociolinguistics (Gumperz, 1982) allow to study in detail the processes through which children and their partners construct shared meaning in interaction. The narratives, elicited from a sequence of images, were video recorder and transcribed. The data corpus consist of 33 narratives produced by dyads of 4 and 12 year-old children. A qualitative analysis was performed that combined the Constant Comparative Method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss & Corbin, 1990) with tools from Interactional Sociolinguistic (Gumperz, 1982) and Conversation Analysis (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson, 1974). This analysis allowed the generation of a system of categories that identified the narrative roles assumed by the participants (Goodwin, 2007) and how these roles were negotiated in the interaction. Findings showed that children adopted narrative roles that were configured from a juxtaposition of information from different semiotic fields -verbal, gestural and proxemic-. 4-year-old children adopted roles of storyteller or audience, and 12-year-old children assumed roles of tutor, storyteller or audience. The tutor role was characterised by the initiations of the sequence employing elicitations. Also, tutors used different types of interventions -feedback, expansions and repairs- to scaffold the narrative elaborated by the young children. The body position, as well as the gaze of the tutor was directed to the story-teller and/or to the images, and also in some cases to the researcher. The storyteller role was characterised by giving verbal information about the narrative. The body position, as well as the gaze of the storyteller was directed principally to the audience and/or to the images. Finally, the audience role was characterised for showing interest in the narrative through different signals such as gaze direction to the storyteller, and a body position close to him and to the images. These results show the productivity of articulating the psycholinguistic perspective (Nelson, 1996, 2007) with tools of the Conversational Analysis (Goodwin & Heritage, 1990) to account for narrative performance. Results showed that while the 12-year-old children tended to adopt in most cases a tutor role, the 4-year-old assumed a storyteller role. The narrative roles adopted by the children show that children from different ages can negotiate narrative co-construction.However, in some cases both children adopted a storyteller role. In these situations the asymmetric relation between the 12-year-old and the younger childled the older child to impose his narrative not letting the 4-year-old to narrate. The microanalysis of the interactional sequences showed that the roles adopted could change during the interaction. This role change did not occur randomly, but responding to the sequence of actions in which each participant analysed the contextualization cues (Gumperz, 1982) provided by the other and acted according to them. The analysis of the exchanges showed the complexity of the interactional process with regard to the construction of the stories, in which it is not possible to comprehend the actions of one participant without referring to the actions of the other (Goodwin, 1984). The relevance of studying the narratives produced by young children interacting with older children lies in the results of previous studies (Stein & Rosemberg, 2012) which reported that in urban marginalized populations interactions be tween children of different ages can lead to learning and child development.

A pilot study of microanalysis in solution-focused brief counseling characteristics evaluation / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the microanalysis method used to evaluate the solution-focused brief coun-seling (SFBC)interview characteristics of the skilled trainees and novices.Methods:Five skilled SFBC trainees, who had learned and practiced of SFBC for not less than 5 years,and 9 SFBC novices,who had a total of learning of SFBC for no more than 3 months,were recruited.The skilled trainees'5 interview recordings and 9 interview re-cordings of the novices were collected and coded.Then the formulations and questions used in the two groups'inter-views were compared with each other,and the different nature of language (positive,negative or neutral)used by them were also analyzed.Results:The numbers of complex formulations used by skilled trainees were more than the novice's [(4.4 ±2.5)vs.(1.6 ±1.1),P <0.05].And the percentage of opening questions was significant higher than novice's [(0.83 ±0.14)vs.(0.61 ±0.18),P <0.05].The numbers of positive utterances used by the skilled trainees were much more than the novices'[(16.0 ±7.0)vs.(8.7 ±2.4),P <0.05].Conclusion:The microanaly-sis method could be effectively used to distinguish the characteristic differences between the skilled trainees and the novices in their formulations,opening questions and positive utterances,during their respective interviews.And it could be effectively used to evaluate the interview skill levels of the skilled trainees and novices.

