Automatic detection and classification of disease in citrus fruit and leaves using a customized CNN based model / Detección y clasificación automática de enfermedades en frutas y hojas de cítricos utilizando un modelo basado en CNN personalizado

India's commercial advancement and development depend heavily on agriculture. A common fruit grown in tropical settings is citrus. A professional judgment is required while analyzing an illness because different diseases have slight variati ons in their symptoms. In order to recognize and classify diseases in citrus fruits and leaves, a customized CNN - based approach that links CNN with LSTM was developed in this research. By using a CNN - based method, it is possible to automatically differenti ate from healthier fruits and leaves and those that have diseases such fruit blight, fruit greening, fruit scab, and melanoses. In terms of performance, the proposed approach achieves 96% accuracy, 98% sensitivity, 96% Recall, and an F1 - score of 92% for ci trus fruit and leave identification and classification and the proposed method was compared with KNN, SVM, and CNN and concluded that the proposed CNN - based model is more accurate and effective at identifying illnesses in citrus fruits and leaves.

El avance y desarrollo comercial de India dependen en gran medida de la agricultura. Un tipo de fruta comunmente cultivada en en tornos tropicales es el cítrico. Se requiere un juicio profesional al analizar una enfermedad porque diferentes enfermedades tienen ligeras variaciones en sus síntomas. Para reconocer y clasificar enfermedades en frutas y hojas de cítricos, se desarrolló e n esta investigación un enfoque personalizado basado en CNN que vincula CNN con LSTM. Al utilizar un método basado en CNN, es posible diferenciar automáticamente entre frutas y hojas más saludables y aquellas que tienen enfermedades como la plaga de frutas , el verdor de frutas, la sarna de frutas y las melanosis. En términos de desempeño, el enfoque propuesto alcanza una precisión del 96%, una sensibilidad del 98%, una recuperación del 96% y una puntuación F1 del 92% para la identificación y clasificación d e frutas y hojas de cítricos, y el método propuesto se comparó con KNN, SVM y CNN y se concluyó que el modelo basado en CNN propuesto es más preciso y efectivo para identificar enfermedades en frutas y hojas de cítricos.

Momificación natural de falanges como consecuencia de meningococemia fulminante. A propósito de un caso / Natural mummification of phalanges as a consequence of fulminant meningococcemia. About a case

Fundamento: Las infecciones del sistema nervioso central constituyen una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad neurológica. La púrpura fulminante o meningococemia es una enfermedad grave que evoluciona a severas complicaciones y secuelas, sin embargo, es infrecuente que ocurra momificación o amputación natural de los dedos de las manos y los pies. Objetivo: Describir el caso de un paciente con meningococemia fulminante, al cual se le momificaron de manera natural las falanges de las manos y los pies como consecuencia de la enfermedad. Presentación del caso: Se presenta un paciente de 18 años de edad que fue diagnosticado con meningococemia. Clínicamente presentó fiebre, cefalea intensa, lesiones purpúrico hemorrágicas, petequias y hematomas en piel, evolutivamente shock séptico y disfunción múltiple de órganos. Posterior a 16 días de estadía en sala egresó vivo del hospital, pero con secuelas caracterizadas por momificación de las falanges de las manos y los pies. Conclusiones: La meningococemia es una enfermedad aguda, potencialmente mortal y se reporta mayormente en la edad pediátrica. Entre los sobrevivientes es infrecuente que ocurra la momificación de las falanges de las manos y los pies, como ocurrió en el caso reportado.

Background: Infections of the central nervous system are a significant cause of neurological morbidity and mortality. Purpura fulminans or meningococcemia is a serious disease that evolves into severe complications and sequelae, however it is infrequent for mummification or natural amputation of fingers and toes to occur. Objective: To describe the case of a patient with fulminant meningococcemia, in whom hands and feet phalanges were naturally mummified as a consequence of the disease. Case report: An 18-year-old patient diagnosed with meningococcemia is presented. Clinically, he presented fever, intense headache, purpuric hemorrhagic lesions, petechiae and bruises on the skin, progressively septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction. After 16 days in hospital, he was discharged alive, but with some sequelae characterized by mummification of the hands and feet phalanges. Conclusions: Meningococcemia is an acute, life-threatening disease and is mostly reported in the pediatric age. Mummification of the hands and feet phalanges is uncommon among survivors, as occurred in the reported case.