Characterization of Inclusion Type in Steel by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy / 分析化学

ScanningElectronMicroscopy/EnergyDispersionSpectrum(SEM/EDS),ElectronProbe Microanalysis ( EPMA ) and Optical Microscopy ( OM ) are the traditional methods for inclusion type identifying at present. The disadvantages such as inconvenient sample preprocessing, low sensitivity and time consuming limited their application. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ( LIBS) is not only performing in bulk analysis field but also in elemental distribution and depth profile information field, so it causes great concern in material science. In this paper, 34CrNiMo6 steel and heavy railway steel samples were analyzed by LIBS in scanning mode to characterize the inclusion type. For 34CrNiMo6 steel, 2D intensity distribution and channel combination revealed the spectra line intensity of Mn and S were abnormal high simultaneously at some region, which indicated there were some MnS inclusion existed in these samples. And for heavy railway steel, 2D distribution and channel combination revealed the spectra line intensity of Si, Ca, Mg and Al were abnormal high simultaneously at some region, showed the existence of Si-Al-Ca-Mg inclusion in these samples. The SEM/EDS analysis result of above-mentioned samples showed agreed well with LIBS.

Annealing of Co-Cr dental alloy: effects on nanostructure and Rockwell hardness

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of annealing on the nanostructure and hardness of Co-Cr metal ceramic samples that were fabricated with a direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five groups of Co-Cr dental alloy samples were manufactured in a rectangular form measuring 4 x 2 x 2 mm. Samples fabricated by a conventional casting technique (Group I) and prefabricated milling blanks (Group II) were examined as conventional technique groups. The DMLS samples were randomly divided into three groups as not annealed (Group III), annealed in argon atmosphere (Group IV), or annealed in oxygen atmosphere (Group V). The nanostructure was examined with the small-angle X-ray scattering method. The Rockwell hardness test was used to measure the hardness changes in each group, and the means and standard deviations were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA for comparison of continuous variables and Tukey's HSD test was used for post hoc analysis. P values of <.05 were accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: The general nanostructures of the samples were composed of small spherical entities stacked atop one another in dendritic form. All groups also displayed different hardness values depending on the manufacturing technique. The annealing procedure and environment directly affected both the nanostructure and hardness of the Co-Cr alloy. Group III exhibited a non-homogeneous structure and increased hardness (48.16 +/- 3.02 HRC) because the annealing process was incomplete and the inner stress was not relieved. Annealing in argon atmosphere of Group IV not only relieved the inner stresses but also decreased the hardness (27.40 +/- 3.98 HRC). The results of fitting function presented that Group IV was the most homogeneous product as the minimum bilayer thickness was measured (7.11 A). CONCLUSION: After the manufacturing with DMLS technique, annealing in argon atmosphere is an essential process for Co-Cr metal ceramic substructures. The dentists should be familiar with the materials that are used in clinic for prosthodontics treatments.

Retrieval analysis of different orthodontic brackets: the applicability of electron microprobe techniques for determining material heterogeneities and corrosive potential

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the applicability of micro-analytical methods with high spatial resolution to the characterization of the composition and corrosion behavior of two bracket systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The surfaces of six nickel-free brackets and six nickel-containing brackets were examined for signs of corrosion and qualitative surface analysis using an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), prior to bonding to patient's tooth surfaces and four months after clinical use. The surfaces were characterized qualitatively by secondary electron (SE) images and back scattered electron (BSE) images in both compositional and topographical mode. Qualitative and quantitative wavelength-dispersive analyses were performed for different elements, and by utilizing qualitative analysis the relative concentration of selected elements was mapped two-dimensionally. The absolute concentration of the elements was determined in specially prepared brackets by quantitative analysis using pure element standards for calibration and calculating correction-factors (ZAF). RESULTS: Clear differences were observed between the different bracket types. The nickel-containing stainless steel brackets consist of two separate pieces joined by a brazing alloy. Compositional analysis revealed two different alloy compositions, and reaction zones on both sides of the brazing alloy. The nickel-free bracket was a single piece with only slight variation in element concentration, but had a significantly rougher surface. After clinical use, no corrosive phenomena were detectable with the methods applied. Traces of intraoral wear at the contact areas between the bracket slot and the arch wire were verified. CONCLUSION: Electron probe microanalysis is a valuable tool for the characterization of element distribution and quantitative analysis for corrosion studies.