Estimation of Time Since Death of Bodies Above Soil Surface in A Guinea Forest-Savannah Vegetation of Nigeria Using Visible Post Mortem Changes

Background: Forensic taphonomy is the use of decomposition timeline estimation to unravel mystery behind time of death confirmation in homicide cases involving the law court. The Guinea forest-savannah vegetation is one of the vegetations in Nigeria characterized by short trees, grassland, very hot temperatures almost round the year, speedy wind, etc. It has two distinct seasons – rainy and dry seasons. This study aimed at investigating the visible post mortem changes of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) in a Guinea forest-savannah vegetation of Nigeria so that it can be used to estimate time since death of bodies on the soil surface. Methods: A stratified random sampling technique was used to select two male and two female matured domestic pigs from a private pig farm located close to the research facility. The visible post mortem changes were observed daily (morning, afternoon and evening) for 49 days. Results: Four stages of decomposition were identified namely fresh, bloat, active decay, and advanced decay stages. Mummification process started at the sixth day post mortem which slowed the rate of decomposition, and prevented the animals to completely skeletonize within the study period. Extreme atmospheric temperature was the major factor that aided the mummification of the animals. Conclusions: Decomposition of domestic pigs in this region accelerates at the early hours of post mortem, and subsequently slows down due to extreme climatic conditions. In addition, it takes carcasses on the soil surface more than 49 days to completely skeletonize due to its vegetative factors. This implies that most crime investigations carried out in this region must take into account the climatic conditions before estimating the time of death.

A molecular survey reveals high occurrence of co-infections in intensive pork production farms with increased rates of mummified swine fetuses in Southern Brazil / [Pesquisa molecular revela alta ocorrência de coinfecções em granjas de produção intensiva de suínos com altas taxas de mumificação fetal no sul do Brasil]

Neste estudo, 308 amostras de fetos mumificados foram testadas para parvovírus suíno (PPV), circovírus suíno tipos 2 e 3 (PCV2 e PCV3) e leptospiras patogênicas. A idade gestacional no momento da perda gestacional e a frequência da mumificação fetal de acordo com a ordem de parto também foram investigadas. As amostras foram coletadas em granjas comerciais de criação de suínos da região sul do Brasil que apresentassem taxas de mumificação fetal igual ou maiores a 2,5%. Fragmentos de pulmão, rim, fígado e coração de fetos suínos mumificados foram coletados para análise molecular. Resultados da PCR foram classificados de acordo com a região de origem das amostras, tendo Santa Catarina, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul contabilizado 87 (28,25%), 89 (28,90%) e 132 (42,86%) do total de amostras de fetos suínos mumificados, respectivamente. Coinfecções foram observadas na maioria dos casos e PCV3 foi o agente mais prevalente detectado, encontrado em 298 amostras (96,75%). A maioria das perdas gestacionais foi observada entre 50 e 70 dias de gestação (168; 54,5%) e a mumificação fetal não foi associada à ordem de parto das matrizes. Os achados sugerem que as altas taxas de fetos suínos mumificados na região Sul do Brasil podem ser explicadas pela infecção com esses agentes virais.(AU)

Identificación del agente causal de la pudrición parda en frutos de duraznero (Prunus pérsica, L. Batsch) en Boyacá / Identification of the causal agent of brown rot in fruits of peach trees (Prunus pérsica, L. Batsch) in Boyacá / Identificação do agente causal da podridão parda em frutos de pessegueiro (Prunus pérsica, L. Batsch) em Boyacá

Resumen La enfermedad fungosa más limitante del duraznero (Prunus pérsica, L. Batsch) en Colombia es la pudrición parda, Monilia spp., que afecta flores, brotes y frutos, causando pérdidas hasta del 80%. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar el patógeno asociado a pudrición parda en cuatro variedades: Dorado, Rubidoux, Diamante y Rey negro en el departamento de Boyacá. El estudio inicio con la colecta de frutos enfermos en Jenesano, Paipa, Tuta, Sotaquirá y Nuevo Colón. En laboratorio se realizó la obtención, aislamiento y purificación de los hongos presentes. Se realizó también caracterización morfológica de las colonias y conidias sobre cultivos monospóricos y caracterización molecular mediante amplificación por PCR del ADN ribosomal empleando iniciadores ITS4 e ITS5. Se obtuvieron 32 aislamientos del género Monilia y se identificaron tres especies presentes en la zona muestreada: Monilia fructícola, Monilia fructígena y Monilia laxa, en 62,5%, 25% y 12,5%, respectivamente. En la amplificación de la región ribosomal se observaron diferencias entre las dos primeras especies, en el tamaño de las bases amplificadas, siendo M. fructicola de 550 pb y M. fructigena de 545pb. Este trabajo contribuye a la caracterización de las especies de Monilia que afectan al duraznero en varias regiones del departamento de Boyacá.

Abstract The most limiting fungal disease in peach crop (Prunus pérsica, L. Batsch) in Colombia is brown rot, Monilia spp., that affects flowers, buds and fruits, with economic losses of up to 80%. The objective of this work was to identify the pathogen associated with the brown rot in four varieties: Dorado, Rubidoux, Diamante and Rey Negro in Boyacá department. The study started collecting symptomatic fruits in Jenesano, Paipa, Tuta, Sotaquirá and Nuevo Colón. In laboratory were obtained, isolated and purified the fungi present. Also morphological characterization of colonies and conidia were done on monosporic cultures and molecular characterization through PCR amplification of the ribosomal DNA using ITS4 and ITS5 primers. It were obtained 32 isolates of Monilia and three species were identified in the sampled area: Monilia fructícola, Monilia fructígena and Monilia laxa, in a 62.5%, 25% and 12.5%, respectively. In the amplification of the ribosomal region, differences could be observed between the first two species, in the size of the amplified bases, being M. fructicola of 550 bp and M. fructigena of 545 bp. This work contributes to the characterization of the Monilia species that affect the peach tree in several regions of Boyaca's department.

Resumo O mais limitante pêssego doença fúngica (Prunus persica L. Batsch) na Colômbia é o da podridão castanha, Monilia spp., Afectando flores, botões e frutos, causando uma perda de até 80%. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar o patógeno associado à podridão parda em quatro variedades: Dorado, Rubidoux, Diamante e Rey negro no departamento de Boyacá. O estudo começou com a coleta de frutas doentes em Jenesano, Paipa, Tuta, Sotaquirá e Nuevo Colón. No laboratório foi realizada a obtenção, isolamento e purificação dos fungos presentes. Caracterização morfológica das colónias e conídios em culturas de esporos e caracterização molecular também foi realizado por amplificação por PCR utilizando iniciadores de ADN ribossomal e ITS4 ITS5. 32 isolados foram obtidos género Monilia e três espécies presentes na área amostrada identificado: Monilia fructicola Monilia laxa, Monilia fructigena e em 62,5%, 25% e 12,5%, respectivamente. Na amplificação da região ribossomais diferenças entre as duas primeiras espécies que foram observados no tamanho das bases amplificados, sendo 550bp M. fructicola e M. fructigena de 545pb. Este trabalho contribui para a caracterização das espécies de Monilia que afetam o pessegueiro em diversas regiões do departamento de Boyacá

Simultaneous Determination of Eugenol and Thymol in Mummification Pastes by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of eugenol and thymol in mummification pastes.METHODS:HPLC method was adopted.The determination was performed on Wonda Cract C18 column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-0.2％ phosphoric acid (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The detection wavelength was 274 nm,and column temperature was set at 25 ℃.The sample size was 10 μL.RESULTS:The linear ranges of eugenol and thymol were 0.02-0.19 mg/mL (r=0.999 7) and 0.03-0.30 mg/mL (r=0.999 6).RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2.0％.The recoveries were 95.85％-99.84％(RSD=1.11％,n=9) and 95.81％-100.91％(RSD=1.59％,n=9).CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple and accurate,and can be applied to simultaneous determination of eugenol and thymol in mummification pastes.

Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) Assay on Joseon Mummified Samples from Archaeological Sites of South Korea / 체질인류학회지

Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) to detect large deletions or duplications has been widely used as a diagnostic tool for various disease clinically. As this method requires only a small amount of template DNA and is very simple and high throughput, it has numerous advantages for the analysis of the human specimen obtained from archaeological sites. In this study we therefore tried to perform MLPA analysis for detecting any of duplications or deletions in mummy samples (n=4) from medieval Joseon tombs of Korea. Of them, we could not get any authentic data from 3 samples by MLPA method while only one case (HD2) showed the possible presence of duplications or deletions during her lifetime. Although the current report reveal that MLPA is a promising tool for anthropological study in South Korea, more studies are still needed to make up for the validity problem of commercial MLPA kit used in this study.