Cuidados com o cordão umbilical do recém-nascido, no século XIX / Care for the newborn’s navel-string in the nineteenth-century / Cuidado del cordón umbilical del recién nacido, en el siglo XIX

Estudo de abordagem na microanálise sobre cuidados para a prevenção do tétano do recém-nascido, no século XIX. Os documentos utilizados para análise foram as teses da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro que tratassem da temática sobre o cordão umbilical do recém-nascido, no século XIX. O resultado analítico dos documentos evidenciou o discurso médico embasado em referências nacionais e internacionais, no sentido de introjetar na prática do cuidado mudança na cultura da higiene, na maioria das vezes praticadas por parteiras leigas, direcionada para as mães como uma das maneiras de se prevenir o tétano do recém-nascido.

Microanalysis study on prevention care against neonatal tetanus in the nineteenth century. The theses of the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro (The University of Rio de Janeiro Medical School) addressing the newborn’s navel-string in nineteenth century provided the basis for the analysis. The analysis showed that medical discourses, relying on national and international references, signaled to the need of cultural changes in hygiene by lay midwives and mothers, as a way to prevent tetanus of the newborn.

Estudio de enfoque en el microanálisis sobre cuidados para la prevención del tétano del recién nacido, en el siglo XIX. Los documentos utilizados para análisis fueron las tesis de la Facultad de Medicina de Rio de Janeiro-Brasil teniendo como tema el cordón umbilical del recién nacido, en el siglo XIX. El resultado del análisis de los documentos mostró el discurso médico basado en referencias nacionales e internacionales, en el sentido de introjetar en la práctica del cuidado cambio en la cultura de la higiene, muchas veces ejercida por parteras laicas, dirigido para las madres como una de las maneras de prevenir el tétano del recién nacido.

Efeito do silício na intensidade da cercosporiose e na nutrição mineral de mudas de cafeeiro / Effect of silicon on the intensity of brown eye spot and on the mineral nutrition of coffee seedlings

O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito do silício na intensidade da cercosporiose e na nutrição mineral de mudas de cafeeiro. No experimento 1, testou-se seis doses de ácido silícico (0, 0,5; 1; 2; 4 e 6 g kg­1 de solo) em mudas da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 inoculadas com o fungo Cercospora coffeicola. No experimento 2, foram realizadas microanálises de raios-X para a avaliação de nutrientes presentes nas folhas das mudas de cafeeiro das cultivares Topázio MG1190 e Icatu Precoce IAC 3282, inoculadas e não inoculadas com C. coffeicola, com e sem silicato de cálcio (1 g kg-1 de solo). Com o aumento das doses de ácido silícico observou-se redução na área abaixo da curva de progresso do número de lesões por folha (AACPNLF), redução linear nos teores foliares de magnésio e fósforo e aumento nos teores de enxofre e cobre. Os teores foliares de boro apresentaram comportamento quadrático, diminuindo com o aumento das doses de ácido silícico e aumentando a partir da dose de 4 g kg-1 de solo. Em microanálise de raio X, mudas de cafeeiro com cercosporiose apresentam menores picos de potássio e cálcio, independente da cultivar utilizada.

Our objective was to verify the effect of silicon on the intensity of brown eye spot and on the mineral nutrition of coffee seedlings. In the first experiment, 6 doses of silicic acid (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g kg-1 soil) were tested using a complete randomized block design with 4 replicates with 6 coffee seedlings cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 inoculated with the fungus Cercospora coffeicola. In the second experiment, X-ray microanalysis in a scanning electron microscope was performed on 2 coffee cultivars (Topazio MG1190 and Icatu Precoce IAC 3282), inoculated and non-inoculated with C. coffeicola, treated and untreated with calcium silicate (1 g kg-1 of soil). With the increase of the silicic acid doses, there was observed a reduction in the area under the disease progress curve of the number of lesions per leaf (AUPCNLL), coupled with a linear reduction in the foliar contents of magnesium and phosphorus as well as an increase in the contents of sulfur and copper. The foliar contents of boron presented a quadratic behavior, decreasing with the increase of silicic acid and increasing with the dose of 4 g kg-1 of soil. In X-ray microanalysis, coffee seedlings with brown eye spot presented lower peaks of potassium and calcium, regardless of the cultivar used.

Microanálisis de capas pictóricas en esculturas policromadas / Microanalysis of pictorial layers in polychrome sculptures

RESUMEN Se analizan muestras de secciones transversales de esculturas en madera policromadas por los métodos de microanálisis: Microscopía óptica, las técnicas nucleares: microfluorescencia de rayos X y microemisión de rayos X inducida por protones con sistema de detección por dispersión de Rutherford acoplado y el método tradicional de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido con detección de fluorescencia de rayos X dispersiva en energía acoplada. Se enfatiza en la microfluorescencia de rayos X por ser un método novedoso a partir del desarrollo alcanzado en la óptica de rayos X y que se puede implementar en un sistema convencional de FRX. Los resultados se comparan en cuanto a resolución espacial para diferenciar la estructura de capas pictóricas y sensibilidad elemental. Se determinaron el número de capas, su posición relativa, su espesor y la composición química de los pigmentos para caracterizar valiosas policromías de la otrora iglesia habanera San Juan de Letrán con el objetivo de obtener información acerca de la "historia materia"; que deba contribuir a su investigación de procedencia y atribución. Los pigmentos usados en esta obra artística se identificaron por los elementos característicos. Los mapas de distribución elemental obtenidos por las técnicas nucleares usadas, reproducen exactamente las estructuras observadas en las fotomicrografías obtenidas por medio de la microscopía de luz.

ABSTRACT Cross section samples from polychrome wood sculpture are analyzed by optical microscopy, the nuclear techniques: micro-X Ray Fluorescence, micro- Proton induced X-ray Emission coupled with Rutherford Backscattering and the traditional method by Scanning Electronic Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence detection (SEM-EDX) micro-analytical methods. Special emphasis is dedicated to µXRF, a novel advanced technique developed thanks to the last achievements of the X-ray optics that can be available by modifying conventional laboratory XRF spectrometer, representing an alternative to the traditional and expensive SEM-EDX stratigraphic analysis of pictorial works. The results are compared with respect to spatial resolution to differentiate pictorial layer structure and elemental sensitivity. Number of layer, relative position of layer, layer thickness and chemical composition of pigments are determined in the characterization of valuable polychromies of once church San Juan de Letrán in order to obtain information about their "material history" that should contribute to its provenance and attribution research. The pigments used in this artistic works were identified by their characteristic elements. The elemental distribution maps obtained by the used nuclear techniques precisely reproduced microphotographies obtained by means of Light Microscopy.

Dynamic Changes of Mineral Element in The Cell Wall of Growth Cells Detected by CSEM-EDX / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Aerenchyrna formation has been described in depth in a number of species at a histological level. But large gaps remain in our understanding of its regulation as a developmental process. It is attempted to analyse essential mineral elements like K, Mg, Cu, Zn, Ca and P in the cell wall of aerenchyma cells in petioles ofS. trifolia at five different developmental stages by CSEM-EDX technique. At early stage, K and Cl concentrations in cell wall were high up to 36% and 4.3% of dry weight, respectively. It supported the hypotheses that aerenchyma spaces are filled with liquid at early developmental stages of aerenchyma in S. trifolia petiole. Mg concentration was high at stage 2, up to 0.86% of dry weight. Zinc and Cu were detected only at rapid expansion stages, during which the concentrations were up to 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively. Calcium was detected in the cell wall only at mature stages, the concentration was high up to 1.3% of dry weight at stages 4 and 5. These results confirmed that the element concentration of aerenehyma cell wall undergoes dynamic changes during different developmental stages, and a low Ca with high Zn and Cu concentration are needed for cell expansion. Copper and Zn deposition in the cell wall showed a significant positive linear correlation, suggesting that these two elements share same or similar uptake and transport mechanism in plants.

Morphological and chemical analysis of bone substitutes by scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis by spectroscopy of dispersion energy

This study evaluated the morphological and chemical composition of the following bone substitutes: cancellous and cortical organic bovine bone with macro and microparticle size ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 mm and 0.25 to 1.0 mm, respectively; inorganic bovine bone with particle size ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 mm; hydroxyapatite with particle size ranging from 0.75 to 1.0 mm; and demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft with particle size ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 mm. The samples were sputter-coated with gold in an ion coater, the morphology was observed and particle size was measured under vacuum by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition was evaluated by spectroscopy of dispersion energy (EDS) microanalysis using samples without coating. SEM analysis provided visual evidence that all examined materials have irregular shape and particle sizes larger than those informed by the manufacturer. EDS microanalysis detected the presence of sodium, calcium and phosphorus that are usual elements of the bone tissue. However, mineral elements were detected in all analyzed particles of organic bovine bone except for macro cancellous organic bovine bone. These results suggest that the examined organic bovine bone cannot be considered as a pure organic material.