Mummified papyraceous fetuses in the abdominal cavity of an elderly female dog with pyometra / Fetos papiráceos em cavidade abdominal de fêmea canina idosa acometida por piometra

This paper reports on a rare case of fetal papyraceous mummification after asymptomatic uterine rupture in an elderly female dog with pyometra. The patient had a history of mating six months before the examination but no apparent signs of gestation or parturition. Exploratory laparotomy was used to identify a rupture of the left uterine horn and the presence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra. Two mummified papyraceous fetuses were observed in the abdominal cavity and had adhered to the spleen, pancreas, intestine and omentum. Ovariehysterectomy and corrective surgery were performed. The patient had remained healthy after uterine rupture until a new estrous cycle and the development of pyometra. Bitches that are 10 years old or more are predisposed to implantation failure, pregnancy or parturition problems and they should not be breed to avoid complications.

Relatou-se um caso raro de mumificação fetal papirácea após ruptura uterina assintomática em uma cadela idosa, acometida por piometra. A paciente apresentava histórico de cópula seis meses antes do exame clínico, sem sinais de gestação ou parturição. Na laparotomia exploratória identificaram-se ruptura do corno uterino esquerdo e presença de hiperplasia endometrial cística e piometra. Foram identificados dois fetos mumificados papiráceos na cavidade abdominal, aderidos ao baço, pâncreas, alças intestinais e omento. Realizou-se ovarioisterectomia e cirurgia corretiva. A paciente manteve-se compensada após ruptura uterina, até início de um novo ciclo estral e desenvolvimento de piometra. Cadelas idosas são predispostas à falha na implantação embrionária, problemas durante gestação e parturição, e devem ser excluídas da reprodução para evitar complicações.

Fetal mummification in silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) from the Gulf of California, Mexico

The aim of this work was the description of fetal mummification in silky shark. During July of 2001 in Santa Maria fishing camp, Gulf of California Mexico, fourteen pregnant female of silky sharks were captured. In all of them the embryos were found to be dehydrated. However, total observations were possible in only two litters. Six embryos in each analyzed litters were found. All the embryos were mummified, complete and without maceration. Because the litters were totally mummificated in several females, it was suggested that fetal mummification was produced by the environmental condition.

A mumificação fetal é caracterizada pela desidatração de embriões mortos dentro do útero da mãe. A perda de embriões pode afetar a sustentabilidade da população explorada, tornando o estudo deste fenômeno de suma importância. Em Julho de 2001 quatorze femeas grávidas do tubarão lombo preto foram capituradas durante uma amostragem no campo pesqueiro de Santa Maria, Golfo de California, México. Todas as fêmeas capturadas apresentaram embriões mumificados. Infelizmente, observações detalhadas dos embriões foram possíveis em apenas duas fêmeas. Cada fêmea analizada apresentava seis embriões, todos completamente mumificados e sem maceração. Embriões completamente mumificados foram encontrados em muitas fêmeas, o que sugere que a mumificação fetal desses embriões pode ter sido causada por condições ambientais.

Molecular basis for porcine parvovirus detection in dead fetuses

Reproductive failures are still common grounds for complaint by commercial swine producers. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is associated with different clinical reproductive signs. The aim of the present study was to investigate PPV fetal infection at swine farms having ongoing reproductive performance problems. The presence of virus in fetal tissues was determined by nested-polymerase chain reaction assay directed to the conserved NS1 gene of PPV in aborted fetuses, mummies and stillborns. Fetuses show a high frequency of PPV infection (96.4%; n = 28). In 60.7% of the fetuses, PPV were detected in all tissue samples (lung, heart, thymus, kidney, and spleen). Viral infection differed among fetal tissues, with a higher frequency in the lung and heart (p < 0.05). Fetuses with up to 99 days of gestational age and from younger sows showed a higher frequency of PPV (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the presence of PPV was detected among the three clinical presentations. The results suggest that PPV remains an important pathogenic agent associated with porcine fetal death.