Neste estudo foram avaliados a morfologia, o tamanho e a composição química dos seguintes substitutos ósseos: osso bovino orgânico cortical e esponjoso com micropartículas medindo entre 0,25 e 1,0 mm e macropartículas medindo entre 1,0 e 2,0 mm; osso bovino cortical inorgânico com partículas medindo entre 0,25 e 1,0 mm; hidroxiapatita com partículas medindo entre 0,75 e 1,0 mm; e osso humano descalcificado, congelado e seco medindo entre 0,25 a 0,5 mm. Para a analise da morfologia e tamanho das partículas, as amostras foram preparadas em porta-espécime, metalizadas em ouro e analisadas a vácuo em microscopia eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Para a análise da composição química, as partículas não foram metalizadas e foram analisadas por microanálise por espectroscopia por dispersão de energia (EDS). A análise em MEV, demonstrou que as partículas substitutos ossos apresentaram formato irregular e tamanho variável, maior do que o mencionado pelo fabricante. A microanálise por EDS detectou a presença de elementos como sódio, cálcio e fósforo, que são comuns à composição do tecido ósseo, porém revelaram a presença de elementos químicos nas partículas de osso bovino orgânico, exceto para a macropartícula de osso bovino orgânico esponjoso. Esses resultados sugerem que o osso bovino orgânico não pode ser considerado um material orgânico puro.

Construction of microsimulation model of urban employees' medical insurance in Kunming city / 第二军医大学学报

Objective:To discuss the application of microsimulation model in forecasting the change of medical insurance risk-pooling fund in Kunming city.Methods: Taking the SAS8.2 software as the platform,we constructed a microsimulation model for urban employees' medical insurance in Kunming city using computer simulation technology and ARENA simulation software.Results: The construction process included 4 steps:(1) to confirm the simulation object;(2) to construct the micro data file;(3) to design the system and to program;(4) to run the program and forecast the result.The system mainly consisted of population status module,action module and policy module.Conclusion: The present model complies with the latest type distribution of employees in Kunming,and its simulation result can reflect the effectiveness of medical insurance policy in recent years.

Comparison of effects of fluorine and lanthanum on enamel surface layer of deciduous molars / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To compare effects of APF and APF-La(NO3)3 on enamel surface layer and to probe the mechanism of combined application of APF-La(NO3)3 on deciduous molars. Methods:9 caries-free second lower molars were selected and divided randomly into two groups: APF group (n=4) and APF-La(NO3)3 group (n=5). All teeth were cut into two parts, paralleled to axis of the teeth, along the line connecting mesial buccal and lingual cusps. Mesial parts were experimental group and distal parts were control group. Spot analysis of EPMA was performed to measure concentration of F or/and La in enamel surface layers, and compare changes of concentration of F in enamel surface layers treated with APF solution and changes of concentration of F and La treated with APF-La(NO3)3 solution. Results: ①Concentrations of F in enamel surface layers increased in APF experimental group. ②Concentrations of F and La increased in deciduous teeth enamel surface layers of APF-La(NO3)3 experimental group. ③ Increment of F in cusp of deciduous molar is the same as that of pit in APF experimental group. ④ Increment of F and La in cusp of deciduous molar was the same as that of pit in APF-La(NO3)3 experimental group. Conclusion:Compared with APF, treatment by APF-La(NO3)3 can increase the concentrations of both La and F in enamel surface layer while there is no difference of increment between cusp and pit in each group. The result can provide useful data for prevention of caries in children.

Comparative study of Aretemisia princeps Pamp. grown in Japan and China / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Microstructure and elemental composition of dried <I>Artemisa princeps</I> Pamp. (Yomogi) leaves produced in Japan and China were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Trichomes and T-foem hairs were found in higher density on the reverse side of the leaf of Yomogi. Cilium hairs were observed in Japanese Yomogi, while those in Chinese Yomogi, were distributed. Concentrations of K, Ca, Si and Cl were determined in plant fibers of the trichome in both Yomogi. In the head-style hairs of Japanese Yomogi, K, Ca, and Cl, S, P, Si were found, while K, Ca, Si, S, Mg and Fe were observed in the Chinese Yomogi.<BR>These results suggest that there were differences in morphological and elemental composition between Japanese and Chinese dried Yomogi leaves. These differences will affect the moxa quality even after the purifying process.